scholarly journals Prospective mental imagery in depression: Impact on reward processing and reward-motivated behaviour

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fritz Renner ◽  
Jessica Werthmann ◽  
Andreas Paetsch ◽  
Hannah E. Bär ◽  
Max Heise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Behavioural Therapies ◽  
Processing Motivation ◽  
Reward Motivation ◽  
The Impact

Background Mental imagery has long been part of cognitive behavioural therapies. More recently, a resurgence of interest has emerged for prospective mental imagery, i.e. future-directed imagery-based thought, and its relation to reward processing, motivation and behaviour in the context of depression. Method We conducted a selective review on the role of prospective mental imagery and its impact on reward processing and reward-motivated behaviour in depression. Results Based on the current literature, we propose a conceptual mechanistic model of prospective mental imagery. Prospective mental imagery of engaging in positive activities can increase reward anticipation and reward motivation, which can transfer to increased engagement in reward-motivated behaviour and more experiences of reward, thereby decreasing depressive symptoms. We suggest directions for future research using multimodal assessments to measure the impact of prospective mental imagery from its basic functioning in the lab to real-world and clinical implementation. Conclusion Prospective mental imagery has the potential to improve treatment for depression where the aim is to increase reward-motivated behaviours. Future research should investigate how exactly and for whom prospective mental imagery works.

Future research directions in children and hoarding

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Guzick ◽  
Sophie C. Schneider ◽  
Eric A. Storch
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hoarding Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Despite a rapidly growing understanding of hoarding disorder (HD), there has been relatively limited systematic research into the impact of hoarding on children and adolescents. The goal of this paper is to suggest future research directions, both for children with hoarding behaviours and children living in a cluttered home. Key areas reviewed in this paper include (1) the need for prospective studies of children with hoarding behaviours and those who grow up with a parent with HD; (2) downward extensions of cognitive-behavioural models of adult HD that emphasise different information processing and behavioural biases in youth HD; (3) developmental research into the presentation of emerging HD in childhood compared with adulthood presentations of the disorder, with consideration of typical childhood development and unique motivators for childhood saving behaviours; (4) developmentally sensitive screening and assessment; and (5) the development of evidence-based treatments for this population. The paper concludes with a discussion of methodological suggestions to meet these aims.

Psychosocial/non-pharmacologic treatment of negative symptoms

2020 ◽  
pp. 87-106
Author(s):  
Mark Savill
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Behavioural Therapies ◽  
Family Based ◽  
The Impact

Current best practice regarding the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia supports the use of psychological interventions in addition to medication. This chapter reviews the literature evaluating different non-pharmacological approaches to treating these symptoms. Meta-analytic studies suggest that social skills training, music therapy, non-invasive brain stimulation, mindfulness, and exercise-based interventions are all effective at improving negative symptoms, relative to treatment as usual (TAU). Effect sizes for these interventions range from small to moderate. The long-term benefits of these interventions are currently unclear, and there has been some debate as to whether the impact of these interventions constitute consistent, clinically meaningful change. Evidence for other therapies such as arts therapies other than music therapy, cognitive behavioural therapies for psychosis, neurocognitive therapies, and family-based interventions is more inconsistent. As a result, primary negative symptoms of schizophrenia can still be considered an important unmet therapeutic need where more research is needed.

You exist in my song! How a destination-related popular song enhances destination image and visit intentions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-319
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yue Yin ◽  
Nan Bi ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact

Research on media-induced tourism has been growing in recent years. The existing research has shown that films, television programs, and radio commercials can induce tourism behavior. The present research aimed to introduce a new form of music-induced tourism to the literature by examining the impact of a destination-related popular song on prospective tourists’ intentions to visit the destination. A theoretical model that included music-evoked mental imagery, affective image, overall image, and visit intentions was developed; 381 respondents participated in a web-based experiment to test the hypotheses, and the model was validated using structural equation modeling. The results revealed that music-evoked mental imagery led tourists to generate positive affective images and overall images of the destination, which in turn influenced their intentions to visit the destination. The implications of the findings for tourism marketers and future research directions are also discussed.

