scholarly journals Challenging Definitions of Psychological Trauma: Connecting Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-16
Author(s):  
Kevin L. Nadal ◽  
Tanya Erazo ◽  
Rukiya King
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Racial Trauma ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

While previous studies have found significant relationships between racial microagressions, depression, and anxiety, few studies have examined the effects of racial microaggressions on traumatic stress. Furthermore, although trauma has been traditionally conceptualized as psychophysiological reactions to life-threatening events, the notion of racial trauma has been excluded, despite resulting in similar symptomatology. The current study utilized a correlational, cross-sectional design with a racially diverse sample of people of color (N=254) to investigate the relationships between racial microaggressions, racially- or culturally-related trauma, and trauma symptoms. Using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, results indicated that a greater frequency of racial microaggressions was significantly associated with greater traumatic stress symptoms, and that school or workplace microaggressions were the type of microaggression that was most associated with traumatic symptoms. Implications are discussed, including the need for counselors, psychologists, and helping professionals to consider racial microaggressions as traumatic events while using culturally-informed trauma-focused methods to normalize and empower people of color.

scholarly journals Secondary traumatic stress in Norwegian SUD-therapists: Symptoms and related factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayna B Johansen ◽  
Eva Kristiansen ◽  
Ingerid Bjelland ◽  
Shedeh Tavakoli
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Secondary Traumatic Stress ◽  
Secondary Trauma ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Leader Support ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

This study examined the prevalence of secondary traumatic stress (STS) among substance-abuse therapists in relation to burnout, work-related stressors, as well as peer and leader support. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design examining 383 Norwegian substance-abuse therapists. Electronic surveys were distributed to practitioners in Norway via email and social media. Results: A total 22% of the respondents reported experience of secondary trauma, with the most frequently reported symptoms being flashbacks (13%) and intrusive thoughts (13%). More than 72% of therapists had also been exposed to patient direct threats. Female therapists estimated the level of trauma among their patients as higher than did male therapists. Male therapists (32%) were more likely to report secondary trauma than females (19%). Conclusions: The findings indicate a high prevalence of trauma symptoms in substance-abuse therapists, and suggest increased focus on the role of patient direct threats when treating patients with substance-abuse disorder. The study also highlights the need for research that examines variables that interact with gender in predicting STS in therapists treating substance abuse, as well as trauma.

scholarly journals Increases in Psychological Flexibility Mediate Relationship Between Acute Psychedelic Effects and Decreases in Racial Trauma Symptoms Among People of Color

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 247054702110356
Author(s):  
Alan K. Davis ◽  
Yitong Xin ◽  
Nathan D. Sepeda ◽  
Albert Garcia-Romeu ◽  
Monnica T. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Psychological Flexibility ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Racial Trauma

Background Previous research showed acute psychedelic effects were associated with decreases in racial trauma (RT) symptoms among black, indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Among samples comprised primarily of white participants, positive outcomes of psychedelic experiences have been mediated by increases in psychological flexibility. Therefore, we examined whether changes in psychological flexibility from before to after a psychedelic experience mediated the relationship between acute psychedelic effects and changes in RT symptoms among BIPOC. Methods This cross-sectional online survey study included 313 BIPOC (mean age = 33.1; SD = 11.2; female = 57%). A multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between acute psychedelic effects and decreases in RT symptoms in a nonclinical setting; a path analysis was used to explore whether changes in psychological flexibility mediated this relationship. Results Acute insight and challenging effects were significantly ( p < .001) associated with decreases in RT symptoms following a psychedelic experience. Increases in psychological flexibility partially mediated relationships between greater intensity of psychological insight and less intensity of challenging experiences and decreases in RT symptoms ( ps<.001). Conclusion This research suggests psychedelics confer potential benefits in decreasing RT symptoms among BIPOC and psychological flexibility may be an important mediator of these effects. Future research should test this hypothesis in a longitudinal clinical trial among BIPOC.

