scholarly journals Well-being in urban and rural areas, challenges, general policies, and their monitoring. Some evidence for Germany before and during the COVID-19 pandemic1

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Susanne Schnorr-Baecker
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Information ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Major changes in society, the economy, the natural environment and the government haven taken place. The current pandemic demonstrates even more their social importance and positive or negative effects worldwide. In particular, an increasingly cross-generational awareness of sustainability, new information and communication channels and growing international interdependencies as well as comprehensive policies fostering well-being are gaining worldwide importance and pervade all activities. Germany has – as many nations worldwide – besides its national strategies committed to implement major strategies at United Nations’ and European Union’s levels. In the following, it will be examined which differences exist in the living conditions from a spatial point of view. Using selected indicators and current data mainly from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany, an urban-rural comparison is made for Germany at the lowest federal level ‘Kreise’ (NUTS 3 of the European spatial classification). Even if it is still unclear what the long-term consequences of the drastic measures of the current global COVID-19 pandemic will be, current trends will be briefly presented. Furthermore, this study presents the latest data mainly before the worldwide outbreak of the pandemic and thus will offer starting points for later analysis of opportunities and risks for urban or rural areas post COVID-19.

scholarly journals Age sequences of the elderly’ social network and its efficacies on well-being: an urban-rural comparison in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Zheng ◽  
Hong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Elderly ◽  
Family Network ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background Although social network is a known determinant of the elderly’s well-being, it is not clear, in urban-rural and age-comparison, what its structural characteristics are and how it works for well-being. The research aims to discuss the features of the elderly’s social network and the social network efficacies on the well-being of older adults in China’s urban and rural areas as well as revealing the urban-rural disparities among the elderly of different age groups. Methods In this study, descriptive statistical analysis and structural equation Modeling (SEM) were used to make a group comparison between the urban and rural elderly of different age groups. All data are quoted from 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). The survey adopted the multi-stage probability sampling method, targeting Chinese senior citizens aged 60 and above, the ultimate samples totaled 11,511. Results The social network of the elderly in China feature a “reverse structure” in age sequences: with ageing, family network of the elderly expand while their friend network shrink; also, the expansion scale of the rural elderly’s family network is significantly larger than that of the city’s while the shrinkage scale of their friend network is smaller compared with its urban counterpart. The effect of family network on the rural elderly’s well-being shows a remarkable increase with age. However, there is no noticeable change in urban elderly groups of different ages. Conclusion The social network characteristics of the Chinese elderly are different between different age stages. Namely, the family network and the friend network have the “reverse structure “ in age sequences. Meanwhile, the family network and the friend network have different efficacies on the well-being of the elderly in China, and the differences between urban and rural areas are even more obvious. For rural elderly, family network has very important effects on their well-being. Moreover, With the increase of age, family network’s efficacies increase gradually. For urban elderly, comparatively, family network is just as important as friend network.

scholarly journals Strengthening Urban-Rural Resource Flow through Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere (R-CES) Approach in Nagpur, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8663
Author(s):  
Kamakshi Thapa ◽  
Vibhas Sukhwani ◽  
Sameer Deshkar ◽  
Rajib Shaw ◽  
Bijon Kumer Mitra
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Home Interview ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Urban and rural areas within a regional space are closely linked through a variety of linkages including the flow of people. The increasing pace of development transformations with discrete planning of urban and rural areas has raised serious concerns for achieving coordinated development at the regional level. In that regard, the concept of Regional Circular and Ecological Sphere (R-CES) has recently been introduced by the Government of Japan to localize the flow of resources between urban and rural areas. To understand the applicability of the R-CES approach, this study aims to visualize the flow of people within a defined cluster of Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA) in India. A “home interview method” Origin-Destination survey was adopted to analyze the flow patterns of people and their key purposes. Based on the collected information, flows of people were represented using a desire line diagram in ArcGIS 10.4.1. The study results revealed that the maximum flow of the rural and forest population is directed towards nearby or distant urban settlements to avail the higher-order urban services. Based on the key R-CES principles of a low-carbon society, circular economy, and harmony with nature, the authors suggest feasible directions for localizing the urban–rural flow of people in NMA.

