Applying the Customer-Centric Model to the Investigation of Brand Communities of Professional Sports Teams

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Toder Alon ◽  
Avichai Shuv-Ami

This study employs the customer-centric model of brand communities (including fan-fan, fan-management, fan-team, and fan-product relationships) to examine sports fans through the two lenses of team identification and fan loyalty and explore the effect of these constructs on fans’ behavior. The study used an online panel-based survey to collect data from 742 football fans. Also, the study utilized exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and nomological network analysis to establish the validity and reliability of a new scale of fan-centric relationships of team sports clubs (TSCs). Utilizing structural equation modelling, it was demonstrated that all four levels of fan relationships significantly predicted both team identification and fan loyalty. Furthermore, both team identification and fan loyalty significantly predicted intention to attend games. Identifying and classifying the different levels of fan-centric relationships may provide TSCs with the potential to strengthen fans’ identification with and loyalty to the team and, consequently, increase consumption.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avichai Shuv-Ami ◽  
Anat Toder Alon ◽  
Sandra Maria Correia Loureiro ◽  
Hans Ruediger Kaufmann

PurposeThis study, an empirical research, aims to construct and validate a new love-hate scale for sports fans and tested its antecedents and consequences.Design/methodology/approachThe scale was designed and validated in three separate empirical survey studies in the context of Israeli professional basketball. In Phase 1, the authors verified the factorial validity of the proposed scale using exploratory factor analysis. In Phase 2, the authors conducted a confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling. In Phase 3, the authors tested the nomological network validity of the scale.FindingsThe findings show that fans' involvement, loyalty and fandom significantly predicted their love–hate, which in turn significantly predicted self-reported fan aggression, fans' acceptance of fan aggression, price premium and frequency of watching games.Research limitations/implicationsThe model was tested on a relatively small sample of fans within a single country. This lack of generalizability should be addressed in future studies by examining the model in other sports contexts and countries.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that understanding the properties of the love–hate measure may assist team sports clubs in identifying, preventing and controlling potential fan aggression.Originality/valueThe study provides three incremental contributions above and beyond existing research: it develops and validates a scale for measuring the phenomenon of sports fans' love and hate as mixed emotions; it makes it possible to capture the variations in the magnitude of fans' love–hate; and it relates fans' love–hate to important attitudinal and behavioral outcomes.


2020 ◽  
pp. 216747952096727
Author(s):  
Avichai Shuv-Ami ◽  
Anat Toder Alon

Based on social identity, self-categorization, and optimal distinctiveness theories, this article argues that fans of team sports clubs (TSCs) may position themselves as members of their TSCs or as unique, individual sports fans. To date, no published, validated instrument has been designed to measure differences in sports fans’ personal and social identity orientation. We conducted three studies to test the validity and reliability of the Fan Social–Personal Identity Salience (FSPIS) scale. In the first two, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. The third study used a structural equation model to test the consequences of the new scale in an extension of the test of its nomological network validity. The data for the current research was collected using three distinct and separate empirical surveys of professional basketball fans in Israel. Our findings show that there is a moderate correlation between social and personal identities, indicating that a low level of social identity is not the same as personal identity. The FSPIS scale predicted fan optimism and satisfaction, which, in turn, partially mediated the effect on involvement. The uniqueness of the proposed scale is that it is a continuous scale that is able to capture mixed identity salience and variations in its magnitude.