Association Between Structural Determinants of Health and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Mahmoodi ◽  
Kian Javadi Koshesh ◽  
Ghaffar Almasi ◽  
Safura Pournajaf ◽  
Hadith Rastad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
P Value ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic

Background: Psychological problems, such as post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), are among the most important complications associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in people. Studying the social determinants of health (SDH) and its impact on the populations during the crisis will help governments deal better with health emergencies so that every person can have an equal opportunity to stay healthy. Objective: To determine what factors affect PTSS, we conducted a study to investigate the association between structural determinants of health and PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 370 people referred to a selected laboratory between June and July 2020 in Karaj province, Iran. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 8-item inventory was used to evaluate the PTSS and its subscales, including intrusion, avoidance, and hypervigilance in the participants. Results: Overall, 51.2% of participants were male, and 17.3% were positive for the IgM or IgG COVID-19 test. The most common symptoms in these patients were weakness, myalgia, cough, anosmia, and fever. The prevalence of total PTSS, intrusion, avoidance, and hypervigilance symptoms were 7.1%, 25.7%, 41.6%, and 16.2%, respectively. In univariable regression analysis, female gender (p-value=0.01, 95%CI (2.25-0.31)), un-employment (p-value=0.011, 95%CI (0.37-2.81)), having symptoms of COVID-19 disease (p-value=0.000, 95%CI (.82-2.75)), underlying chronic disease, were directly associated with PTSS. Conclusion: Results showed that sex and occupation as structural determinants of health could affect PTSS in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, in the multivariable model, having symptoms of the COVID-19 disease and underlying disease affected PTSS.

scholarly journals Uncharted Waters: Treating Trauma Symptoms in the Context of Early Psychosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folk ◽  
Tully ◽  
Blacker ◽  
Liles ◽  
Bolden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Specialty Care ◽  
Early Psychosis ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Post Traumatic

Psychosis is conceptualized in a neurodevelopmental vulnerability-stress framework, and childhood trauma is one environmental factor that can lead to psychotic symptoms and the development of psychotic disorders. Higher rates of trauma are associated with higher psychosis risk and greater symptom frequency and severity, resulting in increased hospitalization rates and demand on outpatient primary care and mental health services. Despite an estimated 70% of individuals in the early stages of psychosis reporting a history of experiencing traumatic events, trauma effects (post-traumatic anxiety or depressive symptoms) are often overlooked in psychosis treatment and current interventions typically do not target commonly comorbid post-traumatic stress symptoms. We presented a protocol for Trauma-Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Psychosis (TI-CBTp), an approach to treating post-traumatic stress symptoms in the context of early psychosis care. We provided a brief summary of TI-CBTp as implemented in the context of Coordinated Specialty Care and presented preliminary data supporting the use of TI-CBTp in early psychosis care. The preliminary results suggest that individuals with comorbid psychosis and post-traumatic stress symptoms can be appropriately and safely treated using TI-CBTp within Coordinated Specialty Care.

Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Black Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahvia Taiyib Moody ◽  
Jioni A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Racial Socialization ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Racial Microaggressions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gendered Racism ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Survey Results

We investigated the relations between gendered racial microaggressions (i.e., subtle gendered racism), gendered racial socialization, and traumatic stress symptoms among Black women. We hypothesized that gendered racial microaggressions would be significantly associated with traumatic stress symptoms and that gendered racial socialization would moderate the relations between gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms. Participants were 226 Black women from across the United States who completed an online survey. Results from a hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that a greater frequency of gendered racial microaggressions was significantly associated with greater traumatic stress symptoms; internalized gendered racial oppression moderated the relations between gendered racial microaggressions and traumatic stress symptoms. The results of this study can inform future research on Black women’s experiences of gendered racism and the role of gendered racial socialization in their lives. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

scholarly journals On-Screen Exposure to Battlefield Sights and Psychological Symptoms Among RPA Operators

2020 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Distress Symptoms ◽  
Career Service ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Abstract Background: On-screen exposure to battlefield sights can be stressful. This study aimed to investigate the link between exposure to distressing battlefield events involving severe injuries and fatalities and distress symptoms. Method: A cross-sectional design study based on self-report questionnaires. The questionnaires included: State-anxiety inventory (STAI), Depression (BDI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PCL-5); and Burnout (MBI). Results: The participants were 126 Israeli operators of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), 91.3% male, 49.2% aged 18-25. Percentage of exposure to distressing sights was 34.7% (n = 42). The rate of intrusive PTSD symptoms was higher in the group that had been exposed to distressing sights than in the other group (p = .019). Burnout, depressive, and anxiety symptoms appeared in younger operators. The GLM model for predicting post-trauma symptoms (PTSS), depression, anxiety and burnout, revealed that older individuals who had been in career service for over five years were at higher risk of PTSS. Conclusions: Younger RPA’s are more vulnerable to anxiety, depression, and burnout symptoms, which seem to originate from their younger age and military inexperience rather than from distressing sights. Exposure to distressing sights is related to PTSD-intrusive symptoms that characterize the older RPA operators who have been exposed to a larger number of distressing sights being older and having served for a longer period. Limitations: The relatively modest sample size may have limited reaching statistically significant differences in the variables.

