scholarly journals General Characterization of Low-rank and Low-grade Coal of East-Kalimantan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Heeyoung Shin ◽  
Jeongyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Low Rank ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
East Kalimantan

scholarly journals The influence of steam drying process on combustion behavior of Indonesian low-rank coals

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115
Author(s):  
Datin Umar ◽  
◽  
Suganal Suganal ◽  
Ika Monika ◽  
Gandhi Hudaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Temperature ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Combustion Behavior ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Steam Drying ◽  
Low Rank Coals

Steam drying process of the Low Rank Coals (LRCs) has been conducted to produce coal which is comparable with the High Rank Coal (HRC). Characterization of the raw and dried coals was carried out through proximate, ultimate, calorific value, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Thermo Gravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA) to study the combustion behavior of the coals. This study used Indonesian low rank coals coming from Tabang (TKK coal) and Samurangau (SP coal), East Kalimantan. The results indicate that the calorific value of the dried coals increases significantly due to the decrease in moisture content of the coal. The FTIR spectrums show that the methylene-ethylene (RCH3/CH2) and aromaticity-aliphaticity ratios (Rar/al) of the dried coals increased while the ratio of RCO/ar decreased which reflect that the rank of the coals increased equivalent to the high rank coal (bituminous). Meanwhile, the TG-DTA indicates that the ignition temperature (Tig) and combustion rate (Rmax) of the dried coals increased. This analysis expresses that the dried coals produced by steam drying process have better combustion behavior due to the higher calorific value than those of the raw coals.

Comparison of Immunological and Functional Assays for Measurement of Soluble Fibrin

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (02) ◽  
pp. 673-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E Dempfle ◽  
S A Pfitzner ◽  
M Dollman ◽  
K Huck ◽  
G Stehle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Soluble Fibrin ◽  
Discriminating Power ◽  
Fibrin Monomer ◽  
Cerebral Ischemic

SummaryVarious assays have been developed for quantitation of soluble fibrin or fibrin monomer in clinical plasma samples, since this parameter directly reflects in vivo thrombin action on fibrinogen. Using plasma samples from healthy blood donors, patients with cerebral ischemic insult, patients with septicemia, and patients with venous thrombosis, we compared two immunologic tests using monoclonal antibodies against fibrin-specific neo-epitopes, and two functional tests based on the cofactor activity of soluble fibrin complexes in tPA-induced plasminogen activation. Test A (Enzymun®-Test FM) showed the best discriminating power among normal range and pathological samples. Test B (Fibrinostika® soluble fibrin) clearly separated normal range from pathological samples, but failed to discriminate among samples from patients with low grade coagulation activation in septicemia, and massive activation in venous thrombosis. Functional test C (Fibrin monomer test Behring) displayed good discriminating power between normal and pathological range samples, and correlated with test A (r = 0.61), whereas assay D (Coa-Set® Fibrin monomer) showed little discriminating power at values below 10 μg/ml and little correlation with other assays. Standardization of assays will require further characterization of analytes detected.

Why Does Rationality Matter?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Wedgwood
Keyword(s):  
Mental States ◽  
External World ◽  
Dutch Book ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
Internal Rationality

Internalism implies that rationality requires nothing more than what in the broadest sense counts as ‘coherence’. The earlier chapters of this book argue that rationality is in a strong sense normative. But why does coherence matter? The interpretation of this question is clarified. An answer to the question would involve a general characterization of rationality that makes it intuitively less puzzling why rationality is in this strong sense normative. Various approaches to this question are explored: a deflationary approach, the appeal to ‘Dutch book’ theorems, the idea that rationality is constitutive of the nature of mental states. It is argued that none of these approaches solves the problem. An adequate solution will have to appeal to some value that depends partly on how things are in the external world—in effect, an external goal—and some normatively significant connection between internal rationality and this external goal.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a New Phosphonate-Based Sorbent and Characterization of Its Interactions with Lanthanum (III) and Terbium (III)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1513
Author(s):  
Yuezhou Wei ◽  
Khalid A. M. Salih ◽  
Mohammed F. Hamza ◽  
Toyohisa Fujita ◽  
Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Tech ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Hydrogel Beads ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Composite Sorbents ◽  
Synthesis Procedure ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Mild Acid

