scholarly journals EPISTEMOLOGI IRFANI (Sebuah Tinjauan Kajian Tafsir Sufistik)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ulil Abshor
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Knowledge Tradition ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
The Way

Irfani Epistemology is one of reasoning system known in Islamic knowledge tradition, besides these are Baya>ni and Burha>ni. It is different with of baya>ni and burha>ni based on holy scripture and logic. Irfani is based on kasyf (Illuminative), overflowing knowledge by presence without through reason analytic. The way of reaching is the exercise of soul (hearth) through the steps of certain sprituality (maqamat) and the experince of certain devine inspiration (hal). ‘Irfani Epistemology in study of tafsir known by the Tafsir of sufistik, this consists of two tipologies or variaty of interpretation is tafsir of Nazari sufistik and Isyari sufsistik. Both these tipologies are to be discussed in this research, the first tafsir interpretes the teks of holy Qur’an by a mistical theory and the second of that is using a number of qalb means (inner meaning) because the Tafsir of sufistik explores the aspect of inner meaning in teks or scripture. Historically, the development of sufistik exegesis had expanded since the second century of Hijriyah to the present. The Tafsir of sufistik is by means of validity couldn’t be proved empirically, however the contex of sufistik (Irfan) is not based on external objection or logical sequence but it is by from itself, in fact the reality of self-consciousness in which is well-known in Sufistik (Inner experience) or Kasyf (Illuminative). Therefore it couldn’t be examined based on correspondent or coherent validity. Further the object is not only immaterial and essential characteristic, but also it is swa-objective (self-object-knowledge), so what the matter is known as objective is a characteristic of analysis and appeared in the act of recognizing itself.

Measurement, incorporation and use of performance information in the budget

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-355
Author(s):  
Pieter Bleyen ◽  
Stijn Lombaert ◽  
Geert Bouckaert
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Public Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Performance Budgeting ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Analytical Point ◽  
The Way

In search for efficiency, effectiveness and fiscal sustainability, governments gather more performance information than ever before. As many of them have sought to incorporate and use this kind of information in budgeting and planning documents, the main goal of this article is to discover how local government performance budgeting practices can be mapped by a survey in a way that enables international comparison. Three previous mapping endeavors served as preliminary guidelines to develop a refined index based on the dimensions measurement, incorporation and use of performance information which form a generally accepted logical sequence in the public management literature. Results for the case of 304 Flemish local governments show a huge variation in the way performance budgeting is practiced, as index scores vary from nearly zero to more than 76 percent. Although it seems that available performance information is incorporated fairly well, measurement and use are lacking. It can be concluded that measuring performance budgeting offers interesting insights in the way this kind of budgeting is practiced in local governments. Although, from an analytical point of view, it is not sufficient to fully grasp performance budgeting and this for several reasons discussed in the article.

Ibn al-‘Arabi, Muhyi al-Din (1164–1240)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Robinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Divine Essence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation ◽  
One And Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Southeast Spain ◽  
The Way

Ibn al-‘Arabi was a mystic who drew on the writings of Sufis, Islamic theologians and philosophers in order to elaborate a complex theosophical system akin to that of Plotinus. He was born in Murcia (in southeast Spain) in AH 560/ad 1164, and died in Damascus in AH 638/ad 1240. Of several hundred works attributed to him the most famous are al-Futuhat al-makkiyya (The Meccan Illuminations) and Fusus al-hikam (The Bezels of Wisdom). The Futuhat is an encyclopedic discussion of Islamic lore viewed from the perspective of the stages of the mystic path. It exists in two editions, both completed in Damascus – one in AH 629/ad 1231 and the other in AH 636/ad 1238 – but the work was conceived in Mecca many years earlier, in the course of a vision which Ibn al-‘Arabi experienced near the Kaaba, the cube-shaped House of God which Muslims visit on pilgrimage. Because of its length, this work has been relatively neglected. The Fusus, which is much shorter, comprises twenty-seven chapters named after prophets who epitomize different spiritual types. Ibn al-‘Arabi claimed that he received it directly from Muhammad, who appeared to him in Damascus in AH 627/ad 1229. It has been the subject of over forty commentaries. Although Ibn al-‘Arabi was primarily a mystic who believed that he possessed superior divinely-bestowed knowledge, his work is of interest to the philosopher because of the way in which he used philosophical terminology in an attempt to explain his inner experience. He held that whereas the divine Essence is absolutely unknowable, the cosmos as a whole is the locus of manifestation of all God’s attributes. Moreover, since these attributes require the creation for their expression, the One is continually driven to transform itself into Many. The goal of spiritual realization is therefore to penetrate beyond the exterior multiplicity of phenomena to a consciousness of what subsequent writers have termed the ‘unity of existence’. This entails the abolition of the ego or ‘passing away from self’ (fana’) in which one becomes aware of absolute unity, followed by ‘perpetuation’ (baqa’) in which one sees the world as at once One and Many, and one is able to see God in the creature and the creature in God.

