scholarly journals METEORIZACIÓN E HIDROGEOQUÍMICA DE LOS RÍOS QUILISH Y PORCÓN EN LA CUENCA PORCÓN

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-14
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Secondary Minerals ◽  
Energy Constant ◽  
El Hierro ◽  
Sodic Water ◽  
Hydrologic System ◽  
Energy Saturation

METEORIZACIÓN E HIDROGEOQUÍMICA DE LOS RÍOS QUILISH Y PORCÓN EN LA CUENCA PORCÓN WHEATHERING AND HYDROGEOCHEMISTRY´S QUILISH AND PORCÓN RIVERS IN THE PORCÓN BASIN Carlos Malpica Sandoval, Hugo Rivera Mantilla, Sandra Rumay Villarreal y Víctor Vargas Rodríguez DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2008.0004/ RESUMEN Con los resultados obtenidos, podemos señalar que la meteorización produjo reacciones de hidrólisis, oxidación, disolución de silicatos, sulfuros y azufre originando minerales secundarios, iones y coloides (arcillas, H4SiO4, SiO2, Fe2O3, FeOOH, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Na+, K+,  2 4SO , Pb2+, H2AsO-4, Cu2+), parte de los productos de la meteorización entran al sistema hidrológico y otra parte permanece en el suelo debido a su baja movilidad o por intercambio catiónico o aniónico; estas reacciones están determinadas por la energía libre, Eh y pH. El análisis hidrogeoquímico se basa en la energía libre, constante de equilibrio, índice de saturación, diagramas Eh-pH, rNa/rCl y rCl/rHCO3-2, resultando agua de naturaleza cálcica-sódica, debido a la meteorización de los silicatos. Basándonos en los resultados obtenidos de los datos de energía libre determinamos que todas las reacciones están relacionadas con el índice de saturación, y basándonos en el diagrama Eh-pH, el hierro y aluminio reaccionan formando hidróxidos. Estudios petrológicos (30 muestras) y análisis hidrogeoquímico (9 muestras de agua), determinaron que los iones, coloides y moléculas originados por la meteorización de los silicatos y sulfuros que se encuentran en el río se deben a contaminación natural. Palabras claves: Energía libre, índice de saturación, diagrama Eh-pH, disolución, hidrogeoquímica. ABSTRACT With the results, we can point out that the wheathering produced reactions of hydrolyse, oxidation, silicate´s dissolution, sulphurs and sulphur reactions; originating secondary minerals (clays, H4SiO4, SiO2, Fe2O3, FeOOH, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Na+, K+, SO42-, Pb2+, H2AsO-4, Cu2+), part of the weathering products going to the hydrologic system, and another part remains in the soil due to its low mobility, or for cationic or anionic interchange; these reactions are determined by the free energy, Eh and pH. The hydrochemistry analysis is based on the free energy, constant of balance, saturation index, graphs Eh-pH, rNa/rCl and rCl/rHCO3-2and, standing out to be calc-sodic water, due to the silicates weathering. Basing on the results obtained of the information of free energy, we determined that all the reactions are related to the saturation index and basing on the graph Eh-pH, the iron and aluminium react forming hydroxides. Petrologic studies (30 samples) and hydrogeochemistry analysis (9 water samples), determined that the ions, colloids and molecules that are in the river owe to natural pollution. Keywords: Free energy, saturation index, Eh-pH diagram, dissolution, hydrogechemistry.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Dominant Water–Rock Interactions in the Delingha Area, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biao Zhang ◽  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Pengpeng Zhou ◽  
Shen Qu ◽  
Fu Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Qaidam Basin ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Rational Management

