scholarly journals THE RELATION OF HYPOSPADIAS TYPES, AGES, AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR URETHROCUTANEOUS FISTULA COMPLICATION IN CHILD HYPOSPADIAS CASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Desy Pratiwi Widjajana ◽  
Septa Surya Wahyudi ◽  
Ika Rahmwati Sutejo
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgery Technique ◽  
Hypospadias Surgery ◽  
Onlay Island Flap

Objective: To find correlation between hypospadias type, age, and surgical technique for urethrocutaneous fistula in child hypospadias cases. Material & Method: This research was an observational analytic research with cross sectional approach. It was conducted at Bina Sehat Jember Hospital, Paru Jember Hospital, and Bhayangkara Bondowoso Hospital. The research samples were hypospadias patients who had done hypospadias repair with susceptible age from 0 months until 16 years. Result: In this study, was found correlation between type of hypospadias with urethrocutaneous fistula (p=0.03 and r=0.43). And the other hand, this research did not find relationship between age at hypospadias surgery with urethrocutaneous fistula complication (p=0.34 and r=0.3). The results of this study indicate that the incidence of urethrocutanoeus fistula complications in the surgery using TIP technique was greater than Onlay Island Flap technique, but in this study, there was no association between hypospadias surgery technique used with complications of uretrocutanoeus fistula (p=0.3 and r=0.22). Conclusion: In this study, there was a significant relationship between hypospadias type with urethrocutaneous fistula complication with statistically moderate strength and positive correlation direction. This study did not show any significant relationship between age and hypospadias surgery technique with complications of urethrocutanoeous fistula.

OUTCOME OF TUNICA VAGINALIS FLAP FOR REPAIR OF URETHROCUTANEOUS FISTULA AFTER HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
Aniket Patil ◽  
Ajay Naik
Keyword(s):  
Suture Material ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Absorbable Suture ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Tunica Vaginalis ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Urethral Closure ◽  
Distal Obstruction ◽  
Hypospadias Surgery

The commonest complication following hypospadias repair is occurrence of urethro-cutaneous stula(UCF) with a reported incidence of 4-25% 1. The expected stula rate is between 10% to 15% for onestage hypospadias surgery. UCF after hypospadias repair remains a signicant challenge for paediatric surgeons despite the advances in surgical techniques. Our aim is to assess the outcome of tunica vaginalis ap repair in cases of urethro-cutaneous stula. Our study included 23 patients who underwent UCF repair using TVF. Successful repair of these UCF depends on several basic principles, which are the avoidance of procedures on inamed tissue, correction of distal obstruction, a tension-free urethral closure with absorbable suture material, and covering of the urethral repair with well-vascularized tissue. From our study we feel that many complications mainly recurrent stula can be avoided using the above principles.

Midshaft Hypospadias: Review of Surgical Technique

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin R. McNamara ◽  
Bryan Sack ◽  
Alan B. Retik
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Tubularized Incised Plate ◽  
Dartos Flap ◽  
Tubularized Incised Plate Urethroplasty ◽  
Skin Coverage

Surgical technique for midshaft hypospadias has evolved since the time of Horton and Devine. The most common type of repair that is currently used is the tubularized incised plate urethroplasty, which is a modification of the Thiersch-Duplay hypospadias repair. The authors review the steps of this procedure in detail and discuss troubleshooting for issues that may arise during the repair. Alternatives for chordee correction and skin coverage are reviewed. The authors briefly discuss outcomes and possible complications. In addition, there is a step-by-step video of a midshaft hypospadias repair that highlights the surgical technique. This review contains 9 figures, and 23 references. Key Words: chordee, dartos flap, hypospadias, midshaft hypospadias, surgical technique, tubularized incised plate (TIP), urethrocutaneous fistula, ventral curvature

scholarly journals Dartos flap coverage of the neourethra following repair for primary hypospadias, reoperative hypospadias and urethrocutaneous fistulas: it is a safe approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayrettin Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Redo Surgery ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Operative Results ◽  
Flap Coverage ◽  
Distal Shaft ◽  
Dartos Flap ◽  
Hypospadias Surgery ◽  
Safe Approach ◽  
Mathieu Procedure

