scholarly journals Does an Increase in Population Density Increases Transit Mode Split? Going Beyond the Contemporaneous Correlation Between Built Form and Public Transit Mode Share

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanaz Dorrani Arab ◽  
Murtaza Haider
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Transit Ridership ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the relationship between public transit mode share and population density. It critically reviews the long-held belief that an increase in population density (compact built form) will result in an increase in public transit ridership. The research developed a longitudinal data set of travel behavior, transit supply, and proxies of built form for 1996 and 2016 for the City of Toronto. The data set is spatially disaggregated at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level such that the TAZs that divide the City into 480 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive zones. The paper found that a cross-sectional analysis of population density and transit mode share captures mostly the contemporaneous relationship between the two and does not, by default, lend credence to the argument that if the density increases over time at a place, it will subsequently result in higher public transit ridership. Such a question will require a longitudinal analysis where the impact of a change in public density over time is examined to determine its impact, if any, on transit ridership. Using Linear Mixed Models for longitudinal data, the paper found that the contemporaneous relation between density and transit mode share holds, but the change in population density over time does not automatically correlate with an increase in transit ridership

scholarly journals Does an Increase in Population Density Increases Transit Mode Split? Going Beyond the Contemporaneous Correlation Between Built Form and Public Transit Mode Share

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanaz Dorrani Arab ◽  
Murtaza Haider
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Built Form ◽  
Transit Ridership ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

This paper explores the relationship between public transit mode share and population density. It critically reviews the long-held belief that an increase in population density (compact built form) will result in an increase in public transit ridership. The research developed a longitudinal data set of travel behavior, transit supply, and proxies of built form for 1996 and 2016 for the City of Toronto. The data set is spatially disaggregated at the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level such that the TAZs that divide the City into 480 mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive zones. The paper found that a cross-sectional analysis of population density and transit mode share captures mostly the contemporaneous relationship between the two and does not, by default, lend credence to the argument that if the density increases over time at a place, it will subsequently result in higher public transit ridership. Such a question will require a longitudinal analysis where the impact of a change in public density over time is examined to determine its impact, if any, on transit ridership. Using Linear Mixed Models for longitudinal data, the paper found that the contemporaneous relation between density and transit mode share holds, but the change in population density over time does not automatically correlate with an increase in transit ridership

scholarly journals Male and Female Partner-Caregivers’ Burden: Does It Get Worse Over Time?

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joukje C Swinkels ◽  
Marjolein I Broese van Groenou ◽  
Alice de Boer ◽  
Theo G van Tilburg
Keyword(s):  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
General View ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background and Objectives The general view is that partner-caregiver burden increases over time but findings are inconsistent. Moreover, the pathways underlying caregiver burden may differ between men and women. This study examines to what degree and why partner-caregiver burden changes over time. It adopts Pearlin’s Caregiver Stress Process Model, as it is expected that higher primary and secondary stressors will increase burden and larger amounts of resources will lower burden. Yet, the impact of stressors and resources may change over time. The wear-and-tear model predicts an increase of burden due to a stronger impact of stressors and lower impact of resources over time. Alternatively, the adaptation model predicts a decrease of burden due to a lower impact of stressors and higher impact of resources over time. Research Design and Methods We used 2 observations with a 1-year interval of 279 male and 443 female partner-caregivers, derived from the Netherlands Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey Minimum Data Set. We applied multilevel regression analysis, stratified by gender. Results Adjusted for all predictors, caregiver burden increased over time for both men and women. For female caregivers, the impact of poor spousal health on burden increased and the impact of fulfillment decreased over time. Among male caregivers, the impact of predictors did not change over time. Discussion and Implications The increase of burden over time supports the wear-and-tear model, in particular for women. This study highlights the need for gender-specific interventions that are focused on enabling older partners to be better prepared for long-term partner-care.

scholarly journals The Impact of Soda Taxes: Pass-Through, Tax Avoidance, and Nutritional Effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 002224372096940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Seiler ◽  
Anna Tuchman ◽  
Song Yao
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Geographic Coverage ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The authors analyze the impact of a tax on sweetened beverages using a unique data set of prices, quantities sold, and nutritional information across several thousand taxed and untaxed beverages for a large set of stores in Philadelphia and its surrounding area. The tax is passed through at an average rate of 97%, leading to a 34% price increase. Demand in the taxed area decreases by 46% in response to the tax. Cross-shopping to stores outside of Philadelphia offsets more than half of the reduction in sales in the city and decreases the net reduction in sales of taxed beverages to only 22%. There is no significant substitution to bottled water and modest substitution to untaxed natural juices. The authors show that tax avoidance through cross-shopping severely constrains revenue generation and nutritional improvement, thus making geographic coverage an important policy decision.

