Enzymatic Activity of Prototheca zopfii Strains Isolated from Cows with Mastitis

Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. can be a disease of high significance because of economic losses and the potential risk to public health. The aim of our study was to evaluate enzymatic activity of Prototheca zopfii. For this study, we used 15 P. zopfii strains previously isolated from cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis in Poland. We determined enzymatic profile of Prototheca species using the API ZYM system. Of the enzymatic activities detected during the study, acid phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, naphthol-as-bi-phosphohydrolase, esterase, lipase esterase, valine arylamidase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipase C14 were found in high percentage of strains.

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The effect of different copper doses and organic fertilisation on soil’s enzymatic activity

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/671/2019-pse ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Beata Kuziemska ◽

Andrzej Wysokiński ◽

Joanna Trębicka

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Test Plant ◽

Orchard Grass ◽

Organic Fertilisation

A three-year pot experiment carried out in the vegetation hall in 2014–2016 included studying the enzymatic activity of soil, into which various amounts of copper: (100, 200 and 300 mg Cu/kg soil) and organic materials (cattle manure, chicken manure, post-mushroom substrate) were introduced, used separately, at a soil-introduction dose of 2 g Corg/kg. Copper and organic materials were used once, only in the first year of the study, before sowing test plant orchard grass. In soil collected after the last (fourth) swath of grass in each year of the study, the activity of urease, dehydrogenases, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was determined. Applications of copper to the soil, regardless of its dose, resulted in a decrease in urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase and an increase in acid phosphatase activity. The inactivating effect of this metal on the activity of urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase increased with the increase of its dose. Organic fertilisation generally increased the enzymatic activity of the analysed soil. In subsequent years of the study, urease and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased, while acid phosphatase activity increased. Dehydrogenase activity did not change significantly in subsequent years of the study.

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Prevalence, Etiology, and Risk Factors of Mastitis in Dairy Cattle in Embu and Kajiado Counties, Kenya

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2020/8831172 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Christine M. Mbindyo ◽

George C. Gitao ◽

Charles M. Mulei

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Health Hazard ◽

Previous History ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Control Measures ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Milk Samples

Bovine mastitis continues to be a leading cause of heavy economic losses in the dairy industry and a public health hazard globally. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence, etiologies of clinical and subclinical mastitis, and associated predisposing factors in Embu and Kajiado counties in Kenya. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to 154 smallholder dairy farmers to collect data on management practices, animal factors, and disease history. A total of 395 dairy cows were initially screened for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test (CMT), and milk samples were aseptically collected. Both CMT positive and CMT negative samples were analyzed using conventional bacteriological isolation and identification procedures. In the present study, the overall prevalence of mastitis based on CMT and clinical examination was 80% (316/395), out of which 6.8% (27/395) was clinical mastitis, while 73.1% (289/395) was subclinical mastitis. Based on culture, the overall prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 51.6% (815/1580), 74.4% (294/395), and 76.6% (118/154) at the quarter, cow, and farm level, respectively. From the 1574 milk samples analyzed by cultured, 1016 bacteria were yielded. The predominant bacteria were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), 42.8% (435/1016), and in decreasing order, Streptococcus species, 22.2% (226/1016), Staphylococcus aureus, 15.7% (160/1016), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5.1% (52/1016), and the least was Enterobacter species, 0.7% (7/1016), while 23.7% of the sample yielded no bacterial growth. Risk factor analysis revealed that milking mastitic cows last (p=0.002), using a clean udder drying towel for each cow (p=0.033) and previous history of mastitis (p=0.046) were significantly associated with presence of mastitis. The current study has shown a relatively high prevalence of subclinical mastitis with CNS as predominant bacteria. Therefore, control measures are urgently warranted. Management factors such as milking mastitic cows last, using a clean towel for udder drying for each cow, and culling mastitic cows should be considered and included in the Kenyan mastitis control programs.

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Mercury and other potentially toxic elements in the Sierra Gorda (Queretaro area, Mexico): affection to enzymatic activity in soils.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18587 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pablo Higueras ◽

Karen Arroyo ◽

JuanAntonio Campos ◽

Jesus Peco ◽

JoseMaria Esbrí ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Soil Health ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

