scholarly journals Economic Impacts of Clinical and Sub Clinical Mastitis on Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Islam Aqib ◽  
Afshan Muneer ◽  
Muhammad Shafeeq ◽  
Nimra Kirn
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Invasive Infection

Studies have reported on the economic impacts of clinical and subclinical mastitis on dairy farms. Bovine mastitis is a disorder that affects dairy farms and has a major economic impact. Most of the economic losses are the result of mastitis. Mastitis is an invasive infection that is among the most numerous and highly complicated infections in the dairy sector. Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in terms of production losses among animal diseases. Mastitis reduces milk production, changes milk composition, and shortens the productive life of infected cows. Farmers must concentrate on avoiding mastitis infection whilst putting in place and following a mastitis control programed. Bovine mastitis, the most significant disease of dairy herds, has huge effects on farm economics. Mastitis losses are due to reduced milk production, the cost of treatments, and culling. Major factors related to low milk yield could be low genetic potential as well as poor nutritional and managerial approaches. Most of the losses are related to somatic cell count (SCC), which is characterised by an increase in the percentage of milk. Culling costs are the costs of rearing or buying a replacement animal, mostly heifers. Overhead impacts include the replacement animals' lower milk supply effectiveness. The expense of replacing animals prematurely due to mastitis is one of the most significant areas of economic loss.

scholarly journals Financial and economic analyses of the impact of cattle mastitis on the profitability of Egyptian dairy farms

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1750-1759
Author(s):  
M. F. Azooz ◽  
Safaa A. El-Wakeel ◽  
H. M. Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
The Impact

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the different factors affecting the costs of mastitis in cattle, to quantify the annual and monthly financial losses attributed to mastitis, and to estimate production losses using average linear scores found on The Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell count (SCC) sheets and bulk tank SCC per lactation number. Materials and Methods: All data (bovine mastitis-associated costs and expenditures in Egyptian dairy herds) were analyzed using SPSS/PCT, 2001. A partial budget technique using spreadsheet software and the general linear model procedure was used to analyze the productive and financial measures. Results: Mastitis was present in 57.1% of cows (240/420), while clinical mastitis (CM) was present in 19% of them (80/420). The geometric mean of SCC/ml in bulk tank milk samples of 150 cattle dairy farms was 556.3×103. The annual subclinical mastitis (SCM)-related economic loss was 21,933,258.6 LE, and the two most important cost components were the subsequent decrease in milk production and quality premium losses (93% and 7% of SCM costs, respectively). The quality premium loss was 1,369,602.1 LE. On the other hand, the annual economic loss due to decreased milk production as a result of SCM was 20,563,656.5 LE. The total cost of 80 CM cases, including the failure and preventive costs, was 1,196,871.4 LE, including 1,169,150.4 LE failure costs (106,336.0 LE in direct costs and 1,062,814.4 LE in indirect costs) and 27,721.0 LE preventive costs. The average cost per CM case was 28,760.9 LE, including veterinary time and consultation fees of 250.0 LE (1%), labor 562.5 LE (2%), premature culling 736,000.0 LE (77%), decreased milk production 4085.18 LE (13.7%), discarded milk 185.3 LE (1%), and drugs and treatments 328.9 LE (1%). The total costs of CM (expenditures) extra control and preventive measures, including the diagnosis of CM for 80 cows annually in 20 Egyptian dairy farms were 27,721.0 LE, representing 346.5 LE or 1% of the total cost of CM cases. The cost of monitoring and diagnostic measures was 8635.2 LE, representing 107.9 LE or 1% of the total cost of a case of CM. Conclusion: The method used for cost estimation, in this study, is highly adaptable to individual cattle farms and had a major role in assessing specific control and management measures. The concepts described in this paper help to improve our understanding of the full economic impact of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cattle in Egypt. Assessing the economic losses from mastitis to determine the economic costs and losses occurring in Egyptian dairy farms is critical for encouraging farmers to acknowledge the scale of the problem and implement effective management practices aimed at improving mastitis control and reducing the associated costs.

scholarly journals Prevalence, risk factors and bacterial causes of bovine mastitis in southern Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmeto Abebe ◽  
Mesele Abera ◽  
Yifat Denbarga ◽  
Mishamo Suleyman ◽  
Amene Fekadu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
And Control