scholarly journals PSYCHOSPIRITUAL, STRESS, AND COPING STRATEGY OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENT: A LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-369
Author(s):  
Suhendra Agung Wibowo ◽  
Muhammad Amin ◽  
Laily Hidayati
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Stress And Coping ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Stress Symptoms ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Coping

Background: Tuberculosis can cause psychological disorders in a person. Spiritual approaches can be used to improve coping strategies to suppress stress symptoms that arise. Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe the psychospiritual conditions, stress and coping strategies that occur in patients with tuberculosis. Design: The research design uses systematic review based on PRISMA checklist. Data Sources: Using three databases; Scopus, Science Direct and EBSCO. The search was conducted from January to March 2021. The keyword “tuberculosis” OR “pulmonary TB’ OR “psychology” OR “spiritual” OR “stress” OR “coping strategy” was used in this systematic review with journal articles, 2016-2021 publication years and English as searching limitation. Review Methods: JBI Critical Appraisal Tool used to assess the quality of the articles and PRISMA checklist used as a guideline to filter articles. Results: 10 articles were obtained according to the inclusion criteria. The results of the analysis showed 7 articles using a cross sectional design, 2 quasi-experimental, and 1 qualitative study. The number of samples with a cross-sectional design ranged from 45 to 1,342, while articles with a quasi-experimental, qualitative and comparative study design had 32, 15 and 78 patients with pulmonary TB as respondents. Almost all of the psychological conditions in pulmonary TB patients experience stress and coping disorders. The results of the analysis show that spirituality can be used to improve the coping strategies used so as to suppress the stress symptoms that arise. Conclusion: Psychospiritual strategies can be used as a way to improve the coping of TB sufferers and reduce the stress they experience.

scholarly journals Knowledge Regarding Care of Low Birth Neonates among Nurses of Morang, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
Anuja Kachapati ◽  
Kavita Lamichhane ◽  
Sangam Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Low Birth Weight Babies ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
High Level

INTRODUCTION Babies born preterm or at low birth weight are at increased risk of immediate life-threatening health problems as well as long-term complications and developmental delays. The occurrence of this condition causes substantial morbidity and mortality in children. The nurses are the key persons to provide care for the low birth weight neonates. The role of nurses to assess the low birth weight babies and to protect them from various complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS  A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to find out the level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates among 60 registered nurses of Nepal (staff nurses and bachelor nurses) by using enumerative technique in Koshi Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal. Semi-structured, pre-tested interview schedule was used to collect data and analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistic with SPSS version 16. RESULTS The study findings revealed that 63.3% of the respondents had high level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. There was no statistically significant association between respondents' professional qualification and respondents' level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. CONCLUSION The study concluded that more than half of the respondents had high level of knowledge regarding care of low birth weight neonates. Nurse is an important primary care provider and therefore, her education and access to information on care of low birth weight new born will help her provide adequate care and prevent complications in low birth weight babies.  

scholarly journals Compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction among psychologists: Can supervision and a reflective stance be of help?

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikaela Dehlin ◽  
Lars-Gunnar Lundh
Keyword(s):  
Compassion Fatigue ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Compassion Satisfaction ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

The pleasure derived from helping others is referred to as compassion satisfaction (CS). When a psychologist feels a too heavy demand to be compassionate and effective in helping, however, this may result in compassion fatigue (CF). CF may take the form of burnout or secondary traumatic stress (STS). The present paper focuses on two factors that may possibly protect against the development of CF, and facilitate the development of CS: (1) access to supervision and (2) a reflective stance. An online survey was distributed to two closed Swedish Facebook groups of psychologists, and complete data were obtained from 374 psychologists (320 women and 63 men). Both variable-oriented and person-oriented analyses were carried out. Correlational analysis showed that both supervision and reflection was associated with more CS, whereas only supervision but not reflection was significantly associated with less CF. Cluster analysis gave a more nuanced picture, suggesting a non-linear and multi-faceted association between reflection and CF. Some clusters of psychologists showed the expected association between level of reflection and level of CF. This was balanced, however, by other clusters that showed an association in the opposite direction, indicating high levels of reflection in clinicians with high levels of CF, and low levels in clinicians with low levels of CF. The results are discussed in terms of these differences in associative patterns possibly being due to different patient populations being involved. Among the limitations of the present study are its cross-sectional design, absence of data on patient characteristics, and a crude measure of supervision and reflection. Keywords: Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, supervision, reflective stance

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