scholarly journals A Study on the Factors Affecting China’s Direct Household Carbon Emission and Comparison of Regional Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Fan ◽  
Aobo Ran ◽  
Xiaomeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, China has been attracting attention. In the global carbon emission structure, the proportion of household carbon emissions continues to increase, and it is necessary to focus on the issue of household emissions. Based on the perspective of the family sector and the comparison of urban–rural and interprovincial differences, this study makes a thorough and systematic analysis of the factors affecting direct household carbon emissions. The average carbon emission of urban households is higher than that of rural households. Both personal background and household energy consumption facility use have important impacts on household carbon emissions, and the degree of impact varies between urban and rural areas and between provinces. Reducing household carbon emissions and achieving a harmonious coexistence between man and nature are the common goals of the government and society. The government should explore the model of green sustainable development on the basis of ensuring the energy needs of residents. Residents should also further establish a low-carbon life concept and focus on the cultivation of low-carbon lifestyles.

scholarly journals Dementia-Free Life Expectancy among People over 60 Years Old by Sex, Urban and Rural Areas in Jiangxi Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhang Wu ◽  
Huilie Zheng ◽  
Zhitao Liu ◽  
Shengwei Wang ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
Urban Men ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To estimate and compare the dementia-free life expectancy (DemFLE) and age trends of the population over 60 in 2018 in Jiangxi Province, China, by sex and urban–rural areas. Methods: Based on the Summary of Health Statistics of Jiangxi Province in 2018 and the Sixth National Health Service survey of Jiangxi Province, the model life table is used to estimate the age-specific mortality rate by sex and urban–rural areas. DemFLE and its ratio to life expectancy (LE) were calculated using the Sullivan method. Results: In 2018, the DemFLE at age 60 was 18.48 years for men and 21.31 years for women, accounting for 96.62% and 96.67% of their LE. LE and DemFLE were higher for those in urban areas than in rural areas, except for men aged 90 and above; higher in women than in men, except for people in rural areas aged 90 and above. In urban areas, DemFLE/LE was higher for women than for men; the opposite was observed in rural areas. Urban women had a higher DemFLE/LE than rural women did, urban men had a lower DemFLE/LE than rural men did. Conclusions: With increased LE, DemFLE also increases, but with older age and over time, DemFLE/LE gradually decreases. The effect of dementia on elderly adults becomes more serious. It is necessary for the government to implement a series of prevention strategies to improve the quality of life and health awareness of the elderly. Elderly urban men and elderly rural women need more attention and health care.

scholarly journals Urban-rural disparities of antenatal care in South East Asia: a case study in the Philippines and Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dwi Wulandari ◽  
Agung Dwi Laksono ◽  
Nikmatur Rohmah
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background The government is obliged to guarantee equal access to antenatal care (ANC) between urban and rural areas. This study aimed to analyze urban-rural disparities in ≥4 ANC visits during pregnancy in the Philippines and Indonesia. Methods The study processed data from the 2017 PDHS and the 2017 IDHS. The analysis unit was women aged 15–49 years old who had given birth in the last 5 years. The weighted sample size was 7992 respondents in the Philippines and 14,568 respondents in Indonesia. Apart from ANC as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed were residence, age, husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth. Determination of urban-rural disparities using binary logistic regression. Results The results show that women in the urban Philippines are 0.932 times more likely than women in the rural Philippines to make ≥4 ANC visits. On the other side, women in urban Indonesia are more likely 1.255 times than women in rural Indonesia to make ≥4 ANC visits. Apart from the type of residence place (urban-rural), five other tested multivariate variables also proved significant contributions to ANC’s use in both countries, i.e., age, have a husband/partner, education, parity, and wealth status. Conclusions The study concluded that disparities exist between urban and rural areas utilizing ANC in the Philippines and Indonesia. Pregnant women in the rural Philippines have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits. Meanwhile, pregnant women in urban Indonesia have a better chance of making ≥4 ANC visits.

An Analysis of Consumption Pattern in Pakistan

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
Demand Growth ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper aims at testing the validity of Engel's law with data on Pakistan. Consumption functions for urban and rural areas have been estimated separately. These functions are shown to be determined by total expenditure and household size. Engel's law is confirmed for some commodity groups but not for all. Following tests of urban-rural homogeneity and of stability of urban and rural consumption functions, demand growth rates for different food and non-food items have been calculated, assuming different growth rates of total expenditure and household size.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS SITUATED IN URBAN & RURAL AREAS OF HARYANA IN THE SECONDARY EXAMINATIONS CONDUCTED BY THE BOARD OF SCHOOL EDUCATION HARYANA IN 2020.

