Soil contribution to CO2 fluxes in Chinampa ecosystems, Mexico

Spanish Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.3232/sjss.2020.v10.n2.04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Nikolaevna Ikkonen ◽

Norma Eugenia García-Calderón ◽

Ervin Stephan-Otto ◽

Elizabeth Fuentes-Romero ◽

Abel Ibáñez-Huerta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Seasonal Dynamics ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Vegetation Type ◽

Ecosystem Carbon ◽

Dominant Plant Species

Since soil CO2 flux is a key component of ecosystem carbon balance, quantifying its contribution to the ecosystem carbon flux and understanding the factors that underlie its temporal variation is crucial for a better comprehension of ecosystem carbon dynamics under climate change and for optimal ecosystem use and management. Our objectives were to quantify the contributions of total soil CO2 efflux (FS) to ecosystem respiration (RE) and heterotrophic soil CO2 efflux (FH) to FS in two chinampa ecosystems with different natural grass covers. We also aimed to identify the main environmental drivers of seasonal variability of these contributions. The CO2 fluxes were measured on each site about every 14 days from September 2008 to August 2009 in the Xochimilco Ecological Park in Mexico City using dark chamber techniques. For two studied sites, RE, FS and FH were estimated on average as 94.1 ± 8.5, 34.7 ± 3.5 and 16.5 ± 1.7 (± S.E.) mg C-CO2 m-2 h-1, respectively.  On average over the study period and sites, the annual cumulative RE, FS and FH fluxes were 824 ± 74, 304 ± 31 and 145 ± 15 g C m-2 year, respectively. The RE, FS and FH varied between the winter and summer seasons; this variation was explained mostly by seasonal variations of soil temperature, soil water content and shoot plant biomass. Temperature sensitivity of CO2 fluxes depended on vegetation type and plant growth differences among the sites and decreased in the following order: RE > Rs > RH. The contribution of FS to RE and FH to FS for the two studied sites and period averaged about 38% and 50%, respectively regardless of the site vegetation type, but the degree of FS/RE and FH/FS variability depended on the differences in seasonal dynamics of plant cover. The contribution of FH to FS varied from 37% in summer to 73% in winter at the site without a seasonal shift in dominant plant species, but FH/FS was close to constant during the year at the site with a seasonal change in dominant plant species. During the cold period, the contribution of FH to FS increased following plant growth decrease. The linear regression analysis showed that plant biomass was the dominant factor controlling the seasonal variation of FH/FS ratios, whereas the plant biomass dynamic followed the dynamics of soil water content, water table depth, and soil temperature. Our results suggest that seasonal variation of soil contribution to total fluxes from the chinampa ecosystem is locally differentiated. These differences were related to differences in seasonal dynamics of cover productivity which has been associated with localization of soil water content. This finding has important implications for assessing the contribution of the chinampa ecosystem to the global carbon budget.

Environmentally Friendly Soil Water Conservation Techniques

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology - Regular Issue ◽

10.35940/ijeat.a2045.109119 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 5513-5520

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Water Retention ◽

Direct Method ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Cultivated Plants

The conservation of water resources through their optimal use is a compulsory for countries with water shortages in the arid and semi-arid regions, and it should be in an environmentally friendly manner to avoid the serious consequences of the use of environmentally harmful substances, the implications of which are currently evident from climate change, pollution of water bodies, soils, etc. Since Egypt is one of those countries suffering from water scarcity and uses about 82.5 percent of its water consumption in agriculture, according to data of the Ministry of Irrigation in 2010, so this research is focusing on the use of new methods to increase the efficiency of irrigation water, to achieve high productivity of agricultural crops with less water use that will certainly help to alleviate or solve the water scarcity issue. The study used a physical based model, to simulate the methods used to increase sand soil properties to ensure larger water retention index. Within this work, soil have been sampled from different areas, to simulate the behavior of arid lands, under different water retention techniques. Soil was exposed to different techniques, as it was mixed with soil additives in different quantities and different types. Physical barriers of cohesive soil and polyethylene sheets were used in addition to studying the effect of mulch on water storage capacity in noncohesive soil. Water retention have been measured using the direct method of determination soil water content by oven drying and the volumetric water content (𝞱v ) with time graphs have been plotted in groups, as well as the cultivated plants have been monitored as to measure the influence on plants growing and irrigation efficiency. And the experiment showed that the use of rice straw (RS) and wheat straw (WS) in the powder condition have a significant effect in increasing in the soil water content and even to the plant growth, the WS obtained 𝞱v values approaching the loam soil at times and slightly less in the case of RS, when the percentage of RC and WS was 30% to the sandy soil volume/volume (v/v). Also the use of mulch of RS showed a noticeable increase in 𝞱v and significant improvement of plant growth to that without mulch. These proven technologies can be used in sandy land targeted for reclamation to reduce water use in agriculture.