PURPOSE: Urethrocutaneous fistula and neourethral dehiscence are frequently seen complications of hypospadias surgery requiring reoperation. In this study we report the experience of one surgeon with dartos flap coverage in primary hypospadias, reoperative hypospadias and urethrocutaneous fistulas repair. METHODS: A total of 23 patients underwent hypospadias and urethrocutaneous fistulas repair from January 2006 to May 2009. Fourteen patients were operated on for primary hypospadias repair at our institution and 9 patients were admitted for hypospadias complications such as failed hypospadias repair and urethrocutaneous fistula. In all the patients, the dartos flap was dissected and transposed to cover the neourethra. Operative results were recorded. RESULTS: The primary surgical procedure was a one-stage repair in 61% (n = 14); tubularised incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in 43% (n = 6) and a Mathieu procedure in 57% (n = 8). Urethrocutaneous fistulas complicating the previous initial hypospadias repair were anterior in 33% (n = 2), middle in 33% (n = 2) and proximal in 33% (n = 2). Repair of the fistula was successful on the first attempt in all patients. The reason for redo surgery in 3 patients was complete dehiscence and the patients had distal shaft hypospadias. CONCLUSION: Dartos flap coverage of the neourethra seems to be an effective method of reducing the fistulous complication rate following primary and secondary hypospadias repair.

scholarly journals Long term complications of hypospadias repair: A ten-year experience from Northern Zone of Tanzania.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
mbarouk said mohd ◽  
Frank bright Bright ◽  
Alfred kien Mteta ◽  
Jasper said Mbwambo ◽  
Bartholomew nicolaus Ngowi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surgeon Experience ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background Hypospadias is one of the commonest congenital penile abnormalities in new born males. The external urethral opening can be located anywhere from the glans penis along the ventral aspect of the shaft of the penis up to the scrotum or the perineum in extreme cases. The condition has a huge impact on the patient’s psychological, emotional and sexual well-being. Aim To determine the proportion of patient who develop long term complications after hypospadias repair and its associated risk factors. Materials and Methods This was a hospital based analytical cross-sectional study, conducted at KCMC Urology Institute from January 2009 to December 2018.The structural data sheet was used to collect information from patient file. Study parameters include age, location of hypospadias, surgical technique, surgeon experience, chordee, suture size, materials to assess the association with long-term complications. Results: A total of 254 patients were included in the study, majority were aged more than two years (71.83%) with mean age at operation (SD) of 4.74 ± 2.99 years) . Distal types were the most common type of hypospadias 125(50%), where by 51(20%) of patients had severe chordee. TIP repair was most common technique in 130(51.59%). The proportion of long-term complications among patients who underwent hypospadias repair was 156(61.60%) and UCF accounted for 40.5%, the surgeon experience, location of hypospadias, surgical technique and associate chordee were significant predictors of long-term complications of hypospadias repair. Conclusion TIP urethroplasty is a safe and reliable method of hypospadias repair. Proximal hypospadias with severe chordee still remain a challenge.

scholarly journals LIMITED URETHERAL MOBILIZATION PROCEDURE (LUMP) FOR DISTAL PENILE HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR, A SINGLE CENTRE RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1335-1343
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz-ul-Haq ◽  
◽  
Arslan Raza Wasati ◽  
Mazhar Rafi ◽  
Sohail Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Postoperative Management ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Paediatric Surgery ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Meatal Stenosis ◽  
Cosmetic Appearance