Groundwater is undoubtedly important for water supplies and eco-environment protection, especially for arid and semi-arid regions. Analyzing the characteristics and evolution of groundwater is significant for the rational management of groundwater resources. This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and evolutions of groundwater in the Delingha area, northeast of the Qaidam Basin, northwest China, with a total of 123 water samples, including 105 unconfined groundwater samples, 12 confined groundwater samples, and 6 surface water samples. Hydrochemical results showed that the unconfined and confined groundwater presented diversity in ion concentration. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of the unconfined groundwater increased from 146.5 to 8954 mg/L along the groundwater flow direction. The groundwater hydrochemical types were HCO3-Ca·Mg and HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg in the mountain front area, SO4·HCO3-Ca·Mg and SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg types in the alluvial-lacustrine plain, and Cl·SO4-Na and Cl-Na types in the lacustrine plain. The saturation index showed that parts of the groundwater samples were supersaturated with carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite); however, all the samples were undersaturated with evaporite minerals (halite and gypsum). Groundwater chemical evolution is mainly controlled by evaporite and carbonate mineral dissolutions, aluminosilicates weathering, and cation exchange.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF HYDROCHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER UNDER SOME URBAN AREAS WITHIN SANA’A SECRETERIAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wadie S.T AL- Ariqi ◽  
Abduljalil A.D.S Ghaleb
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Almost All

Groundwater from nine wells of three different districts, located at Sana’a  secretariat was analyzed for hydrochemical quality assessment. Measurements of water quality parameters including pH, EC, CO32-, HCO3-,Cl-,NO3-,SO4 2-,Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, K+, and Na+ were carried out . Classification of the groundwater samples according to Cl, SO4 2-, CO32- and HCO3-, hardness(H), total dissolved solids (TDS), base-exchange, and meteoric genesis was demonstrated. Suitability of ground water samples for irrigation and industrial uses according to sodium adsorption ration (SAR), ratio of dissolved sodium (RDS), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and saturation index (SI) was also investigated. The results of this study showed that almost all ground water samples were of good quality that makes them suitable for drinking and  domestic uses. Results also indicated that even though some of the ground water samples were suitable for irrigation purposes, almost all of them were found not be good for industrial uses. Despite all drawbacks of the sewerage system built around Sana’a secretariat at the beginning of the first decade of the third millennium, the results of this study indicate that there is scope of significant improvement in Sana’a secretariat ground water quality.

scholarly journals Reclaimation of Sodic Bore Well Water for Irrigation through Gypsum Treatment at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichirapalli District, Tamil Nadu

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Pradeepa ◽  
G Lavanya ◽  
S Inbarasan ◽  
T Sherene ◽  
P Balasubramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
Sodic Water ◽  
Bore Well ◽  
Research Institute

It is necessary to ascertain the quality of irrigation water at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute farm in order to monitor the possible effects of the sodic irrigation water on the soil. Irrigation with sodic water enhances soil sodicity built up in soils of experimental farm which leads to adverse effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties, not fitted for farming. In areas where ground water is sodic and where good quality surface water supplies are either inadequate or not available at all and the farmers are left with no option but to use sodic ground water for irrigation purposes, which pose grave risks for soil health and environment. The quality of sodic water can be improved by treating with gypsum. Due to gypsum dissolution calcium and sulphate ions come in soluble form in irrigation water. Research conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute Trichy for reclamation of sodic bore well water revealed that the sodic bore water samples collected from bore well 1 (AMP shed) having initial Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) of 8.0 meq /lit and bore well 6 (Boys hostel) having initial RSC of 6.2 meq /lit indicated the decrease in RSC upto - 0.6 meq / l and 1.2 meq / l respectively due to gypsum treatment with 0.1 per cent (12.50 tons/ha) and 0.35 per cent ( 43.75 tons /ha ) at the retention time of 1 hour to irrigate 1 ha paddy field throughout crop establishment stage. It was concluded that for lowest retention time higher doses of gypsum was required for sodic water reclamation. As we increased the retention time, the required gypsum quantity was also minimized as observed for bore well 1 (AMP shed 8 meq/l)) sodic water samples with gypsum dose of 0.15 per cent (18.75 tons /ha) with the retention time of 4 hours. These findings were very much helpful for the farmers of Manikandam block, Tiruchirappallii district having secondary sodicity built up in soils due to sodic water irrigation during summer.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and the Suitability of Groundwater in the Alluvial-Diluvial Plain of Southwest Shandong Province, China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongjun Gao ◽  
Jiutan Liu ◽  
Jianguo Feng ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Guangwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Mixed Types ◽  
Better Than

