Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-417
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an essential element indispensable for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any living cell in the body. for humans iron is vitally important and dangerous at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with the formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive forms of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, which, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. This review discusses the issues of iron metabolism in humans, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. There are provided data on the causes, prevalence iron overload in the formation of free radicals, the development of oxidative stress and related common diseases, as well as information on ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. There are cited separate publications on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water at a level of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The materials of the review emphasize the preventive value of a cautious attitude to regulating iron in the water of the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic standard for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l, without inclusion in regulatory documents level of 1 mg/l as permissible.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-417
Author(s):  
Наталья Александровна Егорова ◽  
Н. В. Канатникова
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an essential element indispensable for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any living cell in the body. for humans iron is vitally important and dangerous at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with the formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive forms of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, which, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. This review discusses the issues of iron metabolism in humans, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. There are provided data on the causes, prevalence iron overload in the formation of free radicals, the development of oxidative stress and related common diseases, as well as information on ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. There are cited separate publications on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water at a level of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The materials of the review emphasize the preventive value of a cautious attitude to regulating iron in the water of the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic standard for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l, without inclusion in regulatory documents level of 1 mg/l as permissible.

Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

scholarly journals Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and Setting its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 504-508
Author(s):  
Natalija A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Overload ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Labile Iron Pool

Iron is an assential element for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any cell in the body. Iron is virtually important for human and danger at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive form of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, with, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. Part 1 of this review discussed the issues of iron metabolism in human, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. Data are provided on the causes, frequency and significance of iron overload in the formation of free radicals and the development of oxidative stress. Part 2 of the review provides information on diseases associated with iron overload as well as information on ferroptosis - a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of the diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. Separate publications are cited on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The material of the review emphasizes the preventive significance of caution attitude to regulating iron in the water in the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic limit for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF IRON IN DRINKING WATER ON THE MORBIDITY RATE IN THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF OREL

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1049-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Egorova ◽  
N. V. Kanatnikova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Morbidity Rate ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
The City

The population of the city of Orеl consumes drinking underground water of Zadonsko-Optuhovsky and Voronezh-Livny aquifers with natural iron content, annual mean levels of which over the observation period from 2007 to 2015 exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (0.3 mg/l) by 1.03 to 1.43 times, with a maximum of 3.67 to 17.7 times. Although an elevated iron content in drinking water has been considered primarily in terms of organoleptic changes, several sanitary studies of recent years have revealed the prolonged use of water containing iron in concentrations, which exceed the maximum allowable ones, to scale up overall morbidity as well as the development of blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, musculoskeletal problems, digestive, urogenital system and allergic disorders. There are many reports concerning causes and the harm to human organism due to iron overload, and largely explanation of the possibility of developing the above types of pathology. The purpose of the study is to identify relationships between levels of total iron content in drinking water and the morbidity rate of the population of the city of Orel. Investigations were executed with the use a correlation analysis. For the period from 2007 to 2015, there were revealed direct correlation relationships between the annual average concentrations of iron in drinking water and the total morbidity rate of children and adults as well as 11 types of non-infectious pathologies, including diseases of the respiratory and urogenital system, atopic dermatitis, reactive arthropathies and eczema in children; diseases of blood and blood-forming organs, reactive arthropathies, gastritis and duodenitis in adolescents, stenocardia, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, duodenitis and liver diseases in adults. The correlation coefficients amounted to from 0.66 to 0.86, with an accuracy of 0.01-0.05. These relationships may be causal in nature, as it was proved by similar results obtained in the Tula region, Primorsky Krai, and Sverdlovsk region where the population uses ground water with a high iron content. Apparently, it should be more careful in the assessment of the elevated iron content in drinking water from a hygienic viewpoint and must focus, among other things, on its possible causal relations with the morbidity rates of the population, rather than scrutinizing primarily its impact on the organoleptic water properties.

scholarly journals Transferrin Receptor 1-Associated Iron Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Provides a Way for Grass Carp to Fight against Reovirus Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanyuan Wan ◽  
Zhiwei Liao ◽  
Youliang Rao ◽  
Chunrong Yang ◽  
Jianfei Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Grass Carp ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Transferrin Receptor 1

Iron is an essential element, closely linked with host immune responses. Nevertheless, the relationship between iron metabolism and virus infection is still unclear in aquatic vertebrates. To address this issue, we employed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and its lethal virus, grass carp reovirus (GCRV), a double-strand RNA virus, as models. Our results demonstrate that GCRV infection increases the iron content and alters the expression of iron metabolism-related genes both in vivo and in vitro. Of note, the expression of C. idella transferrin receptor 1 (CiTfR1) rather than transferrin is upregulated upon GCRV infection. To clarify the implications of CiTfR1 upregulation for antiviral immunity, we proved that CiTfR1 was not a helper for GCRV invasion, but instead, it inhibited GCRV infection and promoted cell proliferation by facilitating the accumulation of intracellular labile iron pool (LIP), which increases intracellular oxidative stress. Interestingly, we found that CiTfR1 overexpression inhibited the mRNA expression of C. idella interferon 1 (CiIFN1) and CiIFN3. The present study reveals a novel antiviral defense mechanism in teleost where TfR1 induces the accumulation of LIP, leading to the suppression of virus infection and the proliferation of host cells, indicating that iron can be used as a medicated feed additive for the control of animal viral disease.