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Balkar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Private Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
School Education ◽  
Government Schools ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
Exam Preparation ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Government ◽  
Exam Result

The capability or calibre cannot be judged based on Results, as it depends on the student to student & also the examination is testing of knowledge of a student, for the whole year in two or three hours. In July 2020 the exam result of the secondary standard was declared by the Board of School Education Haryana, Bhiwani and there is a discussion about topper & the schools in which these toppers were studying & strategy of these toppers regarding exam preparation, their interviews & photos were published in the Newspapers, why not? It must be but in this spark light, there is some darkness behind this. Everyone is congratulating these students, as they are studied from the Private Schools of the Urban City areas of the Haryana, a few are from the most educated families, whose parents their selves are teachers or professors. Through this, we are ignoring a bitter truth of the poor students of the Government Schools, who despite lack of all the big & small facilities, as compare of these Private schools’ performed equal to these toppers. KEYWORDS: Testing of knowledge, Education in Private Schools, Toppers and Calibre.

scholarly journals Delineation of the Urban-Rural Boundary through Data Fusion: Applications to Improve Urban and Rural Environments and Promote Intensive and Healthy Urban Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7180
Author(s):  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Xiaodie Yuan ◽  
Xueping Tan ◽  
Xue Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transform ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

As one of the most important methods for limiting urban sprawl, the accurate delineation of the urban–rural boundary not only promotes the intensive use of urban resources, but also helps to alleviate the urban issues caused by urban sprawl, realizing the intensive and healthy development of urban cities. Previous studies on delineating urban–rural boundaries were only based on the level of urban and rural development reflected by night-time light (NTL) data, ignoring the differences in the spatial development between urban and rural areas; so, the comprehensive consideration of NTL and point of interest (POI) data can help improve the accuracy of urban–rural boundary delineation. In this study, the NTL and POI data were fused using wavelet transform, and then the urban–rural boundary before and after data fusion was delineated by multiresolution segmentation. Finally, the delineation results were verified. The verification result shows that the accuracy of delineating the urban–rural boundary using only NTL data is 84.20%, and the Kappa value is 0.6549; the accuracy using the fusion of NTL and POI data on the basis of wavelet transform is 93.2%, and the Kappa value is 0.8132. Therefore, we concluded that the proposed method of using wavelet transform to fuse NTL and POI data considers the differences between urban and rural development, which significantly improves the accuracy of the delineation of urban–rural boundaries. Accurate delineation of urban–rural boundaries is helpful for optimizing internal spatial structure in both urban and rural areas, alleviating environmental problems resulting from urban development, assisting the formulation of development policies for urban and rural fringes, and promoting the intensive and healthy development of urban areas.

scholarly journals Association between Rural Land Use Transition and Urban–Rural Integration Development: From 2009 to 2018 Based on County-Level Data in Shandong Province, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1228
Author(s):  
Zhiheng Yang ◽  
Nengneng Shen ◽  
Yanbo Qu ◽  
Bailin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
County Level ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Integrated Development ◽  
Land Use Transition ◽  
Rural Land Use ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Integrated development in urban and rural areas has led to a new form of urban–rural interdependence, which promotes rural territorial functional evolution and land use changes. Rural land use transition, showing the synchronous development between cities and villages, is an important window through which to observe integrated development in urban and rural areas. We focus on uncovering the association between rural land use transition and urban–rural integration development (URID), put forward a dynamic relationship assumption between rural land use transformation and URID stages based on the transmission mechanism of urban–rural linkages, and undertake empirical analysis using the panel regression model with the data of county-level administrative units in Shandong Province, China. The results show that rural land use transition has maintained a close association with URID, and that the changes in cultivated land, forest land, and surface-water area are highly related to URID. There are different leading urban–rural linkages in rural areas around big-sized cities, mid-sized cities, and small-sized cities, which determine whether rural areas are in different URID stages of high, medium, or low levels. Further, rural areas can take different actions to promote URID at different stages through strengthening or introducing urban–rural linkages driven by economies of scale and deepening urbanization. This provides a reference for developing countries to formulate rural land use policies on achieving the goal of URID.

scholarly journals EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS IN ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT REGULATION NO 17 YEAR 2010

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Mutia Ulfa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Learning Assessment ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Equitable Access ◽  
Political Analysis ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Education Personnel ◽  
The Government ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Access to education refers to the government regulation No. 17 of 2010 on the expansion and equitable access to education. Pemerintahah able to pursue that whole communities are able to obtain the same rights to education in both urban and rural areas. There are several products that include equity and equal access to education, namely; infrastructure standards, standards development level of achievement, the standard scope of development, lesson planning standards, standardized implementation of learning, learning assessment standards, standards kualisifikasi educators and education personnel, standardized management and financing standards. Further products in the distribution and access to education dianlisis from various perspectives, namely; economic analysis, political analysis, analysis of socio-cultural, and administrative analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document