scholarly journals PEMBUATAN ASAM OKSALAT DARI PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT MENGGUNAKAN METODE PELEBURAN ALKALI

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Seri Maulina ◽  
M Hidayat Hasibuan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Alkali Fusion ◽  
Melting Point Analysis ◽  
Purity Analysis ◽  
Palm Fronds

Palm frond is one of the solid waste from oil palm plantations which contains lignocellulose namely cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Cellulose from waste palm fronds can be further processed into useful products and economic value, one of which is used as raw material for making oxalic acid. The purpose of this research is assess the effect of temperature and reaction time in the hydrolysis of palm fronds with alkali fusion method of producing oxalic acid. The research consisted of two stages that is the stage of preparation of palm fronds and the stage of oxalic acid synthesis, which include alkali fusion and crystallization processes. Analysis of the raw materials include the analysis of water content and cellulose content of palm fronds. From the results of this study showed water content is 53.7% and cellulose content is 30.9%. At this research for quantitative analysis includes the conversion of cellulose and yield oxalic acid. From these results obtained optimum conditions at a reaction temperature of 90 °C and a reaction time of 60 minutes the cellulosic conversion is 79.2% and a yield is 59.6% oxalic acid. For qualitative analysis includes purity analysis using FTIR and melting point analysis. FTIR analysis results indicate that the group has approached the standard of oxalic acid and melting point of 101.8 °C which indicates that the oxalic acid is obtained in the form of oxalic acid dihydrate.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN ASAM OKSALAT DARI PELEPAH KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis) DENGAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Iloan Pandang H M ◽  
Yos Pawer Ambarita ◽  
Seri Maulina
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Quality Product ◽  
High Quality Product ◽  
Palm Frond

Palm frond is the solid waste which is high in cellulose. Further processing of palm frond is capable of producing high quality product such as oxalic acid. The aim of this research was to obtain the effect of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) concentration and reaction time on the yield of oxalic acid produced with palm frond as raw material. This study was done with two steps. The first step was the preparation of palm frond until it was ready to be used. The second step was the conversion step which consists of fusion, filtration and crystallization. Oxalic acid produced was then analyzed with quantitative analysis of yield percentage and qualitative analysis using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and plat melting point apparatus. The result showed that the maximum yield of oxalic acid was achieved at Ca(OH)2 concentration of 3.5 N and reaction time of 60 minutes, the value was 6.07 % based on weight of palm frond. The qualitative analysis showed that the vibration of functional groups had approached the standard oxalic acid with the melting point was 106.2 oC.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC) FROM PALM MIDRIB

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Devi Silsia ◽  
Zulman Efendi ◽  
Febri Timotius
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Substitution Degree ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Three Stages

Midrib is one of the palm plantation  waste that has not been utilized optimally. The high cellulose content of palm midrib is potentially converted to carboxymethyl cellulose. This study aims to determine the characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose that produced from various concentrations of trichloroacetic acid and reaction times. This study used a complete randomized design (RAL) with two factors i.e tricloroacetic acid concentration (10%, 20% and 30%) and reaction time (3 hours and 4 hours). The synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose in this study consists of three stages i.e alkalization, carboxymethylation and purification. The carboxymethyl cellulose obtained was characterized include degree of subsitution (DS), pH, viscosity, water content, and purity. The results showed that the best carboxymethyl cellulose was obtained from the use of 20% tricloroacetic acid and 3 hours reaction time. The characterrization result include substitution degree value of 0.76, pH of 8.32, water content of 7.1%, with a  viscosity of 7.8 cP,   and purity of 92.62%. 

scholarly journals The Synergistic Effect of Temperature and Loading Rate on Deformation for Thermoplastic Fiber Metal Laminates

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4210
Author(s):  
Kai Jin ◽  
Shanyong Xuan ◽  
Jie Tao ◽  
Yujie Chen
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Softening Point ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Resin Matrix ◽  
Tension Stress ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Fiber Metal

The glass fiber reinforced polypropylene/AA2024 hybrid laminates (short for Al/Gf/PP laminates) as structural materials were prepared and formed by hot pressing. The synergistic effects of temperature and loading speed on the laminate deformation under tensile and bending conditions were investigated and analyzed in this study. In tension, stress–strain curves presented bimodal types effected by tensile rates and temperatures. The state of PP resin determines the mechanical behavior of the FMLs. The tensile rate has no effect on FML deformation without heating or over the melting point of PP resin (about 170 °C). The softening point of PP resin (about 100 °C) is characteristic temperature. When the temperature exceeds the softening point but does not reach the melting point, the tensile strength and elongation will demonstrate coordinated growth at a relatively high tensile speed. The efficiency of fiber bridging is affected significantly since the resin is the medium that transfers load from the metal to the fiber. Under bending, the curves presented a waterfall decrement with temperature increment. The softening point of resin matrix is the key in a bending process. When the temperature is near the softening point, deformation is sensitive to both the temperature and the loading speed to a certain extent. If temperature is lower than softening point, deformation is mainly guided by temperature. If the temperature is beyond the softening point, loading speed is in a leading position of deformation. The bending strength gradually increases with loading rate. By using these deformation characteristics, the deformation of the thermoplastic laminates can be controlled in stamping or other plastic forming processes for thermoplastic fiber metal laminates.

Specific Volume−Hole Volume Correlations in Amorphous Carbohydrates: Effect of Temperature, Molecular Weight, and Water Content

2010 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 1568-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Townrow ◽  
Mina Roussenova ◽  
Maria-Isabelle Giardiello ◽  
Ashraf Alam ◽  
Job Ubbink
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Effect Of Temperature

The thermal decomposition of RDX at temperatures below the melting point. V. The evolution of occluded volatile matter prior to the decomposition, and the influence of past history of the sample on the rate of decomposition

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2337 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Batten
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Ultraviolet Light ◽  
Past History ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Mechanism Of Decomposition ◽  
History Of

It is fist demonstrated that the occluded solvents and gases which are often present in RDX are expelled prior to zero reaction time of thermal decomposition. Thus they do not seriously interfere with the use of pressure increase as a measure of the extent of thermal decomposition. The rate of thermal decomposition of sublimed RDX at 195�C is then compared with the rate after the following treatments, (i) preliminary grinding of the crystals, (ii) preparation of the crystals by different techniques, (iii) mixing RDX with various solid additives, (iv) interruption of the reaction by cooling, and (v) pre-irradiation with ultraviolet light. The results indicated that treatments (i), (ii), and (iv) had little effect on the rate, whereas (iii) and (v) could markedly influence the rate. Their effects are discussed in terms of the mechanism of decomposition. The results also indicated that there was a post-irradiation reaction of RDX at ambient temperature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document