Neural plasticity: The substratum of music-based interventions in neurorehabilitation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Diya Chatterjee ◽  
Shantala Hegde ◽  
Michael Thaut
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Neurological Rehabilitation ◽  
Predictive Role ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Training

BACKGROUND: The plastic nature of the human brain lends itself to experience and training-based structural changes leading to functional recovery. Music, with its multimodal activation of the brain, serves as a useful model for neurorehabilitation through neuroplastic changes in dysfunctional or impaired networks. Neurologic Music Therapy (NMT) contributes to the field of neurorehabilitation using this rationale. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to present a discourse on the concept of neuroplasticity and music-based neuroplasticity through the techniques of NMT in the domain of neurological rehabilitation. METHODS: The article draws on observations and findings made by researchers in the areas of neuroplasticity, music-based neuroplastic changes, NMT in neurological disorders and the implication of further research in this field. RESULTS: A commentary on previous research reveal that interventions based on the NMT paradigm have been successfully used to train neural networks using music-based tasks and paradigms which have been explained to have cross-modal effects on sensorimotor, language and cognitive and affective functions. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal gains using music-based interventions highlight the brain plasticity inducing function of music. Individual differences do play a predictive role in neurological gains associated with such interventions. This area deserves further exploration and application-based studies.

Innate Musicality and Brain Plasticity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shera Lumsden
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Recent Advancement ◽  
The Brain

The field of neuroscience has undergone a recent advancement upon the realization that music has a profound effect on brain plasticity. The hypothesis that a person is born with a brain that is “hard-wired” for use has been replaced with the understanding that while the brain has innate tendencies, it is modifiable and adapts in response to experience (Habib & Besson, 2008). Brain plasticity is necessary for cognitive development to continue (The Neuroscience Institute, 2012). Most infants are born with the basic neural networks needed to begin to adapt to their world, including their musical world, and as they grow and learn, neural networks are formed and developed in response to their experiences. The brain, however, does not always develop as expected, and one significant sign is a delay in gross motor coordination. This paper will present research discussing brain areas and structures associated with coordination and those involved in the processing of music, hypothesizing there might be a relationship between the two. This will have implications for further study regarding the effects of music on the brain and the possibility that music can be used to facilitate brain plasticity and assist in the development of coordination skills in those with developmental delays.  

scholarly journals Assessment of behavioral, morphological and electrophysiological changes in prenatal and postnatal valproate induced rat models of autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarine Fereshetyan ◽  
Vergine Chavushyan ◽  
Margarita Danielyan ◽  
Konstantin Yenkoyan
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Core Symptoms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders, that are characterized by core symptoms, such as alterations of social communication and restrictive or repetitive behavior. The etiology and pathophysiology of disease is still unknown, however, there is a strong interaction between genetic and environmental factors. An intriguing point in autism research is identification the vulnerable time periods of brain development that lack compensatory homeostatic corrections. Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug with a pronounced teratogenic effect associated with a high risk of ASD, and its administration to rats during the gestation is used for autism modeling. It has been hypothesized that valproate induced damage and functional alterations of autism target structures may occur and evolve during early postnatal life. Here, we used prenatal and postnatal administrations of VPA to investigate the main behavioral features which are associated with autism spectrum disorders core symptoms were tested in early juvenile and adult rats. Neuroanatomical lesion of autism target structures and electrophysiological studies in specific neural circuits. Our results showed that prenatal and early postnatal administration of valproate led to the behavioral alterations that were similar to ASD. Postnatally treated group showed tendency to normalize in adulthood. We found pronounced structural changes in the brain target regions of prenatally VPA-treated groups, and an absence of abnormalities in postnatally VPA-treated groups, which confirmed the different severity of VPA across different stages of brain development. The results of this study clearly show time dependent effect of VPA on neurodevelopment, which might be explained by temporal differences of brain regions’ development process. Presumably, postnatal administration of valproate leads to the dysfunction of synaptic networks that is recovered during the lifespan, due to the brain plasticity and compensatory ability of circuit refinement. Therefore, investigations of compensatory homeostatic mechanisms activated after VPA administration and directed to eliminate the defects in postnatal brain, may elucidate strategies to improve the course of disease.

