scholarly journals Folk Costumes in the Photographs by Julije Kempf and Atelier Wollner at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Dubravka Matoković
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Documentary Source

Photographs from the first two decades of the 20th century, taken by Julije Kempf, the founder of City museum Požega and the photography atelier named Atelier Wollner in Požega, proved a useful documentary source for the studies of traditional dress in rural Požega area from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. A large number of their photographs is preserved in the Collection of Photographs and Negatives in City museum Požega. These photographs provide a historical overview of men’s and women’s folk costumes from the end of the 19th and the first two decades of the 20th century, showing the appearance, the changes and fashion influences in traditional folk costumes in the villages near Požega.

‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech’: New Essays on the History of Archeology

2018 ◽  
pp. 1274-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Olimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Controversial Nature

The article reviews O. A. Shashkova’s ‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech.’ Essays on the History of Archaeography of the 15th - Early 20th Century. Wide array of sources and broad geographical frameworks allow Shashkova to present emergence and development of Russian and European archaeography from the 15th to early 20th century intelligibly enough for educational purposes. A whole chapter is devoted to the manuscript tradition and publishing of sources before Gutenberg. When considering the formation of archaeographical tradition, the author uses comparative method. O. A. Shashkova offers a historical overview and analyzes theoretical and practical issues of archaeography. The reviewer notes the significance of the chosen topic due to a need to reconsider the development of publishing in light of modern views on archaeography and to make it accessible to students and non-professionals. She notes traditional academic approach of O. A. Shashkova to presentation of the development publication practices. The review considers the possibility of using the ‘Essays...’ in studying the history of archaeography and offers possible directions for a broader consideration of historical experience, in particular, of Novikov’s publication projects. The review notes the controversial nature of the author’s approach to systematization of her large historical material in order to consider issues concerning the study of archaeographical practices. It stresses that coverage of issues of development of methods of preparation of publications separately from its historical and practical aspects hinders successful mastering of the material by an untrained reader. It concludes that the publication has high practical value for specialists in archaeography and students.

The Legacy of Displacement during La Violencia and the Origins of the Contemporary War in Colombia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbey Steele
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Internally Displaced

Chapter two presents a historical overview of the Colombian civil war. The current civil war’s roots extend back to La Violencia, the previous civil conflict in the mid-20th century, in which millions of Colombians were internally displaced. The chapter traces the legacy of civilian displacement for both the development of political loyalties, and the emergence of the contemporary insurgencies. The political loyalties formed during this period in some communities have effects on the trajectory of the civil war violence decades later.

scholarly journals South African Presbyterian women in leadership in ministry (1973–2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham A. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Ordination Of Women

The issue of women in the ministry has been a vexed one historically. In many denominations, the ordination of women has been represented by some form of struggle, which culminated in the first ordinations of women during the second half of the 20th century. This article investigates the process towards the ordination of women in two Southern African Presbyterian denominations – the Bantu Presbyterian Church of South Africa (renamed the ‘Reformed Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa’ in 1979) and the Presbyterian Church of South Africa (renamed the ‘Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa’ in 1958), prior to their union in 1999 to form the Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa. This article focusses on women in leadership in ministry, not exclusively on women ordained to the ministry of ruling or teaching elder (minister). It begins with an historical overview and proceeds to an investigation of developments in the two relevant denominations. The terms ‘leadership’ and ‘ministry’ are used separately and together and are considered to be synonymous. The article uses primary sources from the records of both denominations considered and suggests that the process was gradual and progressive as the worth of women in leadership was recognised following the general acceptance of the biblical and theological arguments.

“Miserology”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Valverde
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Control ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Victor Hugo ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Professional Study

In this chapter, Mariana Valverde offers a historical overview of the discourses underlying modern criminal theory. Modern criminology is rooted in a long tradition of “miserology,” the study of that “hybrid of moral degradation, physical ill health, spatial marginality, and collective despair . . . found among the new urban proletariat.” That history spans Engels’s focus on the “nameless misery” of British factory workers, great 19th-century novelists like Charles Dickens and Victor Hugo, Christian anti-poverty activism, modern welfare dependency discourse, and The Wire. Criminology, however, has lost touch with those deeply situated inquiries. Valverde points to the mid-20th century as a moment of schism between the professional study of crime and crime rates—what we now call criminology—and the study of housing, alcoholism, public health, mental health, and other poverty-related phenomena. But those early miserologists in many ways anticipated today’s resurgent interest in risk, race, social control, and the framing of crime, not as a stand-alone phenomenon, but as one aspect of social marginalization and disadvantage.