Respond of Plant Growth and Soil Water-Salt to Different Irrigation Amounts in Little Thickness Aeration Zone in the Hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3872 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 726-731 ◽

pp. 3872-3876 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiao Jun Jin ◽

Jing Long Fan ◽

Bo Xu ◽

Bing Wen Li ◽

Xin Wen Xu

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Taklimakan Desert ◽

Water Condition ◽

Sustainable Water Supply ◽

Water Salt

In order to clarify the influence of saline water irrigation to plant growth and distribution ofsoil water-salt, and providing theoretical basis for sustainable water supply of ecological constructionin desert area, the data of soil water-salt and plant growth was observed at Tarim Desert HighwayShelter-forest Ecological Project No. 17 well. The law of soil water and salt spatial distribution wasanalyzed, and the responses of plant growth to 4 different irrigation amounts were studied by singleelement variance analysis. The results were as follows: the soil water content reaches or is close tosaturation in layer of 100~120cm under the 420mm irrigation water condition; The soil water contentreaches or is close to saturation in layer of 160~180cm under the 233.1mm irrigation water condition;The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of 180~200cm under the 285.6mm irrigation water condition; The soil water content reaches or is close to saturation in layer of160~180cm under the 201.6mm irrigation water condition. The vertical distribution law of soilssalinity is that the soil salt can enter groundwater after 3 days of irrigation, and be gathered in 0~30cmsoil layer. There were no significant differences except the Tamarix plant height in plant growthindexes among 4 different irrigation quantities treatments.

Glasshouse study of a sprayable, degradable polymer to reduce water use in cotton establishment

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr19306 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 379

Author(s):

Priscilla Johnston ◽

Michael Braunack ◽

Philip S. Casey ◽

Keith L. Bristow ◽

Raju Adhikari

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Water Evaporation ◽

Degradable Polymer ◽

Extensive Degradation

This glasshouse pot experiment demonstrated that a new sprayable and degradable polymer reduced soil water evaporation and promoted cotton seedling emergence and establishment. The polymer was tested on two contrasting soils (sandy loam and clay), representative of those used to grow cotton in Australia. Changes in soil water content in non-treated and polymer-treated pots were monitored over 80 days, after surface or subsurface watering. Plant biomass, soil water content and soil chemical properties were determined at harvest. The polymer reduced soil water evaporation by up to 35% in sandy loam and up to 20% in clay, did not compromise seedling emergence and improved plant growth per unit water applied by up to 26.2%. The polymer underwent extensive degradation after 80 days to produce low molecular-weight polymers or oligomers and water-extractable silicon species that may have implications for plant nutrition.

Morphophysiological and phytochemical responses of fenugreek to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under different soil water levels

Folia Horticulturae ◽

10.2478/fhort-2018-0019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 215-228

Author(s):

Ali Sharghi ◽

Hassanali Naghdi Badi ◽

Sahebali Bolandnazar ◽

Ali Mehrafarin ◽

Mohammad Reza Sarikhani

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽

Water Levels ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Growth Promoting

Abstract Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a valuable medicinal plant, which is widely distributed throughout the world. It has been known that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have positive effects on the quality and quantity of medicinal plants under different soil water levels. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted on the basis of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to evaluate PGPR effects on the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of fenugreek under different soil water levels. This study was conducted in two separate experiments: after the six-leaf stage and after the flowering stage. In the experiments, the treatments were plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) including the control, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Pseudomonas fluorescens, a combination of S. meliloti and P. fluorescens, and different soil water levels (i.e. 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity (FC) in three replications. The results showed that the highest seed weight per plant was obtained by inoculation with the S. meliloti and P. fluorescens combination at 100% FC after the two developmental stages. The maximum concentrations of nicotinic acid and trigonelline were observed for the combination of S. meliloti and P. fluorescens at the soil water content of 40% FC after the six-leaf stage and for S. meliloti at the soil water content of 40% FC after the flowering stage. The correlation and stepwise regression analyses showed positive effects of PGPR application on the morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of fenugreek plants under different soil water levels.