Synaptic and Neural Plasticity

2013 ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saïd Kourrich ◽  
Antonello Bonci
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Plastic Changes ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Organ

The brain is an extraordinarily complex organ that constantly has to process information to adapt appropriately to internal and external stimuli. This information is received, processed, and transmitted within neural networks by neurons through specialized connections called synapses. While information transmission at synapses is primarily chemical, it propagates through a neuron via electrical signals made of patterns of action potentials. The present chapter will describe the fundamental types of plastic changes that can affect neuronal transmission. Importantly, these various types of neural plasticity have been associated with both adaptive such as learning and memory or pathological conditions such as neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Neural plasticity and development in the first two years of life: Evidence from cognitive and socioemotional domains of research

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Fox ◽  
Susan D. Calkins ◽  
Martha Ann Bell
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Transactional Model ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Abnormal Brain

AbstractThree models that can be used to investigate the effects of different environmental events on brain development and organization are explored. The insult model argues against brain plasticity, and the environmental model regards the brain as infinitely plastic. Our work is guided by the transactional model, which views brain development and organization as an interaction between (a) genetically coded programs for the formation and connectivity of brain structures and (b) environmental modifiers of these codes. Data are reported from our cognitive and socioemotional research studies that support the notion of plasticity during the first 2 years of life. From our work with normal developmental processes, we draw parallels to abnormal development and speculate how the transactional model can be used to explain abnormal brain organization and development.

scholarly journals SOUND HEALTH: HARNESSING MUSIC FOR HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN SERVICE OF OLDER PEOPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S29-S29
Author(s):  
Emmeline Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Well Being ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Music can get you moving, lift your mood, help you recall a memory, and can potentially improve your health. A partnership between the National Institutes of Health and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, called Sound Health is expanding current knowledge and understanding of how listening, performing, or creating music involves intricate circuitry in the brain that could be harnessed for health and wellness. The presentation will focus on research that shows that music provides cognitive, socio-emotional, motor benefits as well as evidence for neural plasticity. The potential for music as therapy for several neurological disorders associated with aging will be discussed. Dr. Edwards will also highlight research gaps and opportunities in basic/mechanistic and clinical research on music and the aging brain.

scholarly journals Macro-connectomics and microstructure predict dynamic plasticity patterns in the non-human primate brain

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Froudist-Walsh ◽  
Philip GF Browning ◽  
James J Young ◽  
Kathy L Murphy ◽  
Rogier B Mars ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Hippocampal Lesions ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
The Brain

The brain displays a remarkable ability to adapt following injury by altering its connections through neural plasticity. Many of the biological mechanisms that underlie plasticity are known, but there is little knowledge as to when, or where in the brain plasticity will occur following injury. This knowledge could guide plasticity-promoting interventions and create a more accurate roadmap of the recovery process following injury. We causally investigated the time-course of plasticity after hippocampal lesions using multi-modal MRI in monkeys. We show that post-injury plasticity is highly dynamic, but also largely predictable on the basis of the functional connectivity of the lesioned region, gradients of cell densities across the cortex and the pre-lesion network structure of the brain. The ability to predict which brain areas will plastically adapt their functional connectivity following injury may allow us to decipher why some brain lesions lead to permanent loss of cognitive function, while others do not.

scholarly journals Modeling Neurodegeneration in silico With Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Tuladhar ◽  
Jasmine A. Moore ◽  
Zahinoor Ismail ◽  
Nils D. Forkert
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Visual Object ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
The Brain

