Organizations, Institutions, Systems: Types and Levels of Rules

2003 ◽  
pp. 4-21
Author(s):  
B. Chavance
Keyword(s):  
Informal Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Social Rules ◽  
Going Concern ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Economics Of Institutions

The notion of rules is common to the economics of organization and the economics of institutions. The author analyses the concept of going concern by Commons, the spontaneous and organized order in Hayek's works, and North's distinction of formal and informal institutions. Comparing these three theories he proposes a synthetic and critical approach in trying to articulate individual and collective actions in a systemic framework where organizations are defined as collective and hierarchised ensembles of specific rules, and institutions as general and social rules with higher durability, directly or indirectly sanctioned by the state.

scholarly journals CERTIFICATION OF AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES-PRODUCERS OF ORGANIC PRODUCTS IN ORDER TO ENTER EUROPEAN MARKETS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
Larisa Marmul ◽  
Elena Krukovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions

The objective of the article is to consider the actual issues of institutional support for the development of agrarian enterprises producing organic products in Ukraine, as well as the definition of formal and informal institutions for the regulation of organic products market. Methodology. While the study, the following methods were used: analytical method – to identify the basic rules and procedures for the development of organic production and the structuring of its institutional environment; synthesis method – to assess the state of development of institutes and infrastructure of the industry; abstracting and logical modelling of the system of interconnections and regulating and stimulating influences of environmental elements on the development of organic production. Results. The article deals with topical issues of institutional support for the development of agrarian enterprises producing organic products in Ukraine. There were established formal and informal institutions for regulating the organic products market. The features of placement and specialization of agrarian enterprises for the production of organic products are revealed. Certain institutions of certification of production and products are described as separate institutions. The further prospects of development of agrarian enterprises producing organic products on the basis of improvement of institutional regulation and certification are substantiated. Practical importance. The results of the study can be taken into account and used for the development of state and industry programs for the development of organic production. Scientific novelty. The systematic vision of the development environment of organic production in Ukraine is substantiated, which, in contrast to the existing views, is interpreted as an interconnected and interdependent set of elements regulated by managerial influences of the state and industry levels.

Informal Institutions and Women’s Political Representation in Chile (1990–2015)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Franceschet
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Women's Ministry ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
National Congress ◽  
Gender Quota ◽  
Female President ◽  
Elected Office

Despite electing a female president, Michelle Bachelet, and at one point achieving gender parity in cabinet appointments, women’s presence in Chile’s national congress remains small, is only slightly higher at local levels, and is extremely limited among party and coalition leaders. In her gendered analysis of representation, Susan Franceschet argues this is because of the strong formal and informal institutions that limit the size of electoral districts, require large thresholds to win seats, and require coalition negotiation over candidates for elected office. Even though women have a mixed record of representation, their presence has had important policy consequences. A gender-focused presidency has been critical for passage of gender-attentive policies. Women in Chile’s legislative arenas have been more likely to bring gender issues to the agenda. Franceschet points out that Sernam, the women’s ministry, has played a critically important role in this. The electoral reforms approved by congress in 2015 include a gender quota, creating expectations that improvements will continue.

scholarly journals A Framework of Professional Transferable Competences for System Innovation: Enabling Leadership and Agency for Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1737
Author(s):  
José M. Peiró ◽  
Vicente Martínez-Tur ◽  
Nanja Nagorny-Koring ◽  
Christoph Auch
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
System Innovation ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Certification Procedure ◽  
Competence Framework ◽  
Human And Social Capital

System Innovation (SI) is a critical approach in driving individual and collective actions towards sustainable development (SD). This article presents the validation process of the Climate-KIC Professional Competence Framework (CF) for SI. This framework is based on principles of system thinking and the need for human capital to deal with challenges related to long-term sustainability. It comprises twenty competences grouped into five stages that describe contexts where professionals implement transformations: Exploring, Framing, Designing, Implementing and Strengthening. The stages are not linear or strictly sequential because overlapping and loops are frequent in transformational and disruptive changes. The CF fulfils several functions in the development of human and social capital: competences’ assessment, their development and training, and their certification to make them more interpretable in the labour market. The methodology for assessing professionals’ competences and the certification procedure are described. Overall, the CF aims to promote the development and visibility of human capital in a critical area for sustainability.

scholarly journals Formal institutions and the development of entrepreneurial activity – the contingent role of corruption in emerging economies

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezou Harraf ◽  
Hasan Ghura ◽  
Allam Hamdan ◽  
Xiaoqing Li
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Corporate Entrepreneurship ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Formal Institutions ◽  
Business World ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Control Of Corruption