Low soil water content during plant growth influences soil respiration and microbial biomass after plant removal and rewetting

Journal of soil science and plant nutrition ◽

10.4067/s0718-95162016005000068 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Ran Xue ◽

Yuying Shen ◽

Petra Marschner

Keyword(s):

Microbial Biomass ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Plant Removal

SEASONAL VARIATION OF ERODIBILITY INDICES BASED ON SHEAR STRENGTH AND AGGREGATE STABILITY IN SOME ONTARIO SOILS

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss88-037 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 405-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

D. R. COOTE ◽

C. A. MALCOLM-McGOVERN ◽

G. J. WALL ◽

W. T. DICKINSON ◽

R. P. RUDRA

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Seasonal Variation ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Aggregate Stability ◽

Mean Values ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Eastern Ontario

Soil-erodibility indices were investigated in two regions of Ontario to evaluate their seasonal variation and differences between soil types. Shear strength and water-stable aggregates >0.5 mm were strongly negatively correlated with gravimetric soil water content for a Guelph sandy loam soil in southwestern Ontario. Similar variation of shear strength was estimated in three other southwestern Ontario surface soils as a result of seasonal changes in moisture content. Shear strength and aggregate stability increased as four eastern Ontario soils, ranging in texture from loamy sand to clay, dried and warmed following spring thaw. Laboratory incubation at constant temperature and water content showed that shear strength increased in two fine-textured soils with increasing degree days but changed very little in two coarse-textured soils. At the point-of-thaw in the field, all of the eastern Ontario soils exhibited very high values of the indices 1/shear strength and 1/aggregate stability, averaging approximately 15 times those of early July. During spring fallow and seed-bed to 10% canopy periods, the mean values of these indices were 3.7 and 1.4 times, respectively, those in early July. For winter-thaw conditions in the three southwestern Ontario soils, the index 1/shear strength averaged 17 times greater than in the summer. Spring values of this index averaged approximately twice those of summer. Results suggest that Ontario soils are much more susceptible to erosion under thaw and spring conditions than later during the growing season. Soil water content and soil warming may affect the re-establishment of resistance to erosion in soils rendered erodible by freezing, thawing, and saturation. Key words: Erodibility, shear strength, aggregate stability

Changes in the Soil–Plant–Water System Due to Biochar Amendment

Water ◽

10.3390/w13091216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1216

Author(s):

Ágota Horel ◽

Eszter Tóth

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Co2 Emissions ◽

Water System ◽

Plant Water ◽

Soil Co2 ◽

Soil Co2 Emissions ◽

Biochar Amendment

The aim of this study was to do a complex examination of the soil–plant–water system and soil greenhouse gas emissions when biochar is applied to soil planted with sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharata). The study covers two consecutive vegetation periods. We investigated (i) the changes in plant growth, (ii) soil water and temperature at different depths, (iii) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (CO2 and N2O) after biochar application, and (iv) the soil water, chemistry, and plant interactions. We used discrete measurements for plant growth, biomass production, and soil chemistry, while continuously monitoring the soil water content and temperature, and the state of plant health (i.e., using spectral reflectance sensors). Plant response in the control plot showed higher values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI; 0.3%) and lower values for photochemical reflectance index (PRI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) by 26.8% and 2.24%, respectively, than for biochar treatments. We found significant negative correlations between fAPAR and soil water contents (SWC), and NDVI and SWC values (−0.59 < r < −0.30; p < 0.05). Soil temperature at the depth of 15 cm influenced soil CO2 emissions to a larger extent (r > 0.5; p < 0.01) than air temperature (0.21 < r < 0.33) or soil water content (r < 0.06; p > 0.05). Our data showed strong connections between GHG production and soil chemical parameters of soil pH, nitrogen, potassium, or phosphate concentrations. Biochar application increased soil CO2 emissions but reduced N2O emissions. Our results demonstrated that biochar amendment to soils can help plant growth initially, but might not result in enhanced crop yield. The plant parameters were substantially different between the investigated years for both control and biochar amended parcels; therefore, long-term studies are essential to document the lasting effects of these treatments.