7. World war and dissolution

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Martyn Rady
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
First World

International politics in the later 19th and early 20th centuries was dominated by the ‘Eastern Question’: the legacy of the failing Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. ‘World war and dissolution: 20th century’ considers issues that led to the First World War, including the murder of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, June 1914. To withstand the Russians, the Habsburg armies increasingly depended on German reinforcements. By passing strategic command of its forces to Wilhelm II in 1916, the Habsburg Empire’s fate was sealed. Franz Joseph’s nephew Karl was to be the last emperor. A final section gives a historical overview, asking whether the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire was inevitable.

scholarly journals Features of Sanitary Legislation in Ukraine in the Mid-20th Century: Historical Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Rinata Kazak ◽  
Svitlana Hotsuliak
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
International Awareness

The paper deals with the determination of main features of sanitary legislation in Ukraine. The designated chronology of research is the latter half of the 20th century as an era of changes in this legal sphere as an answer to the technical and social changes of that time. There were outlined such features as: dynamic, interdisciplinary and preventive character of sanitary legislation with elements of international awareness. It was outlined the extended usage of statistic data and periodicals as specific sources of this sphere. The impact of scientific progress in 60-70th was indicated as one of the affecting features of that time changes in sanitary legislation. It was carried out an extensive analysis of the legislation of Ukraine of the abovementioned period. Keywords: Sanitary law, legal history, legislation, Ukraine

scholarly journals Images of the Grieving Christ in the Museum Collections of Saratov

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-54
Author(s):  
Maria Burganova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Documentary Source ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Ecce Homo ◽  
Colour Features ◽  
Artistic Images

An analytical review of church statues united by the plot “Christ in the Dungeon” from Saratov and the Saratov region museums is presented in the article. Using these examples, the author draws attention to variations of the image of Christ in the last hours before the crucifixion typical of the Russian province. Assessing the wide variety of interpretations of this plot, it is necessary to take into account that, in Russia, the statues of Christ in the dungeon were created mostly in provincial workshops where the craftsmen used engraved illustrations as the source and an example. For instance, the illustrations for the Piscator Bible [Theatrum Biblicum: 1646] had served as iconographic examples for many icon-painters and carvers since the 17th century. It should be noted that most often these engraved examples provided only an impetus for sculptors and were sometimes interpreted quite arbitrarily. These circumstances gave certain freedom to sculptors and carvers creating artistic images distinguished by sculptural diversity and vivid emotional character. The statues of Christ in the dungeon are typical of the Russian province and represent images combining some details of the iconographic versions of Ecce Homo and The Man of Sorrows. Ecce Homo is an image of suffering, awaiting the crucifixion Christ with traces of flagellation, with chained or tied hands, in the Crown of Thorns, in shackles and a purple robe. As the Man of Sorrows, Christ is presented thoughtful, with a bowed head. His hand is pressed to his cheek, the wounds from the spear and nails received at the time of the crucifixion are visible on the body. Having become a kind of connection between the three museums, there are nineteen artworks in the Saratov collection of sculptures with the plot “Christ in the Dungeon”. These statues were moved from one museum to another throughout the 20th century. Initially, this group of monuments was collected in a small Petrovsky Museum of Local Lore. In the summer of 1923, members of an ethnographic expedition removed the statues of Christ in the Dungeon from the surrounding churches. At the same time, artist F. Kitavin made very accurate watercolour sketches reliably capturing the colour features of the statues and their vestments. Currently, these watercolour sketches with explanatory inscriptions may be regarded as a documentary source.

The English Language in Mauritius

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Stein
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Local History ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
British Colony

Mauritius was a British colony for almost 200 years, but except in the domains of administration and teaching, the English language was never really spoken on the island. This article traces its local history and its failure to establish itself as a replacement for French (and perhaps also the French-based creole) during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. English is still the official language of Mauritius, but a large proportion of the population does not speak it at all or has at best a very limited knowledge of it. Nonetheless, no other language spoken on the island presents itself as a viable alternative. The historical overview and the discussion of the present situation are complemented by an analysis of the language tables taken from the population censuses of 1931 to 1990 and some data from an inquiry made by the author in the mid-seventies. To complete the study, the English influence on French and Creole is shown, and three specimens of Mauritian English as spoken by young people are given and commented on.

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