scholarly journals On the relation between keys and link keys for data interlinking

Semantic Web ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Manuel Atencia ◽  
Jérôme David ◽  
Jérôme Euzenat
Keyword(s):  
Description Logics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Precise Relationship

Both keys and their generalisation, link keys, may be used to perform data interlinking, i.e. finding identical resources in different RDF datasets. However, the precise relationship between keys and link keys has not been fully determined yet. A common formal framework encompassing both keys and link keys is necessary to ensure the correctness of data interlinking tools based on them, and to determine their scope and possible overlapping. In this paper, we provide a semantics for keys and link keys within description logics. We determine under which conditions they are legitimate to generate links. We provide conditions under which link keys are logically equivalent to keys. In particular, we show that data interlinking with keys and ontology alignments can be reduced to data interlinking with link keys, but not the other way around.

Taking Sides in Wars of Attrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT POWELL
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Boomerang Effect ◽  
Formal Framework

Third parties often have a stake in the outcome of a conflict and can affect that outcome by taking sides. This article studies the factors that affect a third party's decision to take sides in a civil or interstate war by adding a third actor to a standard continuous-time war of attrition with two-sided asymmetric information. The third actor has preferences over which of the other two actors wins and for being on the winning side conditional on having taken sides. The third party also gets a flow payoff during the fighting which can be positive when fighting is profitable or negative when fighting is costly. The article makes four main contributions: First, it provides a formal framework for analyzing the effects of endogenous intervention on the duration and outcome of the conflict. Second, it identifies a “boomerang” effect that tends to make alignment decisions unpredictable and coalitions dynamically unstable. Third, it yields several clear comparative-static results. Finally, the formal analysis has implications for empirical efforts to estimate the effects of intervention, showing that there may be significant selection and identification issues.

The Formation of Great Britain's “Truly National” Government

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 728-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ivor Jennings
Keyword(s):  
National Government ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Responsible Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Governmental Control

The events of the days of May, when Parliament replaced the “National” Government of the third Chamberlain by the “truly National” Government of the third Churchill, illustrate the danger of simple explanations of the working of the British constitution. The notion that responsible government could be expressed in terms of Parliamentary “control” of the Government in power has disappeared. There has been, however, a tendency to replace it by the equally naive explanation of Governmental control of Parliament. The truth lies in between. On the one hand, it must be recognized that, through the party machine, a Government with a majority has very substantial powers of control. On the other hand, it must equally be recognized that public opinion, acting through members of Parliament, has a profound influence on the policy of the Government. The precise relationship has never been fully investigated, because the British electoral machine has never been adequately studied. It is doubtful if it can ever be adequately expounded, because, like so many parts of the British constitution, it depends upon intangible elements which do not lend themselves easily to demonstration.

scholarly journals Reasoning About Typicality and Probabilities in Preferential Description Logics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Giordano ◽  
Valentina Gliozzi ◽  
Antonio Lieto ◽  
Nicola Olivetti ◽  
Gian Luca Pozzato
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Minimal Model ◽  
Description Logics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rational Closure ◽  
Preferential Semantics ◽  
Concept Combination ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Property Inheritance

In this work we describe preferential Description Logics of typicality, a nonmonotonic extension of standard Description Logics by means of a typicality operator T allowing to extend a knowledge base with inclusions of the form T(C) ⊑ D, whose intuitive meaning is that “normally/typically Cs are also Ds”. This extension is based on a minimal model semantics corresponding to a notion of rational closure, built upon preferential models. We recall the basic concepts underlying preferential Description Logics. We also present two extensions of the preferential semantics: on the one hand, we consider probabilistic extensions, based on a distributed semantics that is suitable for tackling the problem of commonsense concept combination, on the other hand, we consider other strengthening of the rational closure semantics and construction to avoid the so called “blocking of property inheritance problem”.

scholarly journals What Does ‘Information’ Mean in Integrated Information Theory?

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimpia Lombardi ◽  
Cristian López
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The One ◽  
Integrated Information Theory ◽  
Integrated Information

Integrated Information Theory (IIT) intends to provide a principled theoretical approach able to characterize consciousness both quantitatively and qualitatively. By starting off identifying the fundamental properties of experience itself, IIT develops a formal framework that relates those properties to the physical substratum of consciousness. One of the central features of ITT is the role that information plays in the theory. On the one hand, one of the self-evident truths about consciousness is that it is informative. On the other hand, mechanisms and systems of mechanics can contribute to consciousness only if they specify systems’ intrinsic information. In this paper, we will conceptually analyze the notion of information underlying ITT. Following previous work on the matter, we will particularly argue that information within ITT should be understood in the light of a causal-manipulabilist view of information (López and Lombardi 2018), conforming to which information is an entity that must be involved in causal links in order to be precisely defined. Those causal links are brought to light by means of interventionist procedures following Woodward’s and Pearl’s version of the manipulability theories of causation.

scholarly journals Pay-As-You-Go Description Logic Reasoning by Coupling Tableau and Saturation Procedures

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 535-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Steigmiller ◽  
Birte Glimm
Keyword(s):  
Description Logic ◽  
Description Logics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Ontology Language ◽  
Ontology Language ◽  
Specific Description ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Logic Reasoning ◽  
The Web

Nowadays, saturation-based reasoners for the OWL EL profile of the Web Ontology Language are able to handle large ontologies such as SNOMED very efficiently. However, it is currently unclear how saturation-based reasoning procedures can be extended to very expressive Description Logics such as SROIQ--the logical underpinning of the current and second iteration of the Web Ontology Language. Tableau-based procedures, on the other hand, are not limited to specific Description Logic languages or OWL profiles, but even highly optimised tableau-based reasoners might not be efficient enough to handle large ontologies such as SNOMED. In this paper, we present an approach for tightly coupling tableau- and saturation-based procedures that we implement in the OWL DL reasoner Konclude. Our detailed evaluation shows that this combination significantly improves the reasoning performance for a wide range of ontologies.

