Geodynamic risks of developing rockburst-hazardous deposits in the Far Eastern region

Geodynamic activity of the Earth’s crust depends on the parameters of the movement of lithospheric plates and stress fields, both inherited in aseismic areas and modified in seismic active ones. Geomechanical processes occur in rock mass under the influence of various natural (endogenous and exogenous) and man-made (anthropogenic) factors. The degree of influence of these factors on the change in the energy saturation of blocks of various ranks will depend on various factors. In the geological environment of natural and man-made systems, there are dynamic phenomena of various energy levels from acoustic noise (microseismic) to rockburst and mining-induced earthquakes, that is, there is always a geodynamic risk in the geological environment of natural and man-made systems, especially in mining ones. The conditions of the geodynamic risks occurrence at specific deposits are considered on the example of rockburst hazardous deposits in the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation. The influence of natural seismic activity on the realization of mining-induced seismicity is shown.

Internal Bore Evolution Across the Shelf Near Pt. Sal CA interpreted as a Gravity Current

Off the central California coast near Pt. Sal, a large amplitude internal bore was observed for 20 h over 10 km cross-shore, or 100 m to 10 m water depth (D), and 30 km alongcoast by remote sensing, 39 in situ moorings, ship surveys, and drifters. The bore is associated with steep isotherm displacements representing a significant fraction of D. Observations were used to estimate bore arrival time tB, thickness h, and bore and non-bore (ambient) temperature difference ΔT, leading to reduced gravity g′. Bore speeds c, estimated from mapped tB, varied from 0.25 m s−1 to 0.1 m s−1 from D = 50 m to D = 10 m. The h varied from 5 to 35 m, generally decreased with D, and varied regionally alongisobath. The bore ΔT varied from 0.75 to 2.15 °C. Bore evolution was interpreted from the perspective of a two-layer gravity current. Gravity current speeds U, estimated from the local bore h and g− compared well to observed bore speeds throughout its cross-shore propagation. Linear internal wave speeds based on various stratification estimates result in larger errors. On average bore thickness h = D/2, with regional variation, suggesting energy saturation. From 50–10 m depths, observed bore speeds compared well to saturated gravity current speeds and energetics that depend only on water depth and shelf-wide mean g′. This suggests that this internal bore is the internal wave analogue to a saturated surfzone surface gravity bore. Alongcoast variations in pre-bore stratification explain variations in bore properties. Near Pt. Sal, bore Doppler shifting by barotropic currents is observed.

Estimation of ballasting tractors 5-6 traction classes

To increase productivity in agricultural production, combined wide-grip machines are being created, aggregated with tractors of traction classes from 5 and higher. In addition, according to agrotechnical requirements, the pressure of the mover on the soil should be minimal, as well as the number of passes over the surface of the field. These contradictions can be solved by ballasting of tractors, which allows using engine power to increase tractive effort. Ballasting affects energy saturation. Increased energy saturation with appropriate ballasting makes it possible to compose machine-tractor units (MTU) according to a more accurate ratio of the tractor pulling force and the unit's pulling resistance. The most in demand in modern agriculture are tractors of 5-6 traction classes produced by domestic and foreign tractor-building plants with an internal combustion engine with a capacity of 220-320 kW and an operating weight of 115-150 kN. The article contains a two-way analysis of variance, which makes it possible to determine the greatest influence on the ballasting of a tractor. A diagram is constructed that gives an idea of which of the studied brands of tractors can be recommended for performing agricultural operations, taking into account ballasting and compliance with agrotechnical requirements. Keywords: TRACTOR, BALLASTING, ENERGY SATURATION, TWO-FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

