Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

scholarly journals Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-417
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an essential element indispensable for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any living cell in the body. for humans iron is vitally important and dangerous at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with the formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive forms of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, which, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. This review discusses the issues of iron metabolism in humans, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. There are provided data on the causes, prevalence iron overload in the formation of free radicals, the development of oxidative stress and related common diseases, as well as information on ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. There are cited separate publications on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water at a level of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The materials of the review emphasize the preventive value of a cautious attitude to regulating iron in the water of the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic standard for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l, without inclusion in regulatory documents level of 1 mg/l as permissible.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-417
Author(s):  
Наталья Александровна Егорова ◽  
Н. В. Канатникова
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an essential element indispensable for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any living cell in the body. for humans iron is vitally important and dangerous at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with the formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive forms of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, which, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. This review discusses the issues of iron metabolism in humans, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. There are provided data on the causes, prevalence iron overload in the formation of free radicals, the development of oxidative stress and related common diseases, as well as information on ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. There are cited separate publications on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water at a level of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The materials of the review emphasize the preventive value of a cautious attitude to regulating iron in the water of the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic standard for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l, without inclusion in regulatory documents level of 1 mg/l as permissible.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IRON IN DRINKING WATER ON THE MORBIDITY RATE IN THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF OREL

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1049-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
The City

The population of the city of Orеl consumes drinking underground water of Zadonsko-Optuhovsky and Voronezh-Livny aquifers with natural iron content, annual mean levels of which over the observation period from 2007 to 2015 exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (0.3 mg/l) by 1.03 to 1.43 times, with a maximum of 3.67 to 17.7 times. Although an elevated iron content in drinking water has been considered primarily in terms of organoleptic changes, several sanitary studies of recent years have revealed the prolonged use of water containing iron in concentrations, which exceed the maximum allowable ones, to scale up overall morbidity as well as the development of blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, musculoskeletal problems, digestive, urogenital system and allergic disorders. There are many reports concerning causes and the harm to human organism due to iron overload, and largely explanation of the possibility of developing the above types of pathology. The purpose of the study is to identify relationships between levels of total iron content in drinking water and the morbidity rate of the population of the city of Orel. Investigations were executed with the use a correlation analysis. For the period from 2007 to 2015, there were revealed direct correlation relationships between the annual average concentrations of iron in drinking water and the total morbidity rate of children and adults as well as 11 types of non-infectious pathologies, including diseases of the respiratory and urogenital system, atopic dermatitis, reactive arthropathies and eczema in children; diseases of blood and blood-forming organs, reactive arthropathies, gastritis and duodenitis in adolescents, stenocardia, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, duodenitis and liver diseases in adults. The correlation coefficients amounted to from 0.66 to 0.86, with an accuracy of 0.01-0.05. These relationships may be causal in nature, as it was proved by similar results obtained in the Tula region, Primorsky Krai, and Sverdlovsk region where the population uses ground water with a high iron content. Apparently, it should be more careful in the assessment of the elevated iron content in drinking water from a hygienic viewpoint and must focus, among other things, on its possible causal relations with the morbidity rates of the population, rather than scrutinizing primarily its impact on the organoleptic water properties.

Quercetin protects rat hepatocytes from oxidative damage induced by ethanol and iron by maintaining intercellular liable iron pool

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Li ◽  
Y Deng ◽  
Y Tang ◽  
H Yu ◽  
C Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Redox Status ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Labile Iron Pool ◽  
Iron Pool ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Accumulating evidence has shown that ethanol-induced iron overload plays a crucial role in the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease. We designed the present study to investigate the potential protective effect of quercetin, a naturally occurring iron-chelating antioxidant on alcoholic iron overload and oxidative stress. Ethanol-incubated (100 mmol/L) rat primary hepatocytes were co-treated by quercetin (100 µmol/L) and different dose of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) for 24 h. When the hepatic enzyme releases in the culture medium, redox status of hepatocytes and the intercellular labile iron pool (LIP) level were assayed. Our data showed that Fe-NTA dose dependently induced cellular leakage of aspartate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione depletion, superoxide dismutase inactivation, and overproduction of malondialdehyde) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of intact and especially ethanol-incubated hepatocytes. The oxidative damage resulted from ethanol, Fe-NTA, and especially their combined treatment was substantially alleviated by quercetin, accompanying the corresponding normalization of intercellular LIP level. Iron in excess, thus, may aggravate ethanol hepatotoxicity through Fenton-active LIP, and quercetin attenuated ethanol-induced iron and oxidative stress. To maintain intercellular LIP contributes to the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin besides its direct ROS-quenching activity.