High-tech applications require increasing amounts of rare earth elements (REE). Their recovery from low-grade minerals and their recycling from secondary sources (as waste materials) are of critical importance. There is increasing attention paid to the development of new sorbents for REE recovery from dilute solutions. A new generation of composite sorbents based on brown algal biomass (alginate) and polyethylenimine (PEI) was recently developed (ALPEI hydrogel beads). The phosphorylation of the beads strongly improves the affinity of the sorbents for REEs (such as La and Tb): by 4.5 to 6.9 times compared with raw beads. The synthesis procedure (epicholorhydrin-activation, phosphorylation and de-esterification) is investigated by XPS and FTIR for characterizing the grafting route but also for interpreting the binding mechanism (contribution of N-bearing from PEI, O-bearing from alginate and P-bearing groups). Metal ions can be readily eluted using an acidic calcium chloride solution, which regenerates the sorbent: the FTIR spectra are hardly changed after five successive cycles of sorption and desorption. The materials are also characterized by elemental, textural and thermogravimetric analyses. The phosphorylation of ALPEI beads by this new method opens promising perspectives for the recovery of these strategic metals from mild acid solutions (i.e., pH ~ 4).

Study of Low-Grade Nickel Laterite Processing Using Palm Shell Charcoal as Reductant

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 436-446
Author(s):  
Bambang Suharno ◽  
Nolzha Primadha Ilman ◽  
Achmad Shofi ◽  
Deni Ferdian ◽  
Fajar Nurjaman
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Palm Shell ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Nickel Grade

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of palm shell charcoal reductant in the selective reduction of nickel ore with the addition of additive at various temperatures and times. In this present work, 10 wt. % of sodium sulfate as additive and 5, 10, 15 wt. % of palm shell charcoal as reductants were used. The reduction of nickel ore was performed at 950oC, 1050oC, and 1150oC for 60, 90, and 120 minutes. A wet magnetic separation method was then carried out to separate the concentrates and tailings. Characterization of reduced ore was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), while the composition of ferronickel in concentrate was identified by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The result showed that the higher temperature reduction, the higher of nickel grade, and its recovery at the concentrate. Nevertheless, the longer reduction time and the more reductant in nickel ore lowering the nickel grade and its recovery in the concentrate. The optimum condition in this selective reduction process was obtained with the addition of 5 wt. % of reductant and 10 wt. % of sodium sulfate in nickel ore, which was reduced at 1150oC for 60 minutes. It resulted in 4.60% and 73.23% for nickel grade and its recovery, respectively.

Characterization of common lignite, xylitic lignite and pyropissite varieties of low-rank coals

Fuel ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1723-1728 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rosa Martínez-Tarazona ◽  
Amelia Martínez-Alonso ◽  
Juan M.D. Tascón
Keyword(s):  
Low Rank ◽  
Low Rank Coals

Practical Steps and Reasons for Action

1997 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Clark
Keyword(s):  
Reasons For Action ◽  
Reasons For Belief ◽  
The Real ◽  
General Characterization ◽  
Practical Inference

There is an idea, going back to Aristotle, that reasons for action can be understood on a parallel with reasons for belief. Not surprisingly, the idea has almost always led to some form of inferentialism about reasons for action. In this paper I argue that reasons for action can be understood on a parallel with reasons for belief, but that this requires abandoning inferentialism about reasons for action. This result will be thought paradoxical. It is generally assumed that if there is to be a useful parallel, there must be some such thing as a practical inference. As we shall see, that assumption tends to block the fruitful exploration of the real parallel. On the view I shall defend, the practical analogue of an ordinary inference is not an inference, but something I shall call a practical step. Nevertheless, the practical step will do, for a theory of reasons for action, what ordinary inference does for an inferentialist theory of reasons for belief. The result is a general characterization of reasons, practical and theoretical, in terms of the correctness conditions of the relevant sorts of step.

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