2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Recep Gorgulu ◽  
Ender Senel ◽  
İlhan Adilogulları ◽  
Mevlut Yildiz

This multi-study paper reports the translation process and the validity and reliability analysis of the Characteristics of Resilience in Sports Teams Inventory (CREST) for the use of Turkish population. In three related studies, 414 team sports athletes from Turkey were sampled. We adopted Beaton et al.’s (2000) methodology for the translation of self-report measures for cross-cultural adaption studies. The first study provided content validity for an initial item set as the preliminary study. The second study explored the factor analysis of the CREST structure. The third study explored re-testing of the explored structure in a different set of participants and criterion-related validity provided. The analysis of Study 1 revealed that the items were understood by the participants and ready for application for the general Turkish population. The exploratory factor analysis in the Study 2 revealed that the CREST had two sub-dimensions as it was in the original inventory. The Cronbach’s alpha values for the dimensions of demonstrating resilience characteristics and vulnerabilities shown under pressure were 0.94 and 0.90, respectively. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.94. The confirmatory factor analysis in the third study showed that the structure of the inventory was confirmed in another sports context. Accordingly, the CREST is a valid and reliable tool for use by Turkish athletes and to measure team resilience that is one of the critical determinants of team performance. Further understanding of team resilience as a process can be gain by using the CREST, especially in future process-oriented research for team sports.


Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 687-693
Author(s):  
António Carlos Rodrigues Sampaio ◽  
Nuno Pimenta ◽  
Mafalda Machado ◽  
Pedro Teques

Abstract. The purpose of the present research was to develop and provide initial validation of the Fitness Coaching Behavior Scale (FCBS-Fit) designed for assessing perceived the quality of instructor’s behaviors in fitness group classes through the theoretical adaptation to the Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), originally derived from sports. In total, 618 participants of fitness group classes accepted to participate in this investigation. The purpose of the research was achieved in three phases: (1) development of the item pool and content validation of the preliminary version of the FCBS-Fit (27 items); preliminary examination of the factorial structure through exploratory factor analysis (n1 = 185) that revealed a scale with 20 items distributed by 4 factors: Technical and Positive Rapport, Exercise Planning and Prescription, Negative Rapport, and Goal Setting; (2) confirmatory factor analysis to the 4-factor model indicated adequate fit model fit, reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, a multi-group CFA indicated measurement invariance of the factorial structure across samples (n2 = 210); (3) structural equation model examined criterion validity through analysis of the relationships between the 4-factors of EPCI-Fit and enjoyment in exercise (n3 = 223). Psychometric evidence suggests that the FCBS could be used as a reliable and valid measure to assess Portuguese participant`s perceptions of the quality of instructor’s behaviors in fitness group classes.Resumen. El propósito del presente estudio fue desarrollar y validar preliminarmente la Escala de Percepción del Comportamiento del Instructor de Fitness (EPCI-Fit) cuyo objetivo es evaluar la calidad de los comportamientos de los instructores de fitness en clases de grupo, a través de la adaptación teórica al Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), original del entrenamiento deportivo. En total, participaran 618 practicantes de fitness en clases de grupo de diversas áreas del litoral de Portugal continental. El propósito del estudio fue alcanzado en tres fases: (1) desarrollo del banco de ítems y validación inicial del contenido de la versión inicial de EPCI-Fit (27 ítems); la evaluación preliminar de la estructura factorial a través de análisis factorial exploratorio (n1 = 185) que resultó en una escala con 20 ítems distribuidos por 4 factores - Feedback técnico positivo, Feedback negativo, Formulación de objetivos, y Planificación y prescripción del ejercicio; (2) estimación del ajuste del modelo de 4-factores a través de análisis factorial confirmatorio, y análisis a la fiabilidad compuesta, y validez convergente y discriminante (n2 = 210); evaluación de la invariancia métrica del modelo de 4-factores en dos muestras independientes (n1 = 185; n2 = 210); y (3) estimación de la validez de criterio a través del análisis a las relaciones entre los 4-factores de la EPCI-Fit y el disfrute en la práctica de ejercicio (n3 = 223). En general, los resultados provenientes de las diferentes fases de análisis psicométrico a EPCI-Fit soportan la validez y la fiabilidad de los datos, indicando que esta escala podrá ser utilizada en el futuro para evaluar las percepciones de la calidad del comportamiento del instructor de fitness en clases de grupo. Resumo. O propósito do presente estudo foi desenvolver e validar preliminarmente a Escala de Perceção do Comportamento do Instrutor de Fitness (EPCI-Fit) cujo objetivo é avaliar a qualidade dos comportamentos dos instrutores de fitness em aulas de grupo, através da adaptação teórica ao Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), original do treino desportivo. No total, participaram 618 praticantes de fitness em aulas de grupo de várias zonas de Portugal continental. O propósito do estudo foi alcançado em três fases: (1) desenvolvimento da pool de itens e validação inicial do conteúdo da versão inicial da EPCI-Fit (27 itens); avaliação preliminar da estrutura fatorial através de análise fatorial exploratória (n1 = 185) que resultou numa escala com 20 itens distribuídos por 4 fatores – Feedback técnico positivo, Feedback negativo, Formulação de objetivos, e Planificação e prescrição do exercício; (2) estimação do ajustamento do modelo de 4-fatores através de analise fatorial confirmatória, e análise à fiabilidade compósita, e validade convergente e discriminante (n2 = 210); avaliação da invariância métrica do modelo de 4-fatores em duas amostras independentes (n1 = 185; n2 = 210); e (3) examinação da validade de critério através da análise às relações entre os 4-fatores da EPCI-Fit e o divertimento na prática de exercício (n3 = 223). No geral, os resultados oriundos das diferentes fases de análise psicométrica à EPCI-Fit suportam a validade e a fiabilidade dos dados, indicando que esta escala poderá ser utilizada futuramente para avaliar as perceções da qualidade do comportamento do instrutor de fitness em aulas de grupo.


