scholarly journals Diego de Valera and his Treatise on Coats of Arms (15th century)

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Alexandr Tchernikh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Euro Pean ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Coats Of Arms

Monuments of heraldic reflection – heraldic treatises – are of particular value. Diego de Valera grew up among the Castilian nobility at the be-ginning of the 15th century, began a knightly «caree»" at the age of 15, and was elevated to the dignity of knighthood. He visited many Euro-pean countries, took part in tournaments. He is one of the most famous writers of the late Middle Ages, the author of a number of works on topics related to chivalry. «Treatise on Coats of Arms» (Tratado de las armas) (1458–1467) Valera follows the European traditions of heraldic treatises. Along with other theoretical texts on chivalry, it contains chapters on the origin of coats of arms, coat of arms cotta and banners. The presence of the heraldic part in the treatise is due to the participa-tion of the heraldic officials in the procedure of the duel. Valera's trea-tise makes up for the lack of heraldic material of the sources, which is available in relation to Castile of the 15th century. «Treatise on Coats of Arms» had a huge impact on all subsequent heraldic treatises on the Iberian Peninsula. Diego de Valera's treatise can be considered the founder of the era of the Castilian heraldic treatises, which determined their theme.

Venedig und der „wilde Osten“

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 208-260
Author(s):  
Christof Paulus ◽  
Albert Weber
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Research Field ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Ranking Criteria ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
And Control

AbstractVenice is considered the best-informed community of the late Middle Ages. The study examines the availability of information for the second half of the 15th century, particularly with regard to the key year 1462/1463, and as a case study concentrates on areas of the supposed Venetian periphery of interest, above all Hungary and the two principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia. The result is a thoroughly differentiated system of information acquisition, verification and control. Means of communication, as well as different areas of interest of the Serenissima, can be identified. A distinction is made between information maps and communication maps. The latter also include the distribution of news from the lagoon city exchanged with foreign envoys. During the period concerned, news was exchanged in an astonishingly liberal way, in turn integrating the Serenissima into the information networks of the other Italian states. The study thus places the „information commodity“ within the research field of late medieval gift exchange and patronage structures. In short, a thoroughly pragmatic Venetian approach to news acquisition and evaluation can be observed. Verification of the quality of the information obtained was subject not least to quantitative and ranking criteria. Ultimately, the informational power of Venice was based above all on its outstanding reputation among its contemporaries.

scholarly journals Between health and pleasure

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Hélène Jawhara Piñer
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Good For ◽  
Medical Treatises ◽  
Medical Recommendations

Between pleasure and health, why should we have to choose? Though this combination did not mainly concern the culinary tradition of the Christian Middle Ages, on the other hand, it fits fully into an Arabic tradition of both East and West of the said period. In the late Middle Ages under Islamic domination, doctors, agronomists or botanists, offer –through multiple medical treatises on food or agriculture–, culinary recipes good for health. Thus, for Ibn Rush, Ibn Rāzī, Avicenne or Maimonides –as for many others scholars–, foodstuffs play a key role in its benefits for health. In this way, cookbooks occupy pride of place in this alliance between health and cooking. Therefore, the culinary recipes of half a dozen cookbooks of the Muslim Middle East dating back to the 10th-14th centuries, suggest this combination: listen to your body, take pleasure when you eat, do it according to your health and eat in a measured way. Cookbooks of the Iberian Peninsula written in Arabic in the Dar al-Islam testify to the transmission –from the Muslim Middle East– of the medico-culinary tradition based on humoral theory and culinary practices. This paper will focus on the place occupied by dietetic in the first known cookbook of the Iberian Peninsula: the Kitāb al-ṭabīẖ [The cookbook]. Its anonymous author quote Galen and Hippocrates that, therefore, inscribes the Kitāb al-ṭabīẖ in the influence of the Greek dietetic tradition. Furthermore, the knowledge of the anonymous author concerning medicine, dietetic, and cuisine is undeniable. Through half a thousand recipes, I will first present a reflection on this source commonly named “The Cookbook”, and then underscore the proportion of dishes containing medical recommendations. Then I will offer an approach to frequently used foodstuffs in the recipes where health seems to take precedence over the pleasure of eating the dish. Curing the illness, avoiding it, take pleasure, what is the goal of the culinary recipes? Thus, the aim is to identify both the most common dietetics recommendations and the disease that seem the most important to avoid. Finally, I will provide a glimpse of one of the most characteristic culinary recipes of this alliance health/pleasure that can offer the Andalusian cookbook. A brief reflection can be conducted on the current phenomenon that shows the willingness to return to healthy food which recommendations can be found in the cookbooks dating from the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals “Making the face beautiful”(feature on medieval beauty products)

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Radivoj Radic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Medieval Medicine ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Face ◽  
Bad Breath ◽  
Ambivalent Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Beauty Products