scholarly journals A General Framework for Stable Roommates Problems using Answer Set Programming

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-925
Author(s):  
ESRA ERDEM ◽  
MÜGE FIDAN ◽  
DAVID MANLOVE ◽  
PATRICK PROSSER
Keyword(s):  
General Framework ◽  
Answer Set Programming ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stable Marriage ◽  
Stable Marriage Problem ◽  
Marriage Problem ◽  
Programming Paradigm ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
The Stable Marriage Problem ◽  
Answer Set

AbstractThe Stable Roommates problem (SR) is characterized by the preferences of agents over other agents as roommates: each agent ranks all others in strict order of preference. A solution to SR is then a partition of the agents into pairs so that each pair shares a room, and there is no pair of agents that would block this matching (i.e., who prefers the other to their roommate in the matching). There are interesting variations of SR that are motivated by applications (e.g., the preference lists may be incomplete (SRI) and involve ties (SRTI)), and that try to find a more fair solution (e.g., Egalitarian SR). Unlike the Stable Marriage problem, every SR instance is not guaranteed to have a solution. For that reason, there are also variations of SR that try to find a good-enough solution (e.g., Almost SR). Most of these variations are NP-hard. We introduce a formal framework, called SRTI-ASP, utilizing the logic programming paradigm Answer Set Programming, that is provable and general enough to solve many of such variations of SR. Our empirical analysis shows that SRTI-ASP is also promising for applications.

scholarly journals Defeasible Inheritance-Based Description Logics

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 415-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Casini ◽  
U. Straccia
Keyword(s):  
Description Logics ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Propositional Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Closure Operation ◽  
Entailment Relation ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rational Closure ◽  
Structured Information

Defeasible inheritance networks are a non-monotonic framework that deals with hierarchical knowledge. On the other hand, rational closure is acknowledged as a landmark of the preferential approach to non-monotonic reasoning. We will combine these two approaches and define a new non-monotonic closure operation for propositional knowledge bases that combines the advantages of both. Then we redefine such a procedure for Description Logics (DLs), a family of logics well-suited to model structured information. In both cases we will provide a simple reasoning method that is built on top of the classical entailment relation and, thus, is amenable of an implementation based on existing reasoners. Eventually, we evaluate our approach on well-known landmark test examples.

scholarly journals A New Semantics for Overriding in Description Logics (Extended Abstract)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Bonatti ◽  
Marco Faella ◽  
Iliana M. Petrova ◽  
Luigi Sauro
Keyword(s):  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Description Logic ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Description Logics ◽  
Nonmonotonic Reasoning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Usefulness ◽  
Practical Support

Nonmonotonic inferences are not yet supported by Description Logic technology, although their potential usefulness is widely recognized. Lack of support to nonmonotonic reasoning is due to a number of issues related to expressiveness, computational complexity, and optimizations. This work contributes to the practical support of nonmonotonic reasoning in description logics by introducing a new semantics designed to address knowledge engineering needs. The formalism is validated through extensive comparison with the other nonmonotonic DLs, and systematic scalability tests.

scholarly journals Pseudo-Sphrantzes on the Serbian lands

2006 ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Active Participant ◽  
Actual Fact ◽  
Authentic Text ◽  
Precise Relationship ◽  
Different Sources

The Memoirs of George Sphrantzes are preserved in two versions. One of them is the authentic text by Sphrantzes, Chronicon Minus, a memoir of a pronounced chronographic nature, describing the events between 1413 and 1477 which the author recorded as an active participant and a contemporary. The other version is Chronicon Maius, also called Pseudo-Sphrantzes, a compilation composed between 1573 and 1575 by a famous forger, the Metropolitan of Monembasia Macarius Melissenus. Being a collage from different sources, his work contains some data on the Serbian lands which exceed the chronological limits of Chronicon Minus, i.e. of the data given by Sphrantzes himself. The structure of this chronicle ? parallel stories on Byzantine emperors and Turkish rulers ? resembles the so-called Venetian-Byzantine short chronicle Nr. 50B, written between 1474 and 1574. Chronicon Maius gives the year 6865 (=1356/7) as the year of the conquest of Gallipoli by Murat I. The same date is given in five out of seven manuscripts of the short chronicle Nr. 53. Finally, Ecthesis Chronica, a work by an anonymous author of the 16th century, is, apart from Macarius Melissenus, the only source written in Greek that explicitly mentions the name of the daughter of the Despot Djuradj Brankovic, Mara, who was sent to the harem of the Sultan Murat II in 1435. Many of the reports on the Serbian lands given by Melissenus are in actual fact short and imprecise paraphrases of the data given by Laonicus Chalcocondyles in his historical work. In the first place this holds true for the reports on the meeting in Serres, the reign of Beyazid I, the civil war among Beyazid's sons and the reign of Murat II. Finally, Chronicon Maius partly overlaps with the data from Chronicle of the Turkish Sultans, an anonymous work composed in the first quarter of the 17th century. E. A. Zachariadou has proven the dependence of this source from the text of the second edition of Francesco Sansovino's Gl' Annali Turcheschi published in Venice in 1573. These three sources, Pseudo-Sphrantzes Chronicle of the Turkish Sultans and Annals of Francesco Sansovino, are clearly interdependent. Chronicle of the Turkish Sultans doubtlessly draws from Sansovino's annals, whereas the precise relationship between Pseudo-Sphrantzes and Sansovino is still to be explored. .

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