Key Factors ◽

Permissible Limits ◽

Study Sites

Cinnabar mining, to obtain mercury, is still an important activity for the residents of the Sierra Gorda in Mexico, so this activity is currently source of mercury emission and possibly of other potentially toxic elements (PTE). In this work, seven study sites, located in areas with presence of exploitations of active or decommissioned mercury mines, have been studies with the aim of characterizing its occurrence and their effects on soil health.Biogeochemical analyses have been carried out with the purpose of identifying the key factors related with nutritional and toxicological status of these soils, looking for possible relationships between mercury, PTEs and their impact on the enzymatic activity of the soil.The values &#8203;&#8203;obtained for total mercury ranged from 5 to 159 ppm; comparing these values with those from an uncontaminated area, we observe that all zones are above reference range (0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg) and that four of them exceed the maximum permissible limits (23 mg/kg), according to Mexican regulations. Other measured PTE elements were Pb, with a range between 18.7 to 814.1 mg/kg; Cu between 45.4 to 94.2 mg/kg; Zn between 145.1 to 555.8 mg/kg; As between 30.5 to 1590 mg/kg; and Sb between 18.3 to 169.6 mg/kg. &#160;Comparing with other areas, anomalous concentrations of trace elements in soils with the following values are considered: Pb up to 10,000 mg/kg, Cu up to 2,000 mg/kg, Zn up to 10,000 mg/kg and As up to 2500 mg/kg; none of the determined elements exceeds these reference values. In the case of enzymatic activities, a range between 111.36 and 332.38 &#181;gTPF g-1day-1 was obtained with dehydrogenase. These values are slightly higher compared to other Hg contaminated soils (110 &#181;gTPF g-1day-1) described by this team. For the acid phosphatase, a range between 516.72 to 1606.34 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1; and for alkaline phosphatase a range between 1624.92 to 4070.82 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1. These values correspond to those measured in Sokolov, Czech Republic, ranging from 381 to 1510 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1 for acid phosphatase and 455 to 4820 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1 for alkaline phosphatase measured in topsoil layer from spoil heaps after brown coal mining.Our results show that the soil has contents of PTE elements indicating low pollution degree, except for Hg, registering concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for non-industrial soils; however, the results of the enzymatic activity reflect a "good" activity. Therefore, the incidence of the presence of these metals in the soil health, as measured through enzymatic activity, does not have a significant impact and the studied soils can be considered as suitable for commercial, residential or agricultural uses.

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Enzymatic activity of yeasts isolated from the inflamed mammary secretion in dairy cows

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/v10181-011-0009-8 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. Wawron ◽

M. Bochniarz ◽

M. Szczubiał

Keyword(s):

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Candida Krusei ◽

Individual Species ◽

Candida Kefyr ◽

Candida Famata ◽

Candida Lusitaniae ◽

Leucine Arylamidase

Enzymatic activity of yeasts isolated from the inflamed mammary secretion in dairy cows The aim of the study was to evaluate enzymatic activities of yeasts isolated from inflammatory mammary secretion. The yeasts isolated from cows with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis (134 strains) included: Candida krusei (62 strains), Candida kefyr (48 strains), Candida lusitaniae (17 strains) and Candida famata (7 strains). The API ZYM system was used containing substrates to assess 19 hydrolytic enzymes. Substantial differences in the number and activity of hydrolyses were demonstrated in individual species. In Candida krusei, acid phosphatase showed the highest activity (4.36 points), in Candida kefyr and Candida lusitaniae - leucine arylamidase (4.93 and 4.25 points, respectively), in Candida famata - α-glucosidase (4.75 points). No activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, α-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, α-mannosidase or α-fucosidase was observed in any of the yeasts examined.

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Molecular characterization of Polish Prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates and first isolation of Prototheca blaschkeae in Poland

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.2478/v10181-010-0025-0 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 725-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

T. Jagielski ◽

H. Lassa ◽

J. Ahrholdt ◽

U. Roesler ◽

E. Malinowski

Keyword(s):

Molecular Characterization ◽

Substantial Reduction ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Genotype 3 ◽

Prototheca Zopfii ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

18S Rdna Sequence ◽

A New Species

Molecular characterization of Polish Prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates and first isolation of Prototheca blaschkeae in Poland Bovine mastitits caused by the colorless, yeast-like alga Prototheca zopfii is a serious and complex condition that results in heavy economic losses in the dairy industry, both through a substantial reduction in milk production and culling of infected animals. Based on the 18S rDNA sequence analysis, genotype-specific PCR assays have recently been developed to differentiate within the species P. zopfii three distinct P. zopfii genotypes (1-3), of which P. zopfii genotype 3 has been considered a new species P. blaschkeae sp. nov. The purpose of this study was to employ the newly-devised molecular approach for the detection of the two P. zopfii genotypes and P. blaschkeae sp. nov. among bovine mastitis isolates from Poland. This study is the first to provide molecular characterization of Polish P. zopfii mastitis isolates. It also gives the first description of bovine mammary protothecosis due to P. blaschkeae in Poland, as evidenced by genotypical, microbiological, and electron microscopy findings.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN RAT MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m67-105 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 795-803

Author(s):

