ORGANIZATIONAL AND LEGAL MECHANISM FOR PROCURING FULL MEMBERSHIP OF UKRAINE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

The article presents the directions and causes of changes in the command system and organization of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland. It presents issues related to the changes that took place in the Polish Armed Forces after 1989 resulting from changes in the international security environment and resulting from Polish accession to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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United States Joins with Allies, Including NATO, to Attribute Malicious Cyber Activities to China

The American Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/ajil.2021.54 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. 715-721

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

European Union ◽

North Atlantic ◽

The United States ◽

The European Union ◽

The North ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Eu ◽

Made In

In July, the United States, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union (EU), and other allies attributed a variety of malicious cyber activities, including the Microsoft Exchange hack, to China. This joint attribution builds on commitments made in June summits with NATO, the G7, the EU, and the United Kingdom, and is consistent with the Biden administration's multilateral approach to confronting cybersecurity threats and China more generally. Still, critics question whether the administration's efforts will succeed in altering the behavior of states that pose cybersecurity threats to the United States.

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The Western Balkans

International Relations ◽

10.1093/obo/9780199743292-0094 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Janusz Bugajski

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Balkan Peninsula ◽

Emerging Countries ◽

The European Union ◽

Western Balkans ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Balkan States ◽

The Eu

The term Western Balkan is both geographic and political. It was initially employed by US and European policymakers to describe the part of the Balkan Peninsula that remained outside of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) since the early 1990s. It included all seven states that were formed during the collapse of Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia) together with Albania, which was emerging from international isolation. During the 1990s, several of these emerging countries had experienced wars generated by nationalist politicians to establish “ethnically pure” territories and to restore or enlarge national statehood during the disintegration of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). Following the EU’s Thessaloniki Summit in June 2003, commitments were made to include all the Western Balkan states in the European Union, and since that time Slovenia (in 2004) and Croatia (in 2013) have become EU members. NATO also underscored its commitments to integrating the region, and Slovenia (in 2004), Croatia (in 2009), Albania (in 2009), and Montenegro (in 2017) all entered the alliance. The remaining states have experienced persistent problems in qualifying for EU and NATO entry. In many cases, reforms remain incomplete and some states confront prolonged disputes over governmental powers, administrative borders, and even their sovereign status. Incomplete, conflicted, or contested states present serious challenges for the region’s institutional absorption into both NATO and the EU.

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POLAND IN DEVELOPING EUROPEAN SECURITY SYSTEM – MILITARY ASPECT

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0002.3031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 161 (3) ◽

pp. 25-44

Author(s):

Marek KULCZYCKI

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Security System ◽

The European Union ◽

European Security ◽

The North ◽

European Area ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Military Activity ◽

Military Units

The article describes Poland’s involvement in the activities of three organisations: NATO, EU and OSCE, which constitute the basis of the European security system. This activity has been shown over the last two decades, from the early 1990s until today. The author of the article describes the employment of Polish military units in the operations conducted by the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union in the European area as well as the civil and military activity in the missions conducted by OSCE. The article also mentions the Polish contribution to maintaining security on our continent.

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EU-NATO COOPERATION AND THE SLOVENIAN PRESIDENCY OF THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES ◽

10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.23.2.1 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 15-28

Author(s):