Functional Validation and Clinical Significance Of a Newly Established Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron (NTBI) Assay System Utilizing Conventional Automated Analyzer

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 960-960
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Katsuya Ikuta ◽  
Lynda Addo ◽  
Mayumi Hatayama ◽  
Yasumichi Toki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Overload ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Serum Ferritin ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
The Body ◽  
Assay System ◽  
Positive Group ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Medical University

Abstract Introduction Iron is an essential metal in the body. However, iron overload is toxic, as excess ‘free’ reactive iron produces damaging free radicals which can lead to cellular and organ damage. Iron homeostasis is therefore tightly regulated. However, when iron balance collapses (as in prolonged transfusion), transferrin (Tf) becomes fully saturated and non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI) appears in serum. NTBI levels are increased in various iron overload states, and decreased after treatment with iron chelators (example deferasirox) in thalassemia and hemochromatosis, and is therefore important in evaluating and monitoring iron toxicity risks. Although several NTBI measurement methods have been reported, they are extremely complicated and low in sensitivity, thus very few laboratories can quantify NTBI. Consequently, NTBI research has not progressed significantly to date. We previously established a novel assay system utilizing automated analyzers (used widely in clinical laboratories for diagnostic testing), which we presented at ASH 2012 poster session. Using this assay, we sought to measure NTBI in iron overloaded animals, healthy volunteers and patients’ sera. Methods Data was analyzed using the HITACHI 7700 auto analyzer. Human serum was obtained from 41 healthy volunteers (16 males, 25 females) and 118 patients (61 males, 57 females) receiving treatment at the Asahikawa Medical University Hospital. Average age of healthy volunteers was 34.4 years and 60.6 years in patients. The primary diagnosis in patients included malignant lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, multiple myeloma and others. Patient data, including hemoglobin, biochemical markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), serum iron (sFe), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) and serum ferritin were obtained from the patients’ records or determined for the healthy volunteers. Mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline solution or iron-dextran (Fe 1 mg/day or Fe 10 mg/day) for 5 days, after which serum was collected. Rats received intravenous injections of physiological saline or iron sucrose. Serum was collected after 1, 3 and 6 hours iron injection. Informed consent was obtained from all study subjects, and study protocol and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethical and Animal Experiments Committee of Asahikawa Medical University and Hospital. Statistical analysis was done using Mann-Whitney U-test and Student paired t-test. Results and Conclusion Median NTBI in healthy volunteers was 0.45 μM; no statistical difference was found between the sexes. Median NTBI in the patient group was 0.38 mM, a slight decrease to that of the healthy volunteers (statistical significance p=0.0144). In transferin saturation (TSAT) and NTBI measurement in the patients, NTBI increased markedly as TSAT reached over 80%. A slightly positive correlation was found between sFe and NTBI, but no significant correlation was observed between serum ferritin and NTBI. CRP>0.3 mg/dL is a positive indicator of inflammation, so median NTBI was compared with CRP-positive and -negative groups; NTBI decreased significantly in the CRP-positive group (p<0.05). On the other hand, median serum ferritin significantly increased in the CRP-positive group (p<0.05). This data shows NTBI is an unmistakably unique marker of iron metabolism unlike serum ferritin. This characteristic of NTBI may be helpful in overcoming problems with serum ferritin use as a marker of iron metabolism (serum ferritin is affected by inflammation), and provide additional information that directly reflects changes in iron metabolism, even in inflammatory states. Compared to the control group, a statistically significant increase in NTBI was observed in the Fe 10 mg/day mice group. After intravenous iron administration in the rats, NTBI was 0.16±0.04 μM at pre-treatment, and rapidly increased to 2.78±0.62 μM after 1 hour iron injection; this increase decreased over time, indicating that NTBI can be used not only as a marker to evaluate iron overload but also to precisely monitor dynamic changes in iron in serum. Our novel system revealed new findings and it indicates that this system must be useful for studying the physiological and clinical importance of NTBI. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Inflammatory and oxidative status in European captive black rhinoceroses: a link with Iron Overload Disorder?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanae Pouillevet ◽  
Nicolas Soetart ◽  
Delphine Boucher ◽  
Rudy Wedlarski ◽  
Laetitia Jaillardon
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Oxidative Markers ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