PurposeThe paper aims to analyse the interplay between formal and informal institutions' and their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachThis study expands previous research in examining the moderating effect of control of corruption on the relationship between formal institutions and the development of the entrepreneurial activity. The study utilizes longitudinal analyses of a dataset from 41 emerging economies over 11 years (2006–2016).FindingsFindings provided robust support for the study's hypotheses. The results suggested lower levels of corruption positively moderate the effects of a country's number of procedures and education and training on the rates of entrepreneurial activity, while negatively moderating the effects of firm-level technology absorption on the rates of entrepreneurial activity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has considered only one particular aspect of high-growth entrepreneurship, which is newly registered firms with limited liability. Although newly registered firms are recognized as one of the critical drivers of entrepreneurial activity. Future research should seek to examine other aspects of growth-oriented entrepreneurship such as activities involving a high level of innovation, corporate entrepreneurship or technology developments.Practical implicationsThis study advanced the existing theories in the field of entrepreneurship and institutional economics as it merged the two theories as a driving framework in the design of the study in the context of emerging economies.Social implicationsThe study tested a theoretical model by expanding the number of emerging economies in the study and found comparable findings that explain factors that may influence the likelihood of individuals entering entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis article adds to the current literature as it highlights the importance of the interplay of formal and informal institutions in determining their impact on entrepreneurship rates in emerging economies. This is of particular importance to policy-makers, and the business world as the empirical results of this study show the benefits of control of corruption in boosting entrepreneurial rates in these economies, which strive for economic diversification in their developmental endeavours.

scholarly journals UPAYA PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA WILAYAH PERBATASAN DARAT INDONESIA – TIMOR LESTE

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Imelda Masni Juniaty Sianipar
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
Formal And Informal Institutions ◽  
Border Dispute ◽  
Settlement Of Dispute

AbstractOn the Annual Press Statement of the Indonesian Minister for Foreign Affairs 2017, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Retno LP Marsudi stated that Indonesia will accelerate the settlement of negotiations on the border issues of Indonesia with several neighboring countries including Timor Leste. Foreign Minister Retno also stressed that the settlement of Indonesia's border with Timor-Leste will be peaceful, without threat of violence, and with full respect for international law. This article seeks to understand the border dispute of the border areas of Indonesia-Timor Leste in international relations perspective. There are three strategies that Indonesia can implement to resolve this dispute. They are military confrontation, the use of formal institutions such as international organizations and the use of informal institutions such as norms, beliefs, ideas and values. The article argues that it is not enough to rely solely on international agreements to resolve the dispute between Noel Besi / Citrana and Bijael Sunan / Oben, Indonesia needs to emphasize the importance of understanding the norms, beliefs, ideas and values of indigenous peoples living in disputed territories. It is expected that the use of formal and informal institutions can accelerate the settlement of dispute Noel Besi / Citrana and Bijael Sunan / Oben.Keywords: land border dispute, Indonesia, Timor Leste AbstrakPada Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri Tahun 2017, Menteri Luar Negeri (Menlu) Retno LP Marsudi menyatakan bahwa Indonesia akan mempercepat penyelesaian perundingan masalah perbatasan wilayah Indonesia dengan beberapa negara tetangga, salah satunya adalah Timor Leste. Menlu Retno juga menekankan bahwa penyelesaian perbatasan Indonesia dengan Timor Leste akan dilakukan secara damai, tanpa ancaman kekerasan, dan dengan penghormatan sepenuhnya pada hukum internasional. Artikel ini berupaya memahami sengketa perbatasan wilayah perbatasan Indonesia-Timor Leste dalam perspektif hubungan internasional. Ada tiga strategi yang dapat ditempuh oleh Indonesia dalam rangka menyelesaikan sengketa ini yaitu konfrontasi militer, penggunaan institusi formal seperti organisasi internasional serta penggunaan institusi informal yaitu norma, kepercayaan, ide dan nilai. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa untuk menyelesaikan sengketa Noel Besi/Citrana dan Bijael Sunan/Oben tidak cukup menggandalkan traktat / perjanjian internasional saja, Indonesia perlu lebih menekankan pada pentingnya pemahaman akan norma, kepercayaan, ide dan nilai dari masyarakat adat yang tinggal di wilayah sengketa tersebut. Niscaya penggabungan strategi pemanfaatan institusi formal dan informal tersebut dapat mempercepat penyelesaian sengketa Noel Besi/Citrana dan Bijael Sunan/Oben.Kata kunci: sengketa wilayah perbatasan darat, Indonesia, Timor Leste

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