In the Middle Ages, people had an ambivalent relationship to the beauty products: some were fully supportive of the attempts to beautify oneself, while the others, first and foremost the representatives of the church, frowned upon this notion. This feature represents a show?case of the advice and recipes for beautification from two medical collections created in the late Middle Ages. These are the Byzantine medical treatise (dating from 11th to 14th century) and the collection of Serbian medieval medicine, the so-called Hodoch Code (dating from the end of the 14th or beginning of the 15th century). The treatise is focusing more on the practical advice than theoretical knowledge, and its greatest part is dedicated to pharmacology. Hodoch Code (Hodoski zbornik) is in fact a therapeutic collection, and it consists of diverse medical texts. These collections contain the advice how to make one?s face white, hair black or blond, but most certainly rich in volume, as well as recipes for treating facial lines, warts, freckles, cracked lips or bad breath.

Pottery Complex of the Second Half 13th – First Half 15th Centuries from Excavations in Kamianets-Podilskyi

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
pp. 136-179
Author(s):  
Pavlo Nechytaylo ◽  
◽  
Olena Onohda ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Culture Development

The paper analyses ceramics and buildings remains of the second half 13th – first half 15th centuries, coming from excavations in Kamianets-Podilskyi. It aims to introduce materials into scientific circulation, to compare the collection with synchronous objects from adjacent territories, to trace interactions in the material culture development in late medieval towns. Ceramics of the Golden Horde and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania times began to be systematically researched relatively recently in Ukraine. Thus, the materials from Kamianets-Podilskyi contribute to deepening our knowledge of less-known periods in the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe. Materials analyzed were obtained during rescue archaeological research on the Polish Market square in Kamianets. These were fragmented parts of underground and aboveground building structures, as well as a collection of various household items. Building materials were mostly local clays and loam, less often wood and stone were used. A set of clay ‘roll’ blocks set in one of the pits allows us to assume similarity with the Golden Horde building technologies. Finds of coins and Crimean polychrome bowls fragments also indicate the complex emerged during the Golden Horde period. However, certain groups of pottery and coins of European minting define the complex upper date within the first half 15th century. Diverse ceramic types range from the complex is an interesting local typological phenomenon. It reflects mutual influences of the pottery traditions development both in time and space. After processing artefacts collection, the main groups of pottery were identified according to technological features. Some of them are rooted in the local ancient Rus’ traditions, others were formed under the influence of Western trends, while samples of a ‘specific’ group were common for almost the entire territory of modern Ukraine during Late Middle Ages. Pots collection was preliminary systematized up to 5 most common types selection, based on rim profiles. Many of them have a wide range of analogies, locally from Kamianets, as well as from the Western Ukraine, in Poland, Moldova and Romania. In addition to pots, the collection includes other types of kitchen and tableware, such as makitras, lids, jars and other single samples of ceramics. The typological diversity correlates with the multi-layered processes which took place in Kamianets-Podilskyi life during the Golden Horde and the Lithuanian periods. Materials from the complex, as well as other finds from synchronous objects within the city, deepen our understanding of the city’s development large-scale picture, which, however, requires further research.

scholarly journals Later Echoes of the So-called Kniazheskii Izbornik in Old Slavic Literatures

Slovene ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-297
Author(s):  
Anissava Miltenova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
John Chrysostom ◽  
Romanian Orthodox Church ◽  
Slavia Orthodoxa ◽  
Romanian Orthodox

There is a proposition in palaeoslavistics that the reconstructed prototype of the Izbornik of 1076 is a composition designated as the Kniazheskii Izbornik, which originated from the time of the Bulgarian Tsar Peter (927–969). This article presents an overview of the contents of three manuscripts, which are copies of texts in the so-called Kniazheskii Izbornik: No. 162 from the collection of the Moscow Theological Academy, from the 15th century, Russian origin; No. 189 from the collection of the Hilandar Monastery and which is composed of two parts: Part 1 from the beginning of the 17th century, probably written by a copyist from Moldavia, and Part 2 from 1684, Russian in origin; and No. 280 (333) from the collection of St. Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church, 15th–16th century, Moldavian in origin. There are suggestions for primary sources of these manuscripts, and the article considers the paths by which texts identical to the Kniazheskii Izbornik found their way into miscellanies in the Late Middle Ages. The three miscellanies under discussion are important witnesses of the paraenetic literature in the earliest period of the Slavia Orthodoxa, which integrated homilies of John Chrysostom, question and answers, interpretations of the Scripture, wise sayings, narration, and apophthegmata from the Paterikon and fragments of the Kniazheskii Izbornik.

scholarly journals Review of the problem of transforming the name of Mezhybizh town in the light of new archival sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 189-205
Author(s):  
Ruslan Nahnybida ◽  
Ivan Saranchuk
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Written Information ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Town