Ensuring the effects of climate warming; the sensitivity of controlling factors on soil respiration in Sub-Tropical grassland

Tropical Plant Research ◽

10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i3.065 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 529-540

Author(s):

Deepa Dhital ◽

◽

Suman Prajapati ◽

Sanu Raja Maharjan ◽

Toshiyuki Ohtsuka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Soil Respiration ◽

Soil Temperature ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Exponential Function ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽

Tropical Grassland

Prevailing climate change is expected due to carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere through soil respiration and perhaps the alteration in the terrestrial carbon cycle. The measurements to establish the effect and sensitivity of soil temperature, soil water content and plant biomass on soil respiration was performed in the sub-tropical grassland located in Central Nepal. Field measurements of soil respiration was conducted by using the closed-chamber method, and soil temperature, soil water content and plant biomass were monitored in the years 2015 and 2016. The soil respiration showed positive significant exponential function which accounted for 74.6% (R2=0.746, p<0.05) of its variation with the soil temperature. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, Q10 value obtained was 2.68. Similarly, soil respiration showed a positive significant exponential function that accounted for 37.2% (R2=0.372, p<0.05) of its variation with the soil water content. Remarkable seasonal and monthly variations were observed in soil respiration, soil temperature and soil water content, and the plant biomass as well followed the seasonal trend in variation of the soil respiration. Average soil respiration during measurements period was observed 325.51 mg CO2 m-2 h-1 and the annual soil respiration of the grassland in the years 2015 and 2016 was estimated 592.35 g C m-2 y-1. The study confirmed that soil temperature is the most influential primary factor in controlling soil respiration along with the soil water content and plant biomass. This research indicates that through emissions under the increasing temperature and precipitation, in the changing climate, the sub-tropical grassland could be an additional source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere that might spur risk for further warming.

Factors controlling the seasonal variation in soil water content and pore water pressures within a lightly vegetated clay slope

Géotechnique ◽

10.1680/geot.10.p.097 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 429-446 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

J.A. SMETHURST ◽

D. CLARKE ◽

W. POWRIE

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Pore Water ◽

Pore Water Pressures

Field Validation of DNDC and SWAP Models for Temperature and Water Content of Loamy and Sandy Loam Spodosols

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/intag-2014-0001 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 133-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Eugene Balashov ◽

Natalya Buchkina ◽

Elena Rizhiya ◽

Csilla Farkas

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Water Content ◽

Soil Water ◽

Soil Water Content ◽

Root Mean Square ◽

Seasonal Dynamics ◽

Mean Square ◽

Plant Model ◽

Decomposition Model ◽

Soil Temperatures

Abstract The objectives of the research were to: fulfil the preliminary assessment of the sensitivity of the soil, water, atmosphere, and plant and denitrification and decomposition models to variations of climate variables based on the existing soil database; validate the soil, water, atmosphere, and plant and denitrification and decomposition modelled outcomes against measured records for soil temperature and water content. The statistical analyses were conducted by the sensitivity analysis, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients and root mean square error using measured and modelled variables during three growing seasons. Results of sensitivity analysis demonstrated that: soil temperatures predicted by the soil, water, atmosphere, and plant model showed a more reliable sensitivity to the variations of input air temperatures; soil water content predicted by the denitrification and decomposition model had a better reliability in the sensitivity to daily precipitation changes. The root mean square errors and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients demonstrated that: the soil, water, atmosphere, and plant model had a better efficiency in predicting seasonal dynamics of soil temperatures than the denitrification and decomposition model; and among two studied models, the denitrification and decomposition model showed a better capability in predicting the seasonal dynamics of soil water content.