MARKO MAHNIČ

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Key Words ◽

North Atlantic ◽

The European Union ◽

The North ◽

Bilateral Relations ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Eu ◽

Common Security ◽

The Way

Povzetek Namen članka je spodbuditi razmislek o tem, ali so ovire za skladno delovanje Evropske unije in Organizacije severnoatlantske pogodbe na področju skupne varnosti in obrambe le tehnične narave ali gre za razlike na nekaterih drugih ravneh v politiki, dvostranskih odnosih in nacionalnih ambicijah nekaterih držav, ki so članice ene ali druge organizacije. V obeh primerih se postavlja vprašanje, ali lahko Slovenija kot država, ki 1. julija 2021 prevzame predsedovanje Svetu Evropske unije, v šestih mesecih predsedovanja prispeva k premostitvi kakšne izmed teh ovir. Ključne besede EU, Nato, Slovenija, predsedovanje Svetu EU. Abstract The aim of this article is to entice the reader to consider whether the obstacles in the way of cohesion between the European Union’s common security and defence efforts and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Organization are truly of a technical nature, or whether there are differences on other levels, in the politics, bilateral relations and national ambitions of certain members of the same organization? Whatever the case may be, the question before us is whether Slovenia can contribute to surmounting any of these obstacles during its six-month presidency of the Council of the European Union, starting on 1st July. Key words EU, NATO, Slovenia, Presidency of the Council of the EU.

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A Critical Evaluation of the Estonian Cyber Incident

Journal of Advanced Forensic Sciences ◽

10.14302/issn.2692-5915.jafs-20-3601 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Donald L. Buresh

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

European Union ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

The United States ◽

Cyber Attacks ◽

The European Union ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Impact

This paper evaluates the effect of the Estonian cyber incident on Estonia, Russia, the United States, the European Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also known as NATO. The paper employs the Valeriano and Maness criteria for evaluating a cyber incident critically. The article asks how did the Estonian cyber incident come to pass, what were the foreign policy and international relationship effects, what was the impact on Estonia, and how did Estonia react to the attack. The essay concludes that the Estonian cyber incident was a catalyst, prompting the nations listed herein to address the effects of cyber-attacks, and then search for acceptable solutions.

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Metafora w służbie polityki. Aleksander Kwaśniewski o wstąpieniu Polski do NATO i akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne Seria Językoznawcza ◽

10.14746/pspsj.2021.28.2.23 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 393-413

Author(s):

Magdalena Wołoszyn

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

North Atlantic ◽

The European Union ◽

The North ◽

Head Of State ◽

The World ◽

The Subject ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Republic

The aim of the article is to analyse selected metaphors used by the President of the Republic of Poland, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, in public appearances during his presidency in from 1995 to 2005. The subject of interest are public appearances in which A. Kwaśniewski talked about the preparation and accession of Poland to one of the most prestigious organisations in the world – the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) in 1999 and the European Union (EU) in 2004. The author analyses selected metaphors (including: HOME, ROAD, FAMILY), regarding Poland’s accession to these structures, which were used by the president in his speeches. The author discusses how A. Kwaśniewski, who was then the head of state, used metaphors to present his attitude towards the issue of Poland’s integration with North Atlantic Alliance and accession to the European Union and what vision of Poland’s presence in these structures he had.

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Part IV Power Politics, International Law, and Global Security, Ch.47 Europe

The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security ◽

10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0048 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Methymaki Eleni ◽

Ozcelik Asli

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

National Security ◽

North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽

The European Union ◽

European Security ◽

Global Security ◽

Power Politics ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

This chapter discusses the role of Europe as an actor of global (in)security. The place of Europe in the global security landscape is often analysed with a focus on the European Union or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or both. But European States’ security approaches are not subsumed under the policies and politics of these organizations. The chapter looks at the National Security Strategies (NSSs) of nineteen European States to identify the security approaches of European States’ from their national perspectives, inquiring at the same time whether an embryonic ‘European’ security perspective emerges from them. To evaluate whether this is borne out in practice, the chapter then considers two spheres of securitization which, as evident from the NSSs, are perceived as essential to the maintenance of Europe itself: security at its borders and in its wider neighbourhood.

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300023055 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 442-445

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Federal Republic ◽

North Atlantic ◽

North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽

Peace Treaty ◽

German Federal Republic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Western European

CouncilAt a ministerial meeting of the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Paris on May 9 to n, 1955, the German Federal Republic was formally admitted to NATO, raising total membership to fifteen. The Council reaffirmed the purely defensive character of the organization and expressed gratification on the entry into force of agreements establishing the Western European Union. The Council welcomed declarations by the ministers of NATO members signatory to the Italian Peace Treaty reaffirming their view that various discriminatory aspects of that treaty were considered inconsistent with the position of Italy as an ally.

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