It is noted in the article that the first written information about Podillya towns in Polish sources dates back to the end of the 14th - first half of the 15th century, and in the ancient Old Rus` chronicles there are mentions only of some towns, among which there is Mezhybizh town, located between rivers Pivdennyi Buh and Buzhok. It is stated that the location determined its name. However, it is established that the name Medzhybizh, which has survived to the present day, is fixed in the documents of the late Middle Ages. On the basis of the discovered materials, which are iconographic materials and archival documents of the Sieniawski family, an attempt was made to trace the transformation of the name of the town from the 12th to the 18th century. It is claimed that this name could have been established thanks to beekeeping. It is known that the production and sale of honey and wax played an important role in the economic and financial life of many cities, including Medzhybizh. During the analysis of archival sources, it was established that the document on construction and repair works in the Medzhybizh key for 1727 it is stated that in Nova Syniava a new winter house for beehives was built, which did not exist before, and peasants no longer spent much time and they didn`t drove apiaries to Medzhybozh in the autumn and back to Nova Syniava in the spring. The same clay stebniks were built in Khodkivtsi and Kopystyn, 30 km from Medzhybizh. However, for 10 years in the description of Novosinyavsky court in 1738, the stebnyk on two pillars is marked as old. Only in the document for 1759–1760 was the treasure stebnyk of Medzhybizh first mentioned, in which magnate apiaries were probably kept in winter. We assume that it could be located under the magnate's chambers and rooms in the south-eastern part of the castle of Medzhibizh or near the castle at the court of the Czartoryski, which was surrounded by a moat and an oak fence. Although such an assumption requires thorough research. Also on the map of the geometer Anthony Endrzejowski in 1772 in the explication we find mentions of three large apiaries, which were located near Medzhybizh, on the outskirts of the village Markivtsi. Key words: Medzhybizh, Sieniawski, Czartoryski, stebnyk (a building designed for wintering bees), honey.

scholarly journals Keramičke čaše s varaždinskog Staroga grada

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Šimek
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Local Production ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

In the course of 2006, the Archaeology Department of Varaždin Town Museum conducted the first major archaeological excavations of the outer fortification structures of the Old Town (Stari Grad). During the excavation of the northern and western wet ditches, dug in the course of the 16th century at the time of the large Renaissance modernisation of the mediaeval fort, numerous and various archaeological artefacts were collected. The artefacts were damaged and unusable, and had been thrown into the water of the defence ditch as useless rubbish. Simple conical glasses were identified among the large quantity of various pieces of ceramic crockery. These form one of the categories of tableware: drinking vessels. In an analysis of finds unearthed in this campaign, thirteen glasses of the same type have been identified. Although they differ in certain details, they still represent a recognisable typological category and are classified as simple conical glasses. Their stratigraphic location, as well as a comparison with known specimens from other sites dates the glasses to the Late Middle Ages and the 15th century, with their possible use also at the beginning of the 16th century. Given their simple workmanship, modest decoration and mass production, they indicate local production, and their use is associated with members of lower social classes inside the feudal fortifications.

Holocene glacier variations in the Terra Nova Bay area (Victoria Land, Antarctica)

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Baroni ◽  
Giuseppe Orombelli
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Terra Nova Bay ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
New Information ◽  
Terra Nova

Information on Holocene glacier variations in Antarctica is limited and sometimes contradictory. However, if the behaviour of the glaciers during the recent past can be clarified, their sensitivity to climatic changes can be evaluated and their contribution to the sea level variation may be predicted. Through the study of local glaciers and floating ice shelves in the Terra Nova Bay area, new information has been gathered. Between 7500 and 5000 yr B.P., after the glacial retreat which followed the Last Glacial Maximum, the Nansen Ice Sheet and the Hells Gate ice shelf were a few kilometres less extensive than they are now. During the second half of the Holocene, both the local glaciers and the ice shelves advanced to positions that were more extensive than their present ones, although not all the variations are adequately dated. A retreat phase of the Edmonson Point glacier occurred during late Middle Ages between 920–1050 A.D. and 1270–1400 A.D. as documented by ten 14C dates obtained from shells in ice-cored moraines. A subsequent advance occurred after the 15th century in a period corresponding to the Little Ice Age.

The Eufemiaviser and the Reception of Courtly Culture in Late Medieval Denmark – Die dänischen Eufemiaviser und die Rezeption höfischer Kultur im spätmittelalterlichen Dänemark

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Old French ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Courtly Culture ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
Medieval Denmark ◽  
Verse Romances

This book presents texts which are a unique testimony in Danish literature between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period: the so-called Eufemiaviser (Eufemia poems), courtly verse romances, translated into Danish via Old French and Old Swedish sources in the later part of the 15th century. These texts have hardly been studied in Scandinavian research so far.

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