Understanding Differences in Public Transit: Comparison of Boston and Toronto

1997 ◽  
Vol 1604 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schimek
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Massachusetts Bay ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Transit Service ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

Public transit systems in Toronto and Boston, two North American cities of similar size and income, are compared. Although Boston has a reputation as a transit-oriented city, there are about twice as many public transit trips in Toronto. Transit service in Toronto runs, on average, twice as frequently as service in Boston on a network of similar size. This level of service can be supported in part because population density does not decrease as much with increasing distance from the center of the city and because employment is more centralized. The transit system in Boston is constrained from emulating the Toronto transit system not only by a less transit-favorable distribution of population and employment but also by operating costs that are twice as high. The Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority’s higher costs are the result of more fringe benefits for employees and disproportionately more managers and fixed facilities.

scholarly journals Inflation and Economic Growth: a Review of The International Literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foluso A. Akinsola ◽  
Nicholas M. Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Country Specific

This paper surveys the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications. The study finds that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time. The study also finds that the results from these studies depend on country‑specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed. On balance, the study finds overwhelming support in favour of a negative relationship between inflation and growth, especially in developed economies. However, there is still much controversy about the specific threshold level of inflation that is appropriate for growth. Most previous studies on this subject just assume a unidirectional causal relationsship between inflation and economic growth. To our knowledge, this may be the first review of its kind to survey, in detail, the existing research on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries.

scholarly journals Impact of human population density on fire frequency at the global scale

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 15735-15778 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Knorr ◽  
T. Kaminski ◽  
A. Arneth ◽  
U. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Fire Frequency ◽  
System Component ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Data Set ◽  
In Fire ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Human impact on wildfires, a major Earth system component, remains poorly understood. While local studies have found more fires close to settlements and roads, assimilated charcoal records and analyses of regional fire patterns from remote-sensing observations point to a decline in fire frequency with increasing human population. Here, we present a global analysis using three multi-year satellite-based burned-area products combined with a parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis with a non-linear model. We show that at the global scale, the impact of increasing population density is mainly to reduce fire frequency. Only for areas with up to 0.1 people per km2, we find that fire frequency increases by 10 to 20% relative to its value at no population. The results are robust against choice of burned-area data set, and indicate that at only very few places on Earth, fire frequency is limited by human ignitions. Applying the results to historical population estimates results in a moderate but accelerating decline of global burned area by around 14% since 1800, with most of the decline since 1950.

scholarly journals Economics of Property Crime Rate in Punjab

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-233
Author(s):  
Shahzad Mahmood Jabbar ◽  
Hasan M. Mohsin
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Police Strength ◽  
The Impact

This study intends to ascertain the impact of socio-economic, demographic and deterrent variables and the effect of technical criminal know-how and past criminal experience on property crime rate. The property crime equation comprises of the following independent variables: population density, unemployment rate, literacy rate, police strength and number of police proclaimed offenders in a society. The property crime equation has been estimated by using a time-series data set for Punjab from 1978 to 2012. We have applied Johansen cointegration approach to test the long run relationship among the variables. Empirical findings suggest that police strength has a deterrent effect while past criminal experience enhances property crime rate in Punjab. The study finds population density has a significant positive relationship while education has a significant negative relationship with property crime rate. Further we also find a negative relationship between unemployment and property crime which is supported by the concept of ‘consensus of doubt’ in the discipline of crime and economics. JEL Classification: D6