Deep neural networks, inspired by information processing in the brain, can achieve human-like performance for various tasks. However, research efforts to use these networks as models of the brain have primarily focused on modeling healthy brain function so far. In this work, we propose a paradigm for modeling neural diseases in silico with deep learning and demonstrate its use in modeling posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), an atypical form of Alzheimer’s disease affecting the visual cortex. We simulated PCA in deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) trained for visual object recognition by randomly injuring connections between artificial neurons. Results showed that injured networks progressively lost their object recognition capability. Simulated PCA impacted learned representations hierarchically, as networks lost object-level representations before category-level representations. Incorporating this paradigm in computational neuroscience will be essential for developing in silico models of the brain and neurological diseases. The paradigm can be expanded to incorporate elements of neural plasticity and to other cognitive domains such as motor control, auditory cognition, language processing, and decision making.

Musical Expertise and Brain Structure: The Causes and Consequences of Training

2019 ◽  
pp. 417-438
Author(s):  
Virginia B. Penhune
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Music Performance ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
The Brain

Brain imaging studies have demonstrated that music training can change brain structure, predominantly in the auditor-motor network that underlies music performance. The chapter argues that the observed differences in brain structure between experts and novices, and the changes that occur with training derive from at least four sources: first, pre-existing individual differences that promote certain skills; second, lengthy and consistent training which likely produces structural changes in the brain networks tapped by performance; third, practice during specific periods of development which may result in changes that do not occur at other periods of time; fourth, the rewarding nature of music itself, as well as the reward value of practice which may make music training a particularly effective driver of brain plasticity.

Age-related Shift in Neural Complexity Related to Task Performance and Physical Activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Heisz ◽  
Michelle Gould ◽  
Anthony R. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Multiscale Entropy ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

The human brain undergoes marked structural changes with age including cortical thinning and reduced connectivity because of the degradation of myelin. Although these changes can compromise cognitive function, the brain is able to functionally reorganize to compensate for some of this structural loss. However, there are interesting individual differences in outcome: When comparing individuals of similar age, those who engage in regular physical activity are less affected by the typical age-related decline in cognitive function. This study used multiscale entropy to reveal a shift in the way the brain processes information in older adults that is related to physical activity. Specifically, older adults who were more physically active engaged in more local neural information processing. Interestingly, this shift toward local information processing was also associated with improved executive function performance in older adults, suggesting that physical activity may help to improve aspects of cognitive function in older adults by biasing the neural system toward local information processing. In the face of age-related structural decline, the neural plasticity that is enhanced through physical activity may help older adults maintain cognitive health longer into their lifespan.

scholarly journals The Use of Music Enriched Environment in Cognitive Impairment in Adults (A Theoretical Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
K.M. Shipkova
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Enriched Environment ◽  
Working Process ◽  
Musical Perception ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

The paper considers the directions of cognitive neurorehabilitation based on new data from neuroscience on the "musical brain", the influence of a music enriched environment on structural changes in a healthy brain and its pathology. A modern understanding of the brain foundations of musical perception is given. The role of music in the formation of brain shown by the example of structural and morphological differences between the brains of musicians and non-musicians. The article shows the influence of musical executive activity on the rate of brain ontogenesis, the formation of pathways, and an increase in the volume of white and gray matter in the brain regions associated with musical perception. The specificity of the hemispheric geography of perceptual musical brain maps described. The review of modern research directions on the role of the use of music-enriched environment in the rehabilitation of cognitive disorders is given. Various types of music technologies used in rehabilitation practice specified: neurological music therapy (NMT), musical intonation therapy (MIT) and music supported therapy (MST). Special attention is paid to the description of types of music therapy in working process with aphasia and dementia. It shows the common psychological structure of musical and speech perception, the friendliness of structural brain rearrangements and regression of aphasic disorders during MIT We consider data from studies using neuroimaging methods that prove the effectiveness of MIT in aphasia. For dementia, the productivity of using a music enriched environment in the form of MST is demonstrated. Data on the multiplicity and duration of MST courses to achieve a positive rehabilitation effect are provided. The importance of using a music enriched environment in the rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of organic genesis in the field of neuropsychological practice is discussed.

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