EXCESSIVE ENERGY OF DETONATION NANODIAMONDS

Алмазы детонационного синтеза (ДНА) отличаются набором уникальных свойств, связанных с существенно неравновесными условиями их получения. Исследование их свойств продолжает оставаться актуальным в последние годы. Наноалмазы находят применение в полировальных составах, при модификации каучуков, резин, полимеров, металлов, создании новых композиционных материалов, в качестве добавок к топливу, адсорбентов и катализаторов, в биологии и в медицине. Интерес представляет энергетическая насыщенность наноалмазов. В данной работе проведено теоретическое и экспериментальное исследование избыточной энергии алмазов детонационного синтеза. Доказано, что ДНА обладают избыточной энергией по сравнению с природными и синтетическими алмазами. Рассмотрены возможные источники возникновения избыточной энергии. Исследованы образцы ДНА, полученные в различных условиях синтеза. На основе данных по термогравиметрическому анализу образцов ДНА представлены результаты анализа избыточной энергии образцов и ее зависимости от площади удельной поверхности частиц. Площадь удельной поверхности порошков получена методом БЭТ. Установлено, что чем больше поверхность частиц, тем больше тепла затрачено на её получение и выделилось при сжигании. Однако зависимость избыточной энергии от площади удельной поверхности частиц обратная. Экспериментально полученные нами величины плотности избыточной энергии на 1-2 порядка выше теоретически полученных значений для природных алмазов и для наноалмазов, что подтверждает наличие большой избыточной энергии ДНА. Такое свойство детонационных наноалмазов может найти применение в новых технологиях, в частности, при использовании наноалмазов в роли сорбентов. Detonation synthesis diamonds (DNDs) are distinguished by a set of unique properties associated with substantially nonequilibrium conditions for their production. The study of their properties continues to be relevant in recent years. Nanodiamonds are used in polishing compositions, in the modification of rubbers, polymers, metals, the creation of new composite materials, as additives to fuel, adsorbents and catalysts, in biology and medicine. The energy saturation of nanodiamonds is of interest. In this work, a theoretical and experimental study of the excessive energy of detonation synthesis diamonds is carried out. It has been proven that DNDs have excessive energy in comparison with natural and synthetic diamonds. Possible sources of excess energy are considered. Samples of DND obtained under various synthesis conditions have been investigated. Based on the data on thermogravimetric analysis of DND samples, the results of the analysis of the excessive energy of the samples and their dependence on the specific surface area of ​​the particles are presented. The specific surface area of ​​the powders was obtained by the BET method. It was found that the larger the surface of the particles, the more heat is spent on its production and released during combustion. However, the dependence of the excessive energy on the specific surface area of ​​the particles is inverse. The experimentally obtained values ​​of the excessive energy density are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than the theoretically obtained values ​​for natural diamonds and for nanodiamonds, which confirms the presence of a large excess excessive of DND. This property of detonation nanodiamonds can find application in new technologies, in particular, when nanodiamonds are used as sorbents.

Engine Power Required When Using a Tractor with a Technology Module

A shortage of class 2 and class 3 tractors was observed in peasant farms. As a solution to this problem, it was proposed to develop a technological module that would increase the versatility of class 1.4 tractors by transferring them to a higher traction class. (Research purpose) The authors aimed to substantiate the nominal operating power of the engine for a tractor with a technological module. (Materials and methods) To calculate the required power, the authors proposed a method that takes into account the design features of the modular construction of a machine-tractor unit. (Results and discussion) The authors showed that for a modular power unit with a 6K6 wheel arrangement, it is necessary to consider a number of additional factors having an impact on the accuracy of the calculation: firstly, the tractor’s traction and coupling properties depend on the number of driving axles; secondly, the wheel slippage along individual axes is not the same and occurs due to a constructively conditioned kinematic discrepancy in their drive; thirdly, the three-axle transmission efficiency can be determined only as a total indicator of three transmission branches, that is, to drive the tractor front and rear wheels and, separately, to drive the wheels of the technological module. The authors compared the required engine power when using a tractor with ballast and that with a technological module. (Conclusions) It was determined that in order to achieve the maximum traction force of adhesion on the hook when moving to the next higher traction class, it is necessary that the tractor, that the technological module is joint to, has the energy saturation of 2.00-2.41 kilowatts per kilonewton, which corresponds to traction and energy concept tractors whose engine power cannot be realized through traction. It was found that the power saturation of the tractor with the technological module will be equal to 1.59-1.65 kilowatts per kilonewton, which corresponds to the tractor of the traction concept and allows realizing the built-in engine power through traction.

Influence of silage prepared with biological preservatives on productivity of cows

Feed is one of the most important factors in increasing the productivity of animals. Providing livestock with high-quality bulky feed is the main task of feed production. One of the most important problems of modern agricultural production in the Udmurt Republic remains the increase in feed production, improvement of their quality and energy saturation. The purpose of the research was to increase the efficiency of milk production by using alfalfa and corn silage prepared with various biological preservatives in the rations of cows. Scientific and economic experiment has been carried out in JSC “Voskhod” in the Sharkansky district in the Udmurt Republic, a breeding farm of Kholmogorskaya breed of cattle. An important scientific and practical task to increase the productivity and improve the reproductive traits of cows due to silage from alfalfa and corn harvested using biological preservatives Laxil, Bioamide-3, Optima-Bio, containing various strains of lactic acid and propionic acid bacteria has been considered in the paper. Research has been conducted on the comparative study of the effectiveness of biological preservatives on the preservation of feed nutrients under the conditions of the Udmurt Republic. Their effect on milk productivity, quality and technological properties of milk has been studied. It has been found as a result of the conducted studies that the use of biological preservatives Laxil, Bioamide-3, Optima-Bio when silage making had a positive effect on the increase in milk productivity of cows during the increasing the milk yield period and for 305 days of lactation. Thus, the use of silage prepared with preservatives in rations increases the milk yield for 305 days of lactation by 5,6–7,6 %. When feeding silage with preservatives the profitability of milk production has been increased. The most effective preservative was Bioamide-3.