The Effect of Comorbid Depression on Sudden Gains During Transdiagnostic Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sasha D'Arcy ◽  
Peter J. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Sudden Gains ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
The Impact

Abstract During psychotherapy some patients experience large symptom improvements between sessions, termed sudden gains. Most commonly, sudden gains are observed during treatment for depression (40–50% of participants), but these are occasionally also observed in treatment for anxiety (15–20%). This study investigated the impact of comorbid depression on sudden gains in a primary anxiety sample. It was hypothesised that sudden gains would occur more frequently in participants with anxiety and comorbid depression than anxiety-only participants. The sample consisted of 58 adults who participated in a 12-week transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy (tCBT) programme. Sudden gains were more frequent in the comorbid depression group than in the anxiety-only group. Sudden gains may be predominantly a function of depressive disorders, which supports the higher rates seen in depressive disorders compared with anxiety disorders. Future research should endeavour to replicate these findings, as this was the first study designed to specifically investigate comorbidity in sudden gains.

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of randomized trials of behavioural treatment of depression

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ekers ◽  
D. Richards ◽  
S. Gilbody
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Symptom Level ◽  
Behavioural Therapies

BackgroundDepression is a common, disabling condition for which psychological treatments, in particular cognitive behavioural therapies are recommended. Promising results in recent randomized trials have renewed interest in behavioural therapy. This systematic review sought to identify all randomized trials of behavioural therapy for depression, determine the effect of such interventions and examine any moderators of such effect.MethodRandomized trials of behavioural treatments of depression versus controls or other psychotherapies were identified using electronic database searches, previous reviews and reference lists. Data on symptom-level, recovery/dropout rate and study-level moderators (study quality, number of sessions, severity and level of training) were extracted and analysed using meta-analysis and meta-regression respectively.ResultsSeventeen randomized controlled trials including 1109 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effects meta-analysis of symptom-level post-treatment showed behavioural therapies were superior to controls [standardized mean difference (SMD) −0.70, 95% CI −1.00 to −0.39, k=12, n=459], brief psychotherapy (SMD −0.56, 95% CI −1.0 to −0.12, k=3, n=166), supportive therapy (SMD −0.75, 95% CI −1.37 to −0.14, k=2, n=45) and equal to cognitive behavioural therapy (SMD 0.08, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.30, k=12, n=476).ConclusionsThe results in this study indicate behavioural therapy is an effective treatment for depression with outcomes equal to that of the current recommended psychological intervention. Future research needs to address issues of parsimony of such interventions.

Brief Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Children with Anxiety Disorders: Initial Evaluation of a Program Designed for Clinic Settings

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn D. Girling-Butcher ◽  
Kevin R. Ronan
Keyword(s):  
Parent Involvement ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Baseline Design ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Exposure Sessions ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFour anxiety disordered 8- to 11-year-old children and their parents participated in a shortened version of an efficacious cognitive–behavioural program for anxiety in children, designed to reflect therapy conditions found in usual clinical practice. A modified multiple-baseline design was used that combined clinic setting pragmatics with a necessary level of methodological protection. For ongoing evaluation, weekly measures of the child's trait anxiety and coping ability were obtained from the child and parents. In addition, a battery of measures was used to evaluate outcomes following treatment and at two follow-up intervals. Emphasising increased parent involvement and earlier exposure sessions, the program was found to lead to marked changes in child functioning. In particular, all children showed improvement on self-report, parent report, and independent clinician's ratings over the course of treatment. Moreover, scores on relevant indices were all within a nondeviant range following intervention, and all four children no longer qualified for an anxiety diagnosis at posttreatment and at 3- and 12-month followup. Findings are discussed in terms of implementation and evaluation in practice settings (e.g., critical components of treatment, use of pragmatic single case designs). Suggestions for future research include testing the effectiveness of this brief program on a large and diverse sample of children. Additional research is also required to find out to what extent increased parent involvement and earlier exposure sessions enhance the impact of treatment in the larger context of addressing features of the research-practice gap. Overall, findings provide preliminary support for the effectiveness of a brief cognitive–behavioural program for treating anxiety disorders in children, along with an evaluation strategy, compatible with some of the needs of service delivery settings.

scholarly journals Objective measures of reward sensitivity and motivation in people with high vs low anhedonia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Slaney ◽  
Adam M. Perkins ◽  
Robert Davis ◽  
Ian Penton-Voak ◽  
Marcus R. Munafo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Taste Test ◽  
Processing Motivation ◽  
Reward Motivation ◽  
Novel Drug