Author(s):  
Biraj Ghimire ◽  
Bharat Singh Thapa ◽  
Suman Dahal

The purpose of the study was to investigate influence of advertisement traits on attitude towards Ads on social media and intention to use them for purchase decision. The study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationship. The validity and reliability of the constructs were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The EFA was conducted using Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation Method. 7 factors explained 67% of variation. The result also showed sampling adequacy with Kaiser-Meyer-Olin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity indicated that sample of 255 was appropriate for factor analysis. The result provided a justifiable range of construct reliability and discriminant validity. Consequently, structural model was developed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to test the goodness of the model. The result indicated that advertisement contents on social media with informative and entertaining were more likely to be used by the consumers. Similarly, favorable attitude towards Ads on social media had a positive intention to use the message for purchase decision. Key words: Marketing, Attitude, Ads on social media, Consumers, Factor analysis, Message


2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. v-vi
Author(s):  
Shivi Khanna

This issue of Ushus—Journal of Business Management brings to you four academically stimulating articles: Sudipta Kumar Jana studies the measure of e-COD payment convenience scale, its validity and reliability and how it affectscustomer loyalty. Research methods like confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling have been applied with the help of SPSS and AMOS.Milind Gawai attempts to chronicle the significant milestones in the development of the concept of ‘Emotional Intelligence,’ tracing its origin from the pioneers to the present time.Dr K Venkata Janardhan Rao and Srivalli Jandhyala article is a study focused on how different food retail stores in Hyderabad metro city manage shopper perception. To analyse the perception level, GAP analysis technique is used.Roy Mathew and Dr S John Manohar study the major factors which influence the teachers to remain in any management institution. The data was collected from 261 teachers from unaided educational institutions in Bengaluru by using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools used are factor analysis, simple averages, ANOVA and regression. The major factors affecting retention of teachers in management institutions in Bengaluru are Work Environment, Effective Leadership and Empowerment. It was also found that these factors make significant impact on the satisfaction of teachers.We wish you fruitful reading and look forward to a creative and critical feedback from our readers


2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Gatling ◽  
Jungsun (Sunny) Kim ◽  
John Milliman