Analysis of the efficiency of using the machine and tractor fleet (on the example of agricultural enterprises of the Ryazan region)

The efficiency of the use of agricultural machinery is largely a determining factor in the efficiency of agricultural production in general. The analysis of the efficiency of using the machine and tractor fleet of agricultural enterprises should be comprehensive. It should be based on a set of such indicators, both quantitative and qualitative indicators, but for crop production, the construction of this system of indicators has its own specifics, due to the fact that in agriculture the working period and the production period do not coincide. When studying the economy of machine use, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of direct effect and efficiency, the measure of which is the ratio of operating costs and the volume of mechanized work required for these conditions. The efficiency analysis should be based on the indicators of the volume of mechanized work performed with the help of machines, aggregates, machine and tractor fleet per shift, day, period, year. In close connection with the productivity of machine operators and the level of use of equipment are such cost, generalizing indicators as the cost of mechanized work and the cost of production. The article evaluates the efficiency of using the machine and tractor fleet of agricultural enterprises in the Alexander Nevsky district of the Ryazan region, and analyzes the dynamics of crop energy saturation, showing its trends in 2015–2019. The analysis showed that in comparison with the level of 2015, the energy saturation of agriculture in the Ryazan region decreased by 7.6 %. Also, the energy supply of labor decreased by 7.8 %. High energy intensity leads to a reduction in the competitiveness of Russian food, which today is significantly inferior to Chinese, Polish, Israeli, and, in a number of sub-sectors of agriculture — Western European. In conditions of low attractiveness of agricultural production in the banking sector, the role of state support for the development of the material and technical base increases. The analysis of the directions of state support showed that the federal budget presupposes the use of indirect measures of state support (subsidizing the interest rate), and the regional budget combines direct measures (subsidies for the reimbursement of part of direct costs) and indirect regulation in the same proportion.

FIRE SAFETY OF OIL AND GASCOMPLEX FACILITIES IN UZBEKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS/Part 1/

A comprehensive analysis of the state of fire safety of the backbone, oil and gas industry of the republic is considered. Options for improving the technical support of individual, fire-and-explosion-hazardous industries in the industry and specialized training of specialists are offered.Keywords: fire safety, anti-terrorist security, energy saturation, system analysis, risks

Discreteness of the Earth's crust, energy consumption of blocks and seismicity of the European North of Russia

The article presents results of calculations of the coefficients of discreteness and energy consumption of megablocks, transblock zones and intersection nodes in the territory of the European North of Russia (the Baltic Shield and the North of the Russian Plate). Calculations of fault surface density and the crushing («blockiness») function are carried out. Analysis of the obtained parameters showed that seismically active zones and nodes of their intersection are characterized by high values of the studied parameters comparable to the values typical for the Arctic seismic belt. Thus, we can talk about the spatial connection of blocks with increased discreteness, energy saturation and surface density of the fault with the topografic position of earthquakes.

Hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary disks including irradiation of stellar photons

Context. In recent years hydrodynamical (HD) models have become important to describe the gas kinematics in protoplanetary disks, especially in combination with models of photoevaporation and/or magnetically driven winds. Our aim is to investigate how vertical shear instability (VSI) could influence the thermally driven winds on the surface of protoplanetary disks. Aims. In this first part of the project, we focus on diagnosing the conditions of the VSI at the highest numerical resolution ever recorded, and suggest at what resolution per scale height we obtain convergence. At the same time, we want to investigate the vertical extent of VSI activity. Finally, we determine the regions where extreme UV (EUV), far-UV (FUV), and X-ray photons are dominant in the disk. Methods. We perform global HD simulations using the PLUTO code. We adopt a global isothermal accretion disk setup, 2.5D (2 dimensions, 3 components) which covers a radial domain from 0.5 to 5.0 and an approximately full meridional extension. Our simulation runs cover a resolution from 12 to 203 cells per scale height. Results. We determine 50 cells per scale height to be the lower limit to resolve the VSI. For higher resolutions, ≥50 cells per scale height, we observe the convergence for the saturation level of the kinetic energy. We are also able to identify the growth of the “body” modes, with higher growth rate for higher resolution. Full energy saturation and a turbulent steady state is reached after 70 local orbits. We determine the location of the EUV heated region defined by Σr = 1019 cm−2 to be at HR ~ 9.7 and the FUV–X-ray heated boundary layer defined by Σr = 1022 cm−2 to be at HR ~ 6.2, making it necessary to introduce a hot atmosphere. For the first time we report the presence of small-scale vortices in the r − Z plane between the characteristic layers of large-scale vertical velocity motions. Such vortices could lead to dust concentration, promoting grain growth. Our results highlight the importance of combining photoevaporation processes in the future high-resolution studies of turbulence and accretion processes in disks.