Background. Anhedonia, a diminished interest or pleasure in activities, is a core self-reported symptom of depression which is poorly understood and often resistant to conventional antidepressants. This symptom may occur due to dysfunction in one or more sub-components of reward processing: motivation, consummatory experience, and/or learning. However, the precise impairments remain elusive. Dissociating these components (ideally, using cross-species measures) and relating them to the subjective experience of anhedonia is critical as it may benefit fundamental biology research and novel drug development. Methods. Using a battery of behavioural tasks based on rodent assays, we examined reward motivation (Joystick-Operated Runway Task, JORT; and Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task, EEfRT) and reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test) in a non-clinical population who scored high (N = 32) or low (N = 34) on an anhedonia questionnaire (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale). Results. Compared to the low anhedonia group, the high anhedonia group displayed marginal impairments in effort-based decision-making (EEfRT) and reduced reward sensitivity (Sweet Taste Test). However, we found no evidence of a difference between groups in physical effort exerted for reward (JORT). Interestingly, whilst the EEfRT and Sweet Taste Test correlated with anhedonia measures, they did not correlate with each other, lending support for the possibility of sub-groups within anhedonia. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that reward motivation and reward sensitivity are dissociable when tested in the same group of participants, and that anhedonia is a heterogenous symptom associated with impairments in reward sensitivity and effort-based decision-making.

scholarly journals Is there a connection between fecal and milk microbiota composition and function and perinatal depression? Rationale for future studies

2020 ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Coping with perinatal depression in healthcare systems worldwide has been so far more or less insufficient and there is a huge need of implementing new prevention and treatment options. Methods: Literature review has been done to assess state of current knowledge on microbiome changes in perinatal period and form potential clinical implementation of these information. Results: Intestinal microbiota can influence central nervous system functions and this relation seems bidirectional. The diversity of gut microbiota has emerged to play a significant role in the occurrence of mood and anxiety disorders, but this relationship is poorly understood in perinatal period. Studies have shown a reduced phylogenetic diversity and species richness of gut microbiota in depressed pregnant women, and a significant association between antibiotic exposure during the peripartum period and development of depressive symptoms. Even though breast milk is the fundamental source of microbes colonizing the infant’s gut, there is very little known about possible human milk microbiota changes in depressed women. Our microbiome may be modulated by numerous circumstances, especially diet but no current microbiome-specific dietary recommendations exist. Conclusions: Future research in the relationship between the gut microbiota, diet and PND holds tremendous potential to be integrated in clinical practice. The impact of breast milk microbiota on infant development and health could have important implications for early-life prevention of chronic conditions. Given that bacterial functions are conserved across taxonomic groups, incorporating microbial function biomarkers may be more productive than a purely taxonomic approach to understanding the microbiome in diseases. Keywords: Perinatal depression; Microbiota; Diet; Pregnancy; Breastfeeding

Self-Compassion and Quality of Life in Adults Who Stutter

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 2097-2108
Author(s):  
Robyn L. Croft ◽  
Courtney T. Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify levels of self-compassion in adults who do and do not stutter and to determine whether self-compassion predicts the impact of stuttering on quality of life in adults who stutter. Method Participants included 140 adults who do and do not stutter matched for age and gender. All participants completed the Self-Compassion Scale. Adults who stutter also completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering. Data were analyzed for self-compassion differences between and within adults who do and do not stutter and to predict self-compassion on quality of life in adults who stutter. Results Adults who do and do not stutter exhibited no significant differences in total self-compassion, regardless of participant gender. A simple linear regression of the total self-compassion score and total Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering score showed a significant, negative linear relationship of self-compassion predicting the impact of stuttering on quality of life. Conclusions Data suggest that higher levels of self-kindness, mindfulness, and social connectedness (i.e., self-compassion) are related to reduced negative reactions to stuttering, an increased participation in daily communication situations, and an improved overall quality of life. Future research should replicate current findings and identify moderators of the self-compassion–quality of life relationship.

Pengaruh Lintas Budaya Pada Pemasaran Internasional Dengan Pendekatan Perilaku Konsumen

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Endy Gunanto ◽  
Yenni Kurnia Gusti
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Impact

In this article we present a conceptual of the effect of cross culture on consumer behavior incorporating the impact of globalization. This conceptual idea shows that culture inûuences various domains of consumer behavior directly as well as through international organization to implement marketing strategy. The conceptual identify several factors such as norm and value in the community, several variables and also depicts the impact of other environmental factors and marketing strategy elements on consumer behavior. We also identify categories of consumer culture orientation resulting from globalization. Highlights of each of the several other articles included in this special issue in Asia region. We conclude with the contributions of the articles in terms of the consumer cultural orientations and identify directions for future research.

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