AbstractIron Overload Disorder (IOD) is a syndrome developed by captive browsing rhinoceroses like black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) in which hemosiderosis settles in vital organs while free iron accumulates in the body, potentially predisposing to various secondary diseases. Captive grazing species like white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum) do not seem to be affected. The pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory properties of iron, associated with the poor antioxidant capacities of black rhinoceroses, could enhance high levels of inflammation and oxidative stress leading to rapid ageing and promoting diseases. In this prospective study, 15 black (BR) and 29 white rhinoceroses (WR) originating from 22 European zoos were blood-sampled and compared for their iron status (serum iron), liver/muscle biochemical parameters (AST, GGT, cholesterol), inflammatory status (total proteins, protein electrophoresis) and oxidative stress markers (SOD, GPX, dROMs). Results showed higher serum iron and liver enzyme levels in black rhinoceroses (P<0.01), as well as higher GPX (P<0.05) and dROM (P<0.01) levels. The albumin/globulin ratio was lower in black rhinoceroses (P<0.05) due to higher α2-globulin levels (P<0.001). The present study suggests a higher inflammatory and oxidative profile in captive BR than in WR, possibly in relation to iron status. This could be either a consequence or a cause of iron accumulation, potentially explaining rapid ageing and various diseases. Further investigations are needed to assess the prognostic value of the inflammatory and oxidative markers in captive black rhinoceroses, particularly for evaluating the impact of reduced-iron and antioxidant-supplemented diets.

Circulating messenger for neuroprotection induced by molecular hydrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 909-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Noda ◽  
Yuya Uemura ◽  
Yusuke Yoshii ◽  
Taichi Horita ◽  
Shota Takemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue

Molecular hydrogen (H2) showed protection against various kinds of oxidative-stress-related diseases. First, it was reported that the mechanism of therapeutic effects of H2was antioxidative effect due to inhibition of the most cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, hydroxy radical (•OH). However, after chronic administration of H2in drinking water, oxidative-stress-induced nerve injury is significantly attenuated even in the absence of H2. It suggests indirect signaling of H2and gastrointestinal tract is involved. Indirect effects of H2could be tested by giving H2water only before nerve injury, as preconditioning. For example, preconditioning of H2for certain a period (∼7 days) in Parkinson’s disease model mice shows significant neuroprotection. As the mechanism of indirect effect, H2in drinking water induces ghrelin production and release from the stomach via β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Released ghrelin circulates in the body, being transported across the blood–brain barrier, activates its receptor, growth-hormone secretagogue receptor. H2-induced upregulation of ghrelin mRNA is also shown in ghrelin-producing cell line, SG-1. These observations help with understanding the chronic effects of H2and raise intriguing preventive and therapeutic options using H2.

scholarly journals Labile iron pool as a parameter to monitor iron overload and oxidative stress status in β-thalassemic erythrocytes

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boonyanuch Chutvanichkul ◽  
Phantip Vattanaviboon ◽  
Sumana Mas-oodi ◽  
Yaowalak U-pratya ◽  
Wanchai Wanachiwanawin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Labile Iron Pool ◽  
Oxidative Stress Status ◽  
Labile Iron ◽  
Iron Pool ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture Preconditioning Reduces Oxidative Stress in the Acute Phase of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion in Rats by Regulating Iron Metabolism Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Runyu Liang ◽  
Qiang Tang ◽  
Wenjing Song ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Lili Teng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia And Reperfusion

Background. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ferroptosis caused by iron overload after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion is considered a common cause of oxidative stress. Many recent studies have shown that electroacupuncture (EA) can regulate the expression of inflammatory factors, and the use of electroacupuncture preconditioning can produce a protective effect, which can reduce injury after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We aimed to assess whether EA could be used to reduce oxidative stress. Methods. The oxidative stress level of rats during the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion was assessed with and without preconditioning with EA. Molecular biology methods were used to detect iron metabolism and oxidative stress-related proteins. Results. Rats that had EA preconditioning had lower infarct volumes than rats in the control group. Furthermore, western blot analysis showed that the expression of iron metabolism-related protein FPN-1 was higher in the intervention group than in the model group after reperfusion. In this regard, further investigation also demonstrated higher expression of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase-4, and lower reactive oxygen species values in the brain tissue of the EA group were compared with those of the control group rats. Conclusions. Electroacupuncture preconditioning can reduce oxidative stress after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by regulating iron overload.

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