Background: Distal penile hypospadias is one of the commonest varieties of hypospadias. Different techniques have been mentioned in literature. The success rate is usually assessed by rate of fistula formation and over all cosmetic appearance and functional outcome. Limited Uretheral Mobilization Procedure (LUMP) for distal penile hypospadias is considered a good technique with almost zero fistula rate in some series. As no new urethral tube is constructed there is no risk of fistula. Objective: To evaluate the results of the Limited Urethral Mobilization Procedure (LUMP) for distal hypospadias repair. Methods.It is retrospective analysis of 32 patients aged up to 12 years who were treated with Limited urethral mobilization procedure for distal penile hypospadias in the Department of Paediatric Surgery Jinnah Hospital Lahore from December 2018 to November 2019. All patients were operated under general anesthesia. The urethra proximal to the meatus was mobilized adequately in such a way that it should reach the tip of glans easily without any ventral bending of penis.Then the urethra was placed in the glandular wings and reconstruction of glans was carried out. Dartos flap was also placed to cover the urethra as a safety measure to avoid urethrocutaneous fistula formation. Follow up was done for a period of 3 months with respect to fistula formation, meatal stenosis, retraction , chordee and over all cosmetic appearance. Results: Age range of children was 9 months to 12 years. Operation time ranged from 60-80 minutes. Seven of 32 cases were previously operated for distal penile hypospadias but after disruption of repair meatus was lying at coronal or subcoronal level. They also underwent LUMP. Five cases had minor chordee, it was corrected at the time of uretheral mobilization by simple excision of fiberous tisse in 4 patients while modified Nesbit dorsal placation was done in one. Cosmetically normal looking circumcised penis with slit like meatus was achieved in all.Two cases got superficial wound infection, two had meatal stenosis, one meatal retraction, one ventral chordee and one urethrocutaneous fistula. Conclusion: LUMP for distal penile hypospadias is a simple and effective procedure with minimum complications.There is no chance for development of urethrocutaneous fistula, a major postoperative complication of other surgical techniques for uretheroplasty. Postoperative management is simple and hospital stay is short.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR URETHROCUTANEOUS FISTULAS FORMATION AFTER ONE STAGE HYPOSPADIAS REPAIR

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Fariz ◽  
Arry Rodjani ◽  
Irfan Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Operation Technique ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
One Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Duration Of Operation ◽  
Urogenital Anomalies ◽  
Onlay Island Flap

Objective: To evaluate risk factors that contribute to urethrocutaneous fistulas formation after one stage hypospadias repair. Material & method: A case control study was performed on hypospadias patients that underwent one stage hypospadias repair. We analyzed the correlation of urethrocutaneous fistula formation with patient age, hypospadias classification, chordee severity, other urogenital anomalies, history of hormonal therapy, suture size, duration of operation, type of dressing, type of stent, duration of stenting, and three types of operation technique, which are TIP, Duckett, and Onlay Island Flap. Results: There were 116 patients with mean age 5,7 ± 3,9 years old (4 months – 19 years old). Urethrocutaneous fistula occured in 12 patients (10,3%). From the data analysis, we didn’t find any significant correlation between urethrocutaneous fistula formation and patient’s age (p = 0,426), hypospadias classification (p = 0,695), chordee severity (p = 0,564), other urogenital anomalies (p = 0,964), history of hormonal therapy (p = 0,739), suture size (p = 0,248), duration of operation (p = 0,856), type of dressings (p = 0,580), type of stents (p = 0,600), and duration of stenting (p = 0,796). We also didn’t find any significant correlation between urethrocutaneous fistula formation and operation technique TIP vs Duckett (p = 0,314), and TIP vs Onlay Island Flap (p = 0,644). Conclusion: There were no significant correlation between urethrocutaneous fistula formation and patient age, hypospadias classification, chordee severity, other urogenital anomalies, history of hormonal therapy, suture size, duration of operation, type of dressing, type of stent, and duration of stenting. There were also no significant correlation between urethrocutaneous fistula formation and operation technique TIP vs Duckett, and TIP vs Onlay Island Flap. Keywords: Hypospadias, one stage urethroplasty, urethrocutaneous fistula.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF PADA BAYI DI KLINIK BUDI MULIA PALEMBANG TAHUN 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leny Leny
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Profile ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Improve Health