The alluvial-diluvial plain of southwest Shandong Province is an important agricultural economic zone and energy base in Shandong Province. Groundwater plays an extremely significant role in the development of the regional social economy. In this study, 50 sets of water samples, collected from 25 wells during October 2016 and June 2017, were utilized to determine the hydrogeochemistry and the suitability of groundwater in the alluvial-diluvial plain of southwest Shandong Province for different applications, such as drinking and irrigation. Most of the water samples could be classified as hard-fresh water or hard-brackish water, and the dominant water types were HCO3-Na and mixed types. Water-rock interactions and evaporation were the dominant controlling factors in the formation of the hydrochemical components in the groundwater. Dissolutions of silicate, calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the major reactions contributing and defining the groundwater chemistry in this plain. Moreover, cation exchange is a non-negligible hydrogeochemical process in this plain. Calculated saturation index (SI) values indicate that aragonite, calcite and dolomite are saturated, while the SI values for gypsum and halite are unsaturated. Based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the groundwater quality ranges from excellent to very poor. More than 50% of all groundwater samples from 2016 are categorized as poor or very poor, suggesting that the water from these wells is not suitable for drinking. According to the sodium adsorption ratio and percentage sodium, most of the samples are suitable for agricultural irrigation. Overall, the quality of the groundwater in 2017 was found to be better than in 2016.

Effect of Urban Wastewater on the Quality of Ground Water in Mysuru City, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilash M R ◽  
Shiva Kumar D ◽  
Srikantaswamy S
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Saturation Index ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Saturation Indices ◽  
Base Exchange

<div><p><em>The </em><em>Mysuru is a unique city and was the capital city of former princely state of Karnataka</em><em>, and its groundwater resources are developed for water supply and irrigation purposes. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in study area, 07 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various Secondary parameters. Including Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as Sodium Absorption Ratio, Residual Sodium Carbonate, Permeability Index, Corrosivity Ratio, Indices of Base exchange, CaCO<sub>3</sub> Saturation Indices, Gibb’s plot of determining the Mechanisms controlling ground water Chemistry, Handa’s Classifications, USSL Clasifications , CaCO<sub>3</sub> Saturation Indices and Stuyzfzand’s were determined and the indices were calculated. Based on the analytical results, groundwater in the area is generally fresh and hard to very hard. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: HCO<sub>3</sub> &gt; SO<sub>4</sub> &gt; Cl and Ca &gt; Mg &gt; Na &gt; K. The dominant hydrochemical facieses of groundwater is Ca-HCO<sub>3</sub> and Ca-Mg-HCO<sub>3</sub> type. The results of calculation saturation index by basic computer program HYCY shows that the nearly all of the water samples were saturated to under saturated with respect to carbonate minerals and under saturated with respect to sulfate minerals. Assessment of water samples from various methods indicated that groundwater in study area is chemically not suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. </em></p></div>

Encultured minds, not error reduction minds

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mirski ◽  
Mark H. Bickhard ◽  
David Eck ◽  
Arkadiusz Gut
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Energy Principle ◽  
Free Energy Principle ◽  
Current Article

Abstract There are serious theoretical problems with the free-energy principle model, which are shown in the current article. We discuss the proposed model's inability to account for culturally emergent normativities, and point out the foundational issues that we claim this inability stems from.

Pollutant Identification by Selected Area Electron Diffraction

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 532-533
Author(s):  
R. E. Ferrell ◽  
G. G. Paulson ◽  
C. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Selected Area Electron Diffraction ◽  
Multiple Component

Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) has been used successfully to determine crystal structures, identify traces of minerals in rocks, and characterize the phases formed during thermal treatment of micron-sized particles. There is an increased interest in the method because it has the potential capability of identifying micron-sized pollutants in air and water samples. This paper is a short review of the theory behind SAD and a discussion of the sample preparation employed for the analysis of multiple component environmental samples.

Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Mudroch ◽  
J. R. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Research Work ◽  
List Type ◽  
The West ◽  
Asbestos Fibre ◽  
Amphibole Asbestos

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.

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