scholarly journals Trans-Himalaya Connectivity: Comprehensive Approach to Resolve China-India Political Conundrum

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Buddhi Prasad Sharma ◽  
Damodar Bhusal
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Global Orientation ◽  
China And India ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Political Model

China and India have a long civilization. Even before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1950, both countries had a long history of exchanges on educational, cultural-spiritual, and trade in ancient times. But since the mid of 1950, both countries didn't enjoy good bilateral relations and that culminated with the war of 1962. Again rapprochement began in mid of 1980. Border issue, ideological-political model, and approach on global orientation are the issues both countries have different views, which sometimes produce severe bilateral relations problems. June 15 incident in Ladakh has created severe confrontation and new regional geopolitical imbalance. Five-point consensus in Moscow helped to reduce prevailing tension. This study finds that only regular cooperation and open dialogue can provide a fruitful platform to create a trustful environment and search for peaceful settlement of the dispute. Harmony between these two countries will support for peace and prosperity of the Trans-Himalaya region. This research is based on qualitative research and follows the secondary data. It takes a comprehensive approach as a theoretical framework to analyze the issues. The researcher is very serious about testing the validity of data and its analysis. As per the research requirement, this paper is explorative in format.

scholarly journals Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

2021 ◽  
pp. 025-034
Author(s):  
E. V. Popadenko
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Period

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

scholarly journals Diplomatic Relations between Indonesia-Australia Since Whitlam, Fraser, Until Hawke Era in An Attempt To Establish Political Stability in Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Anzar Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Prime Ministers ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growing Environment

Talking about foreign policy relations of a country, it cannot be explained without adapting to the changes that occur in the growing environment or situation of both countries. Adjustments to the environment and the situation, especially the foreign policy are done in order to maintain the physical, economic, politic and social culture of the country in the midst of the real conditions of the situation occurred, like the history of bilateral relations between Indonesia and Australia). This is a study of the history of Australian foreign policy towards Indonesia since Whitlam government in 1972 until Hawke. The goal of the study is to explain how the foreign policy of the Australian Prime Ministers during their reigns. Although in reality in the course of its history, Australian and Indonesian diplomatic relations were full of intrigues, turmoil and conflicts, but it did not severe the relation of the two nations. Eventually, the conclusion of this study explicitly states that Australia and Indonesia still need each other in an attempt to establish political stability, economic and security in Southeast Asia and the Pacific peacefully.

A ‘New Chapter’ in Australia–Timor Bilateral Relations? Assessing the Politics of the Timor Sea Maritime Boundary Treaty

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Strating
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
Timor Leste ◽  
History Of ◽  
Timor Sea ◽  
Policy Shift

Abstract The signing of the 2018 Maritime Boundary treaty was described by Australia’s then Foreign Minister Julie Bishop as opening ‘a new chapter’ in diplomatic relations with Timor-Leste. This contribution examines the importance of the treaty to bilateral relations. It provides a brief history of the Timor Sea disputes, explains Timor-Leste’s policy aims, and analyses Australia's foreign policy shift on the boundary delimitation issue. While there are positive signs in resolving the boundary dispute, uncertainty over the development of the Greater Sunrise gas field may impact bilateral relations in the future.

The Sino-Indian border issue as a factor for the development of bilateral relations

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina Muratbekova
Keyword(s):  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
China And India ◽  
Bilateral Relations

The border issue between China and India has been prominent since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Depending on time, an internal and external situation has changed, hence the value of disputed territory also shifted. This article shows the development of the border issue, recent rapprochements, and steps taken to settle the issue.

scholarly journals The Development of the Information and Communication Space of Russia and Republic of Korea during the Period of Diplomatic Cooperation (1990–2020s)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
V. V. Vishnyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Communication Space ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

The article is devoted to the history of diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. The formation of information and communication space (ICS) in the process of developing bilateral relations has been described. The author described the tools for the development of the ICS by the Republic of Korea and assessed their effectiveness. The analysis of strengths of the ICS of the Korean Republic aimed at forming an external image has been given. Shortcomings of the ICS of Russia have been considered.

scholarly journals Cooperation between Iraq and Ukraine: Vast and Numerous Opportunities