Fred S. Shults ◽

John M. Woodward

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Single Injection ◽

Hydrolase Activity ◽

Cytoplasmic Granules ◽

Mononuclear Leucocytes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stimulation Of

Studies of differences in hydrolase activity of peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes from normal rats and rats given three injections of killed Francisella tularensis vaccine demonstrated increases of 37–69% in ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in lysates of cells obtained from vaccinated animals. No deviation from normal was observed for B-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase, or cathepsin. Following a single injection of vaccine the activity of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase decreased slightly and then increased, reaching a maximum of 96 h and returning to normal levels after 30 d. Stimulation of the animals with a second injection of vaccine at 96 h resulted in an immediate and pronounced depression in activity of deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase which also was followed by an increase similar to that observed initially. Analysis of the various leucocytic fractions revealed 52.2–56.4% of the total enzymatic activity to be associated with the cytoplasmic granules.

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Histological structure of the digestive tract and digestive enzymatic activity of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens)

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research ◽

10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 565-575

Author(s):

Daniela Corona-Rojas ◽

Renato Peña ◽

Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo ◽

Dariel Tovar-Ramírez ◽

Patricia Hinojosa-Baltazar

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Histological Structure ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Low Levels ◽

Acid Mucins

The histological structure, histochemical features, and enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) are described to provide information during the cultivation of this species. Serial histological sections were stained with either hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue-PAS, toluidine blue, Sudan black, Masson's trichome, and ninhydrin-Schiff to describe the general features and the presence of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, muscle layers, and proteins, respectively. The enterocytes height and the mucosal villi height in the esophagus and intestines were measured. Additionally, the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were recorded. The esophagus showed two distinctive regions, the anterior with numerous mucous cells secreting acid mucins and the posterior with longitudinal folds and no mucous cells. The intestine was differentiated into three regions. The anterior showed goblet cells secreting acid and neutral mucins, while the middle and posterior regions presented goblet cells secreting only acid mucins. The activity of aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, and amylase showed low levels, while the trypsin and acid phosphatase activity levels were intermediate. Lipase and alkaline phosphatase showed the highest activities. The results point that juvenile H. ingens presents a digestive structure similar to other teleost species. The high levels of lipase suggest that juvenile H. ingens have high requirements for lipids during this stage.

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STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0500537 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 537-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bertha L. Lobel ◽

Liliane Tic ◽

M. C. Shelesnyak

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Great Variability ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Histochemical Analysis ◽

Metrial Gland ◽

Histochemical Changes

ABSTRACT Histochemical changes in the activities of acid phosphatase, considered to be characteristic of lysosomes, and of alkaline and adenosinetriphosphatase, were studied during the period of regression of deciduomata in the uterus of the pseudopregnant rat. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase declined rapidly prior to and during the period of involution. A rise in the activity of acid phosphatase began antimesometrially at the periphery of the deciduomata, before shrinkage was evident in the histological preparations. Acid phosphatase activity remained high during the period of regression and subsequently declined. Enzymatic activity was also high in the metrial gland cells, and in the macrophages which appeared in the uterus and apparently contributed to the breakdown and removal of the deciduomata. Changes were also demonstrated in the amount of free lipids and connective tissue components of the uterus. Great variability was noted in the appearance of uteri from animals killed at the same time intervals following stimulation during the period of regression of deciduomata and this variability was related to the time of occurrence of the first ovulation terminating the period of pseudopregnancy in deciduomata bearing rats.

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Dehydrogenases, urease and phosphatases activities of soil contaminated with fungicides

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/2296-pse ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 51-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

E. Jastrzębska ◽

J. Kucharski

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Soil Enzymes ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Soil Management ◽

Recommended Dose ◽

Significant Negative Effect ◽

Dose Method ◽

Negative Effect

A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of the fungicides containing cyprodinil as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on the activity of soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, depending on fungicide dose (0 − control, 1 − recommended dose, 10-fold dose and 100-fold dose), the method of soil management (soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start, and uncropped soil) and the time of fungicide action (14, 28, 42 and 56 days). The experiment was established on Eutric Cambisols with pHKCl = 6.7. It was found that the enzymatic activity of the soil was affected primarily by such factors as fungicide dose, method of soil management and time of fungicide action, and to a much lesser degree by the type of fungicide. Fungicide contamination of the soil significantly inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases and urease, and produced a significant negative effect (100-fold dose) on spring barley yield. A higher activity of dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was recorded in the soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start.

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Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

Veterinary Science Research ◽

10.30564/vsr.v3i2.4119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Amjad Islam Aqib ◽

Afshan Muneer ◽

Muhammad Shafeeq ◽

Nimra Kirn

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Economic Impacts ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

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