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which workplace spirituality (WPS) is related to hospitality supervisors’ organizational commitment (OC) and intention to quit (ITQ), examined through the lens of self-determination theory (SDT). Design/methodology/approach Based on survey data collected from 190 supervisors employed by a large US hospitality organization, the relationships were examined using confirmatory factor analysis, second-order factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings The results of this study suggest that three dimensions of WPS (i.e. meaning and purpose in their work, sense of community and alignment with organizational values) are positively related to OC and negatively related to ITQ. Moreover, these supervisors’ OC fully mediates the negative relationship of WPS to ITQ. Research limitations/implications This study tests the validity and reliability of three WPS dimensions in the hospitality environment. It also provides a theoretical perspective through SDT for explaining how WPS impacts employee work attitudes, which can be used to guide future studies. Practical implications Hospitality organizations can benefit from the insights of this research into how WPS can increase the commitment and retention of supervisors, who in turn positively impact front-line workers and customer service quality delivery. Originality/value This study provides additional implications for SDT and offers new insights into the emerging field of WPS scholarship. While other studies have tested relationships related to involving these WPS variables, a scarcity of research has been offered in hospitality or with a theory-based explanation of these relationships.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2556-2567
Author(s):  
Wan Suhaila Wan Yaacob ◽  
Dr Yahya Don

This project paper aimed at identifying the dimensions for teacher leadership model.  The instrument used to measure the dimensions was adapted from Teacher Leadership Self-Assessment (TLSA) by Katzenmeyer and Moller (2009).  This measurement tool consists of 47 items distributed into seven dimensions namely 1) self-awareness, 2) leading change, 3) communication, 4) diversity, 5) instructional proficiency and leadership, 6) continuous improvement, and 7) self-organization.  This project paper involved 130 teachers of Mara Junior Science Colleges in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia.  Structural Equation Modelling technique was utilized to perform the required statistical analysis of the survey data.  Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were carried out to substantiate the dimensions used.  Based on the EFA and CFA, 4 dimensions are relevant for teacher leadership practice in Malaysian setting with 28 items identified to have high value of validity and reliability.  The four dimensions are labelled as 1) self-awareness, 2) communication and change, 3) diversity and instructional proficiency, and 4) organized and continuous improvement.  These dimensions could be characterized as values or roles of teacher leaders.         


Author(s):  
Suk Jung Han ◽  
Jiyoung Chun

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to validate a Korean version of the disaster preparedness evaluation tool (DPET-K) for nurses and to verify its validity and reliability for use in community healthcare centers and hospitals in South Korea; (2) Methods: In total, 497 nurses (248 for exploratory factor analysis and 249 for confirmatory factor analysis) at public health centers, public health sub-centers, public health clinics, and general hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Gangwon Provinces participated in this study. The tool went through translation and back-translation, content validity verification, a pilot survey, and validity and reliability testing; (3) Results: The DPET-K had 28 items with five factors (disaster education and training, disaster knowledge and information, bioterrorism and emergency response, disaster response, and disaster evaluation). The Cronbach’s α values for internal consistency were 0.766–0.953 for the five subscales of the DPET-K. A structural equation model was built through confirmatory factor analysis for goodness of fit (χ2/df = 2.193, SRMR = 0.060, RMSEA = 0.069, GFI = 0.831, CFI = 0.927, NFI = 0.875); (4) Conclusions: The DPET-K was confirmed to be a useful tool for assessing the disaster preparedness of nurses in Korea.


Author(s):  
Farooq Miiro

This empirical study was a cross-sectional survey examining the four subdimensions of university transformation among the six universities in the central region of Uganda. Questionnaires were distributed to 820 volunteers randomly chosen from the university staff and the data generated was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The essence was due to the fact that structural equation modelling requires a big number of sample size to measure the validity and reliability of the hypothesized measurement model of university transformation construct.  The findings exhibited that the data was fit and appropriate for predicting the four subdimensions of university transformation construct. In addition, the findings reflected a relationship between the four subdimensions of university transformation construct. Implying that when university transformation practices are put into consideration universities would be able to achieve their strategic development and transformation. The study concluded by exhibiting the foundation on which future studies can base to extend the understanding and emphasis on the four subdimensions used in measuring university transformation.


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