scholarly journals Tertullian on the Trinity

Perichoresis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98
Author(s):  
Bryan M. Litfin
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
New Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Generation Theory ◽  
Justin Martyr ◽  
Eternal Generation ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Trinity ◽  
The Way

Abstract Tertullian is often portrayed as a prescient figure who accurately anticipated the Nicene consensus about the Trinity. But when he is examined against the background of his immediate predecessors, he falls into place as a typical second-century Logos theologian. He drew especially from Theophilus of Antioch, Justin Martyr, and Irenaeus of Lyons. At the same time, Tertullian did introduce some important innovations. His trinitarian language of ‘substance’ and ‘person’, rooted in Stoic metaphysics, offered the church a new way to be monotheistic while retaining the full deity and consubstantiality of the Word. Tertullian also significantly developed the concept of a divine oikonomia, God’s plan to create and redeem the world. The Son and Spirit are emissaries of the Father’s will—not ontologically inferior to him, yet ranked lower in the way that the sent are always subordinate to the sender. For this reason, Tertullian denied that a Father/Son relationship was eternal within the Trinity, seeing it rather as a new development emerging from God’s plan to make the world. Such temporal paternity and filiation distances Tertullian from the eventual Nicene consensus, which accepted instead the eternal generation theory of Origen. While Tertullian did propose some important terms that would gain traction among the Nicene fathers, he was also marked by a subordinationist tendency that had affinities with Arianism. Tertullian’s most accurate anticipation of Nicaea was his insistence on three co-eternal and consubstantial Persons. Historical theologians need to start admitting that Tertullian was a far cry from being fully Nicene. Rather, he offered a clever but still imperfect half-step toward what would become official orthodoxy..

scholarly journals Michel Henry and Metaphysics: An Expressive Ontology

Open Theology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 405-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Sackin-Poll
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
Michel Henry ◽  
The Way

Abstract There is an ambivalence and indecision at the heart of Michel Henry’s phenomenological ontology of life that this article seeks to resolve. Either “Being is a phenomenon only when it is at a distance from itself” or “the immediate is Being itself as originally given to itself in immanence.”1 The decision is, simply put, between distance or immediacy. In order to address this indecision, I put forward an hypothetical expressive interpretation of Henry’s phenomenology of life, drawing upon Gilles Deleuze’s interpretation of post-Cartesian metaphysics. The metaphysical language of expression is used (a) to make clear the internal structure of ‘auto-affection’ — a key concept for Henry’s phenomenology of life — as well as (b) to correct essentialist readings of this put forward by Dominique Janicaud and (c) broadly Hegelian interpretations put forward by François-David Sebbah. This expressive reading clarifies the ontological significance of life and auto-affection, showing more clearly the way the living self relates to Life or God as a dynamic movement and flux, without distance, gap, or transcendence. Through the clarification of Henry’s ontology of life in terms of expression a further ambiguity with regard to the theological significance and status of Life is revealed. The identification of an immanent and auto-affective Life with God in the early works appears closer to a Spinozist God than the later, Christian writings otherwise suggest. It is possible for the immediate, inner experience of auto-affective life to be as much secular as religious. I discuss this in the final part of this article.