Circulating messenger for neuroprotection induced by molecular hydrogen

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 909-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Noda ◽  
Yuya Uemura ◽  
Yusuke Yoshii ◽  
Taichi Horita ◽  
Shota Takemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue

Molecular hydrogen (H2) showed protection against various kinds of oxidative-stress-related diseases. First, it was reported that the mechanism of therapeutic effects of H2was antioxidative effect due to inhibition of the most cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, hydroxy radical (•OH). However, after chronic administration of H2in drinking water, oxidative-stress-induced nerve injury is significantly attenuated even in the absence of H2. It suggests indirect signaling of H2and gastrointestinal tract is involved. Indirect effects of H2could be tested by giving H2water only before nerve injury, as preconditioning. For example, preconditioning of H2for certain a period (∼7 days) in Parkinson’s disease model mice shows significant neuroprotection. As the mechanism of indirect effect, H2in drinking water induces ghrelin production and release from the stomach via β1-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Released ghrelin circulates in the body, being transported across the blood–brain barrier, activates its receptor, growth-hormone secretagogue receptor. H2-induced upregulation of ghrelin mRNA is also shown in ghrelin-producing cell line, SG-1. These observations help with understanding the chronic effects of H2and raise intriguing preventive and therapeutic options using H2.

Transferrin receptor 2 is emerging as a major player in the control of iron metabolism

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Calzolari ◽  
Isabella Oliviero ◽  
Ugo Testa
Keyword(s):  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Hereditary Hemochromatosis ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Type 3

AbstractOur knowledge of mammalian iron metabolism has advanced dramatically over recent years. Iron is an essential element for virtually all living organisms. Its intestinal absorption and accurate cellular regulation is strictly required to ensure the coordinated synthesis of the numerous iron-containing proteins involved in key metabolic processes, while avoiding the uptake of excess iron that can lead to organ damage. A range of different proteins exist to ensure this fine control within the various tissues of the body. Among these proteins, transferrin receptor (TFR2) seems to play a key role in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Disabling mutations in TFR2 are responsible for type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis (Type 3 HH). This review describes the biological properties of this membrane receptor, with a particular emphasis paid to the structure, function and cellular localization. Although much information has been garnered on TFR2, further efforts are needed to elucidate its function in the context of the iron regulatory network.

IRON METABOLISM AND INDICATORS REFLECTING ITS CHANGES IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
E. A. Borodulina ◽  
E. V. Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
Iron Pool

Iron is an essential element for human and bacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis. Over review includesthe literature on the problem of iron metabolism in patients with tuberculosis and with comorbid pathology HIV infection and tuberculosis. The literature was searched for when writing this review using the RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed databases using the following keywords: iron, ferritin, hepsidin, lactoferrin, tuberculosis, pneumonia, HIV infection. Iron compounds are involved in many redox reactions: oxygen transport, cellular respiration, the trichloroacetic acid cycle, DNA biosynthesis, and others. The ratio of intracellular and extracellular iron in the body is regulated by the low molecular weight hormone hepcidin, the mechanism of action of which is to block the function of ferroportin, an exporter of iron from cells, which leads to the accumulation of the intracellular iron pool and the prevention of the toxic effect of free iron. The role of iron in the interaction of the human body with ferro-dependent bacteria has been established. Iron is necessary for the growth and development of bacterial cells, and the methods for its production from the host are different. Information on the effect of iron metabolism on pulmonary tuberculosis is scarce and contradictory: some authors have identified a decrease in hemoglobin and transferrin in combination with elevated levels of ferritin in patients with tuberculosis; according to other sources, hyperferritinemia in tuberculosis cannot be predictive, but is a marker inflammation. At the same time, there are studies that indicate a significant increase in ferritin in patients with disseminated tuberculosis relative to other clinical forms. Currently, the incidence of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection is increasing, while diagnostic tests are not very informative. The search for diagnostic markers in terms of iron metabolism may open up new possibilities for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Great Increase of Numbers of Virus Particles by Irradiating C3H Mouse Mammary Tumors Transplanted into Male Mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
P. J. Melnick ◽  
J. W. Cha ◽  
E. Samouhos
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mouse Mammary Tumors ◽  
Transplantable Tumors ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Cobalt Radiation ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Spontaneous mammary tumors in females of a high tumor strain of C3H mice were cut into small fragments that were Implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the back of males of the same strain, where they grew as transplantable tumors. When about Cm. In diameter daily fractional radiation was begun, applied to the tumors, the rest of the body being shielded by a lead shield. Two groups were treated with 150 and 200 r X-ray dally, of half value layer 0.6mm. copper; a third group was treated with 500 r cobalt radiation dally. The primary purpose was to examine the enzyme changes during radiation, with histochemlcal technics.

Effect of Turmeric and Ginger on Lipid Profile in Male Rats Exposed to Oxidative Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman A. Al-Rekabi ◽  
Dheyaa K. Alomer ◽  
Rana Talib Al-Muswie ◽  
Khalid G. Al-Fartosi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Very Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of turmeric and ginger on lipid profile of male rats exposed to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide H2O2 at a concentration of 1% given with consumed drinking water to male rats. Methods: 200 mg/kg from turmeric and ginger were used, and the animals were treatment for 30 days. Results: the results showed a significant increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), whereas it explained a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) of male rats exposed to oxidative stress when compared with control group. the results showed a significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, (LDL), (VLDL), whereas it explained a significant increase in (HDL) of rats treated with turmeric and ginger at dose 200 mg/kg when compared with male rats exposed to oxidative stress.

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