2019 ◽  
pp. 299-302
Author(s):  
Bakir Ahmed Aziz Al-Jaf
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
History Of ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article reflects on cooperation between Iraq and Ukraine and its history. It is mentioned that the history of diplomatic relations between the two states has lasted for more a quarter of a century. At the turn of 1992, the concurrently accredited Embassy of the Republic of Iraq was opened in Ukraine, although cooperation in different spheres, such as economy, culture, and science had been inaugurated earlier. In ten years, the Embassy of Iraq was opened in Kyiv, thus elevating bilateral relations to a new level. It is stressed that the relations between Iraq and Ukraine have become much closer since 2003, as can be seen from cooperation in a range of domains. Trade turnover has increased, particularly in the private sector. More and more Iraqi people choose Ukrainian universities to study. Numerous bilateral visits of officials of the two states have been held, and a wide range of agreements and memoranda of understanding have been signed; respective ministries of the two states are working upon the further consideration of draft agreements. It is noted that Iraq and Ukraine can boast broad and various opportunities for cooperation. Iraq closely cooperates with the Government of Ukraine for its development and diversification, seeking to bring bilateral relations to the new level in conformity with the potential of the two states and pursuant to the norms of diplomatic and international collaboration that the Government of Iraq abides by in respect of all friendly and peace-loving states. Iraq highly appreciates the long-term fruitful relations between the Embassy of Iraq and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, as confirmed by the development of cooperation in the sphere of diplomacy aimed at the fulfillment of common interests of Iraq and Ukraine. The Embassy of Iraq to Ukraine avails itself of this opportunity to express its gratitude for robust and friendly relations between the two countries, for the history of these relations as well as to express its gratitude to the Directorate-General for Rendering Services to Diplomatic Missions for the publication of this material. Key words: Iraq, diplomatic relations, history, Ambassador, cooperation.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND NORTH KOREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-120
Author(s):  
Mohd Ridwan Talib
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

This paper aims to analyse the aftermath of Kim Jong Nam’s assassination on the diplomatic relations between Malaysia and North Korea along with the historical evolution of diplomatic relations between both countries since Malaysia’s independence. Little is known about the nature of diplomatic relations between Malaysia and North Korea, especially when public perceptions dictate that both countries barely share any similarities. In appreciating the implications of the murder case from the perspective of international law, an analysis is carried out on the history of diplomatic relations between Putrajaya and Pyongyang. A further study is conducted on the factors which attract Malaysia and North Korea to forge and strengthen their diplomatic relations. Malaysia’s inclusive foreign policy is highlighted via her participation in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1970 which promotes peaceful engagement with all countries regardless of their political allegiance, including the Communist-led regime in North Korea. The task of preserving regional safety and bolstering economic prosperity are top on Putrajaya’s priority list. With the volume of bilateral trade between Malaysia and North Korea is steadily increasing and Pyongyang’s continuous provocations of her Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), peaceful engagements with the aim of repairing the damaged diplomatic relations is the best option for both countries. This study concludes that although the relationship between the two nations is severed, it is crucial for Malaysia to consider reviving and enhancing bilateral relations with North Korea, hence benefiting Putrajaya in outlining Malaysia’s future foreign policy.

History of thyroid surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Technique ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times

The authors present an outline of the development of thyroid surgery from the ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century, when the definitive surgical technique have been developed and the physiologic and pathopfysiologic consequences of thyroid resections have been described. The key representatives, as well as the contribution of the most influential czech surgeons are mentioned.

PENERAPAN PRINSIP PERSONA NON GRATA TERHADAP DUTA BESAR DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (STUDI KASUS PENGANIAYAAN TKI OLEH DUTA BESAR ARAB SAUDI DI JERMAN)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Devi Yusvitasari
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Diplomatic Immunity ◽  
The Right

A country needs to make contact with each other based on the national interests of each country related to each other, including among others economic, social, cultural, legal, political, and so on. With constant and continuous association between the nations of the world, it is one of the conditions for the existence of the international community. One form of cooperation between countries in the world is in the form of international relations by placing diplomatic representation in various countries. These representatives have diplomatic immunity and diplomatic immunity privileges that are in accordance with the jurisdiction of the recipient country and civil and criminal immunity for witnesses. The writing of the article entitled "The Application of the Principle of Non-Grata Persona to the Ambassador Judging from the Perspective of International Law" describes how the law on the abuse of diplomatic immunity, how a country's actions against abuse of diplomatic immunity and how to analyze a case of abuse of diplomatic immunity. To answer the problem used normative juridical methods through the use of secondary data, such as books, laws, and research results related to this research topic. Based on the results of the study explained that cases of violations of diplomatic relations related to the personal immunity of diplomatic officials such as cases such as cases of persecution by the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to Indonesian Workers in Germany are of serious concern. The existence of diplomatic immunity is considered as protection so that perpetrators are not punished. Actions against the abuse of recipient countries of diplomatic immunity may expel or non-grata persona to diplomatic officials, which is stipulated in the Vienna Convention in 1961, because of the right of immunity attached to each diplomatic representative.

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