  ABSTRACT [According to WHO Exlusive Breast Feeding is explains that giving breastfeeding to babies aged 0 to 6 months withouth the other supplement. Based on the result of a research, internasional guidance recommends to giving exlusive breastfeeding during early six months based on csientific paper about benefit of breastfeeding for immune, their growth for baby and breast feeding gives all of energy and nutrition needed baby during early 6 months. Palembang health breast feeding profile that baby get exlusive breast feeding as many 31% on 2009 increase to 40% on 2010. Purpose of this research is to know the relationship of Factors with exclusive breastfeeding to baby at the clinic budi indah palembang on 2014. This method is Analytic Survey with Cross Sectional approach. Population in this research is all of mothers with their age 7-12 months babies, on february 12- 18 with respondent at sample by Accidental Sampling. Analysis use univariat and bivariat analysis using Chi-Square with significant level α = 0,.05 result of 35 respondents with giving exlusive breast feeding 67,7%  ungiving 34,3%, mother good knowledge as many as 77,1%, working mothers as many as 31,4, and mothers good culture as many as 71,4%. Result of bivariat analysis show that there’s significant relationship between knowledge with giving exlusive breast feeding where ρ value 0,01 and significant relationship between jobs with giving exlusive breast feeding, where ρ value 0.04 and significant relationship between social cultural with giving exlusive breast feeding, where ρ value 0,01. Of this research hoped that health worker improve health service more especially mother to giving the only breast feeding to 0-6 months baby.   ABSTRAK Menurut Word Health Organization (WHO) ASI Eksklusif adalah  pemberian ASI saja pada bayi 0 usia 6 bulan tanpa tambahan cairan ataupun makanan lain. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pedomaan internasional menganjurkan pemberian ASI Eksklusif selama 6 bulan pertama didasarkan pada bukti ilmiah tentang manfaat ASI sebagai daya tahan tubuh,  pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya bayi. ASI memberi semua energi dan gizi (nutrisi) yang dibutuhkan bayi selama 6 bulan pertama hidupnya. Data profil dinas kesehatan kota palembang bayi yang mendapatkan ASI Eksklusif yaitu sebanyak 31%pada 2019 meningkat menjadi 40% pada tahun 2010. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemberian ASI Eksklusif pada bayi di klinik budi indah palembang tahun 2014. Metode ini adalah Survey Analitik dengan pendekatan Cros Sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu yang mempunyai bayi usia 7-12 bulan. waktu penelitian pada tanggal 12-18 Februari dengan sample 35 responden secara Accidental Sampling. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square dengan batas bermakna α = 0,05. Hasil penelitian dari 35 responden dengan pemberian ASI Eksklusif 67,7% dan  tidak ASI Eksklusif 34,3% , ibu berpengetahuan baik sebanyak 77,1%  ibu bekerja sebanyak 31,4% dan tidak bekerja sebanyak 68,8% , dan ibu yang budaya baik 71,4% dan budaya kurang baik 28,6%. Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukan ada hubungan bermakna antara pengetahuan dengan pemberian ASI Eksklusif, dimana ρ value  0,01 dan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara pekerjaan dengan pemberian ASI Eksklusif , dimana ρ value 0,04 dan ada hubungan bermakna antara sosial budaya dengan pemberian ASI Eksklusif, diman ρ value 0,01 . Dari penelitian ini diharapkan agar petugas kesehatan lebih meningkatkan pelayanan  kesehatan khususnya bidan terutama kepada ibu yang menyusui untuk dapat memberikan ASI pada usia 0-6 bulan.    

scholarly journals Grafted tubularised incised plate urethroplasty: an excellent option in primary hypospadias with poor urethral plate

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 2270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradyumna Pan
Keyword(s):  
Standard Technique ◽  
Urethral Reconstruction ◽  
Hypospadias Repair ◽  
Urethral Meatus ◽  
Surgical Experience ◽  
Urethrocutaneous Fistula ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Urethral Plate ◽  
Urinary Stream ◽  
Hypospadias Surgery

Background: Hypospadias represents the most frequent penile anomaly. The most challenging part of hypospadias surgery is urethral reconstruction. We here-in assess the cosmetic and functional outcome with primary single stage dorsal inlay urethroplasty using preputial skin grafts in tubularised incised-plate. We extended this indication to be the standard technique for primary hypospadias repair with poor urethral plate, flat glans and minimal ventral curvature.Methods: Children with a narrow urethral plate, shallow glans and minimal ventral curvature formed the study group. Children having severe chordee needing transection of the urethral plate,having undergone circumcision and failed hypospadias repair was excluded. This prospective study included the surgical experience of 87 cases of primary hypospadias operated upon between 2010 and 2016.Results: A straight penis was achieved in 97.7% of the patients with a 3.4% incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula. Acceptable cosmetic results were achieved in 96.5% of cases. Slit like appearance of neo urethral meatus was achieved in 96.5%, position was on the tip in 81 patients and in 6 it was mid glans. Glans dehiscence was seen in 3 patients. Meatal stenosis in 1, stricture, diverticulum and penile torsion was not seen in this series. Single and straight urinary stream was seen in 91.95%, splaying of urine in 3 patients and a thin stream in 4 patients.Conclusions: Primary dorsal inlay inner preputial graft urethroplasty successfully fulfils all traditional hypospadias repair criteria. It offers a viable option in the management of primary hypospadias with a narrow urethral plate.

scholarly journals Trends in Surgical Practices for Lateral Epicondylitis Among Newly Trained Orthopaedic Surgeons