scholarly journals Estimation of effects of contact tracing and mask adoption on COVID-19 transmission in San Francisco: a modeling study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Worden ◽  
Rae Wannier ◽  
Seth Blumberg ◽  
Alex Y. Ge ◽  
George W. Rutherford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Reproduction Numbers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Testing Coverage ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe current COVID-19 pandemic has spurred concern about what interventions may be effective at reducing transmission. The city and county of San Francisco imposed a shelter-in-place order in March 2020, followed by use of a contact tracing program and a policy requiring use of cloth face masks. We used statistical estimation and simulation to estimate the effectiveness of these interventions in San Francisco. We estimated that self-isolation and other practices beginning at the time of San Francisco’s shelter-in-place order reduced the effective reproduction number of COVID-19 by 35.4% (95% CI, −20.1%–81.4%). We estimated the effect of contact tracing on the effective reproduction number to be a reduction of approximately 44% times the fraction of cases that are detected, which may be modest if the detection rate is low. We estimated the impact of cloth mask adoption on reproduction number to be approximately 8.6%, and note that the benefit of mask adoption may be substantially greater for essential workers and other vulnerable populations, residents return to circulating outside the home more often. We estimated the effect of those interventions on incidence by simulating counterfactual scenarios in which contact tracing was not adopted, cloth masks were not adopted, and neither contact tracing nor cloth masks was adopted, and found increases in case counts that were modest, but relatively larger than the effects on reproduction numbers. These estimates and model results suggest that testing coverage and timing of testing and contact tracing may be important, and that modest effects on reproduction numbers can nonetheless cause substantial effects on case counts over time.

scholarly journals The First Steps to Develop a Monitoring-Based Method to Support the Sustainable Mosquito Control in an Urban Environment in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5013
Author(s):  
Tibor Kiss ◽  
Csaba Leitol ◽  
Gergely Márovics ◽  
Tímea Zentai ◽  
Roland Baczur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

In Europe, several exotic Aedes species, such as Aedes albopictus, Aedes eagypti, Aedes japonicas and Aedes koreicus, have become established. Mosquito-borne infection has also become a rising public health issue in Europe. This study aims to present the results of the first Hungarian systematic mosquito monitoring (SMM) operating in an urban environment in the city of Pécs. It also explains the implementation of a targeted mosquito control by the development of a mosquito map with the SMM approach, thus contributing to a reduction of the risks of mosquito-borne diseases. The mosquito trapping started in 2015, and the traps were Center for Disease Control (CDC) equipment. Based on the data of the SMM, an urban mosquito data set was developed. It consisted of the data of 441 trappings, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results show that three influencing factors impacted mosquito population: distance from running water, built-up density and average temperature had a causal impact on the average number of mosquitoes of an urban area. Each of these factors showed direct impact, and the impact intensified with the combination of the three factors. On that basis, it was made clear which areas of the city mosquito control activity should be focused. Areas of the city where interventions of lower intensity may be necessary compared to the intensity of the earlier mosquito control measures could also be determined. Compared to the previous practice, in which the entire city was involved in intensive mosquito control, now the intensive larviciding is advised to be applied in 42.1% of the total residential areas of the city. Thus, mosquito control of lower intensity could also be sufficient in the remaining 57.9% of the city area. This resource reallocation based on planning can boost the efficiency of the control and lead to a positive change towards sustainability regarding reduced pressure on the environment and reduced expenses of protection.

The Effects of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Performance in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa N De Vito ◽  
John P K Bernstein ◽  
Daniel Weitzner ◽  
Matthew Calamia ◽  
Jeffrey N Keller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Neuropsychological Status ◽  
Repeatable Battery ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective The current study investigated the differential impact cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) on Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) performance in a large, cognitively healthy, older adult sample across 4 years. Method Participants were 486 individuals recruited through a longitudinal aging research study in the southeastern United States. Participants were 69.3% female, an average of 69.96 years old (SD = 6.58), 16.32 years of education (SD = 2.27), and Mini-Mental Status Exam score of 29.12 (SD = 1.16). Participants completed the RBANS at baseline and yearly thereafter, as well as the Uniform Data Set demographic and health questionnaires and the Geriatric Depression Scale. Results Multilevel modeling was conducted using standardized RBANS index scores. Overall, across indices, performance generally improved across time consistent with practice effects from repeated testing. Some CVRFs were associated with worse performance over time. For example, individuals with hypertension performed more poorly on immediate memory over time (t = −2.06, p < .05). Other CVRFs (e.g., BMI) were not associated with baseline performance or performance over time. (p > .05). Conclusions CVRFs differentially affect RBANS performance over time. These results extend previous cross-sectional findings regarding the impact of different cardiovascular health risks to a large, cognitively healthy, longitudinal sample.

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