A Sub-Christian Epistle? Appreciating 2 Peter as an Anti-Sophistic Polemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 0142064X2110481
Author(s):  
David K. Burge
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Second Sophistic ◽  
Per Se ◽  
2 Peter ◽  
The Way

Drawing from recent ancient historical, New Testament and Second-Sophistic scholarship, this article proposes that the enigmatic 2 Peter can be better understood with closer reference to anti-sophistic polemical writings. Increasing light has been shed on the sophists’ interest in wisdom, display and rhetoric in contexts such as Athens, Rome, Corinth and cities of Asia Minor in the first centuries CE. After introducing historical attempts to identify a worldview compatible with 2 Peter’s polemical response, this article (1) describes the nature of the Second Sophistic in the first century with reference to two contemporary anti-sophistic polemicists, Epictetus the Stoic and Philo the Jew, (2) highlights features of 2 Peter which resonate with contemporaneous anti-sophistic writings, beginning with 2 Pet. 1.16-21 and (3) observes the way in which the Ante-Nicene Fathers, when seeking to discredit later sophistic opposition, drew heavily from 2 Pet. 2–3. It may outrun the evidence to conclude that 2 Peter’s opponents were professional σοϕισταί‎ per se. It can be affirmed, however, that 2 Peter bears significant resemblance with first- and second-century anti-sophistic polemic and may be best understood with reference to it.

The Aerodynamic and Aeroelastic Characteristics of the Crescent Wing

1955 ◽  
Vol 59 (529) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Performance Characteristic ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Performance Gain ◽  
Essential Characteristic ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Way ◽  
A Performance

It would be possible to write a paper conforming, literally, to the above title in very few words by simply describing the behaviour of the crescent wing in various circumstances. Such treatment, however, would avoid what is really the prime question of all, namely, why is the crescent wing used? What is the attraction of this layout? The answer to that question is performance. One essential characteristic of the crescent wing is thus its performance characteristic.Therefore, in this paper, the matter will be introduced from a performance angle and an attempt will be made to show, in general terms, why there should be a performance gain from the crescent layout. Having established the case, the aerodynamic and aeroelastic characteristics will be considered in some detail so that, with these properties explained, the way will be clear to consider a performance comparison in greater detail and thus gain a fuller appreciation of the situation.

Indexing Roman imperialism

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-140
Author(s):  
John Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Roman Imperialism ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Way

This paper is a brief account of a research project on the changing attitudes of the Roman upper classes to the emergence of the Roman Empire from the late third century BC to the early second century AD. The methodology consists of the examination of certain key words, their meaning and context, throughout the period, and the paper describes the way in which these data are collected and analysed.

The paschal theology of Abbot Ceolfrith of Wearmouth-Jarrow

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Grigg
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Historia Ecclesiastica ◽  
Correct Date ◽  
Unique Study ◽  
The Way

Failure to achieve a consensus on a regular Easter cycle divided Christians in the second century and again in the fourth. In the seventh century and early eighth, the matter was contested among the churches of Britain and Ireland. In this period, Ceolfrith, abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow, sent a letter to the king of the Picts, outlining the reasons for following a nineteen-year paschal cycle. Bede, in his Historia ecclesiastica, reproduced Ceolfrith's letter, preserving a unique study on the logistical and theological complexities in the debate on how to derive the correct date to celebrate Easter. Concentration on Ceolfrith's computistical argument, however, can miss his interpretation of paschal theology that emphasises the Resurrection rather than the Passion; his Christological emphasis on the biblical Exodus story; and his mystical interpretation of Easter as a spiritual journey where light triumphs over darkness. This article therefore discusses Ceolfrith's paschal theology and considers the way in which it may have affected liturgical rites.

Early Christian Reception of the Prophets

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. Heine
Keyword(s):  
Second Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Reading Practices ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
The Third ◽  
Christian Understanding ◽  
Vision Of God ◽  
Hebrew Prophets ◽  
The Way

The Hebrew prophets were essential to the early Christian understanding of the identity of Jesus. This chapter first examines the use of the Hebrew prophets in the reading practices in the second-century worship assemblies of the Christians in relation to those of the early synagogue. This provides an understanding of an early Christian appropriation of the prophets that was not apologetic. It then turns to the third century to show the concern for unity between the Hebrew prophets and the Christian Gospel. Finally, it compares the way four major Christian exegetes of the third and fourth centuries, traditionally separated into the opposing hermeneutical camps of Alexandria and Antioch, interpreted Isaiah’s vision of God, to argue that differing theological positions had come to influence the interpretation of Scripture more than differing hermeneutical procedures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document