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596711773057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Wang ◽  
Ryan M. Degen ◽  
Christopher L. Camp ◽  
Michael H. McGraw ◽  
David W. Altchek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Tendon Repair ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Lateral Epicondylitis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Much controversy exists regarding the optimal surgical intervention for lateral epicondylitis because of a multitude of options available and the lack of comparative studies. Knowledge of the current practice trends would help guide the design of comparative studies needed to determine which surgical technique results in the best outcome. Purpose: To review the latest practice trends for the surgical treatment of lateral epicondylitis among newly trained surgeons in the United States utilizing the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) database. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The ABOS database was utilized to identify surgical cases for lateral epicondylitis submitted by Part II board certification examination candidates from 2004 through 2013. Inclusion criteria were predetermined using a combination of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Cases were organized by open and arthroscopic treatment groups and by fellowship training and were analyzed to determine differences in surgical techniques, complication rates, and concomitant procedures. Results: In total, 1150 surgeons submitted 2106 surgical cases for the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. The number of surgical cases for lateral epicondylitis performed per 10,000 submitted cases significantly decreased from 26.7 in 2004 to 21.1 in 2013 ( P = .002). Among all cases, 92.2% were open and 7.8% were arthroscopic, with no change in the incidence of arthroscopic surgeries over the study period. Shoulder and elbow (18.1%) and sports medicine (11.4%) surgeons were more likely to perform surgery arthroscopically compared with hand surgeons (6.1%) ( P < .001). There was no difference in overall self-reported complication rates between open (4.4%) and arthroscopic (5.5%) procedures ( P = .666). Percutaneous tenotomy, debridement only, and debridement with tendon repair comprised 6.4%, 46.3%, and 47.3% of open treatment, respectively. Sports medicine, hand, and shoulder and elbow surgeons were more likely to repair the tendon after debridement compared with other surgeons, who were more likely to perform debridement alone ( P < .001). Hand surgeons were most likely to perform concomitant procedures, of which the majority were neuroplasties. Conclusion: Although comparative studies are ultimately necessary for determining the optimal surgical technique, researchers should be mindful of the differences in practices according to training and the extent to which concomitant procedures are being performed, as both these factors may confound any future results.

HISTOPATHOLOGY OF THE PIGMENTED TUMORAL-LIKE LESIONS OF THE SKIN AT HUE HOSPITAL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY UNIVERSITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
Mao Nguyen Van ◽  
Dong Tran Nam
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cell Tumour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Tumour ◽  
Clinical Appearance ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
Difficult Cases

Background: Pigmented tumour of the skin is one of the common tumour in human including the benign pigmented tumours (more common) called Nevi tumours and the malignant one called melanoma which was less frequent but the most poor in prognosis. In addition, the others not belonging to these group had the same clinical appearance, so the application of histopathology and immunohistochemistry for the definitive diagnosis was indespensible. Objectives: 1. To describe the macroscopic features of the pigmented tumoral-like lesions; 2. To classify the histopathologic types of the pigmented cell tumours and the other pigmented tumours of the skin. Materials and Method: Cross-sectional research on 55 patients diagnosed as pigmented tumoral lesions by clinician, then all definitively diagnosed by histopathology combining the immunohistochemistry in difficult cases. Results: There was no difference in gender, the disease was discovered most common in adult, especially with the age over 51 years old (58.1%). the most region located was in the face accounting for 60%, following the trunk and limbs (14.6%, 12.8% respectively). All 3 malignant melanomas happened in foot. The most common color of the lesions was black (65.4%), the other ones were rose, grey and blue. Histopathology and immunohisthochemistry showed that the true pigmented cell tumours were 52.6% encompassing benign ones (Nevi tumour) (41.8%), melanoma (5.4%) and lentigo (5.4%). 47.4% was not the true pigmented cell tumour including pigmented basocellular carcinoma (36.4%) and the others less common as histiofibromas, acanthoma and papilloma. Conclusion: the pigmented tumoral-like lesions of the skin could be the true pigmented cell tumours and the others, so the application of the histopathology and the immunohistochemistry after the clinical discovery helps to determine and classify the disease definitely and for the best orientation of treatment as well. Key words: skin tumour, benign pigmented tumour (Nevi), malignant pigmented tumour (melanoma), pigmented basocellular carcinoma

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