Mastitis is one of the most economically important diseases in dairy farms worldwide. It is particularly important in Ethiopia where no routine prevention and control practices are in place. This cross-sectional study was carried out between October 2017 and June 2018 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and isolate bacterial causes in dairy farms located in southern Ethiopia using standard microbiological methods and questionnaire survey. A total of 686 lactating cows which were found in 122 selected dairy farms were investigated by physical examination and California mastitis test. The overall cow-level prevalence of mastitis was 54.2% (95% CI: 50.5 – 57.9%). Based on the study site, the prevalence was 55.7% in Hawassa, 54.3% in Arsi Negele, 52.6% each in Wondo Genet and Wolayta Soddo towns with no significant (p > 0.05) difference among the sites. The majority of mastitis cases were subclinical (48.1%) while the clinical mastitis was only 6.1%. Of the 122 herds tested, 109 (89.3%; 95% CI: 82.1 – 93.9%) had at least a cow positive for mastitis. The study showed that high parity number (OR = 1.6; p = 0.015), flat (OR = 4.5; p <0.001) and round (OR = 2; p <0.001) teat end shape, history of mastitis in preceding lactation (OR = 3.3; p <0.001), and slightly (OR = 3.5; p < 0.001), moderately (OR = 4.9; p < 0.001), and very dirty (OR = 9.2; p < 0.001) udder and legs were the major risk factors which are significantly associated with higher prevalence of mastitis. Based on the available media and reagents, the major bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitic milk samples were Staphylococcus spp. (57.3%), Streptococcus spp. (18.6%), E. coli (17.3%) and Bacillus spp. (7.5%) in order of their abundance. The present study revealed a high prevalence of mastitis, particularly the subclinical one, and the associated risk factors. Enhancing the awareness of dairy farmers, regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis, proper treatment of the clinical cases, improving the hygienic condition of the cows, and culling of chronically infected cows are critically important to prevent and control bovine mastitis. Keywords: Mastitis, Prevalence, Risk factors, Southern Ethiopia

scholarly journals Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Retained Placenta and Subclinical Mastitis in Tanzanian Dairy Cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick Vitus Komba ◽  
Isaac Pastory Kashoma
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Impacts ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fetal Membrane ◽  
Fetal Membranes ◽  
Retained Placenta

Abstract Background: Three dairy farms were investigated for occurrence of retained placenta and subclinical mastitis, and the economic impacts attributable to the conditions. Reproductive performance data from 1169 calvings of dairy cows for five consecutive years spanning from 2014 to 2018 were used in this study. A total of 167 cows were screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score of ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification. Results: Overall prevalences of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes were 35.93% and 10.35%, respectively. The prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 38.92%. Individual bacteria prevalence rates were 66.15% for Staphylococcus aureus, 13.85% for Escherichia coli, 6.15% for Bacillus spp., 6.15% for Streptococcus agalactiae and 7.69% for none typed microorganisms. Overall loss from subclinical mastitis was estimated at 10,603,800/= Tanzanian shillings (Tshs) equivalent to USD $ 4,700 with major losses (81.75%) attributable to the production loss followed by treatment expenditure (18.25%). Average loss attributed to mastitis per quarter was estimated at 49,320/= Tshs (USD $21.5). Retained placenta resulted in an increase (P<0.05) in the period from parturition to conception (148.7 vs. 96.0 days), number of services per conception (2.9 vs. 1.9) and calving interval (434.7 vs. 374.0 days). Conclusion: These findings point out to the economic importance of subclinical mastitis and retained fetal membranes in the dairy industry. This calls for improved milking hygiene, proper attention to health of mammary glands, regular screening tests and application of biosecurity measures as intervention strategies to lower the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and minimize the spread of pathogens in dairy farms. Since retained fetal membrane is an important problem causing great economic losses, appropriate control measures have to be instituted including cow comfort, proper immunization and careful nutritional management (mineral supplementation), particularly during the transition period.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Hygienic Milk Production for Farmers of Nadia Dist.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Area Use ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Good Hygiene

In Nadia dist, sub clinical mastitis in crossbred cows is abig and silent problem which leads to huge economic losses tofarmers. Therefore, it is very essential to study influence of hygienicmilk production on subclinical mastitis (SCM). Present study wasconducted at villages Nadia dist, WB. A total of 110 milk sampleswere collected and analysed. The SCM were determined by milksomatic cell count (SCC), milk pH and Modified California MastitisTest (MCMT). The observations, information of milking managementwere collected by pretested questionnaire. Analysis of data revealedthat Log 10 SCC (cells / ml) were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher inSCM cows (6.15 ± 0.05) as compared to no-SCM cows (4.23 ± 0.04).The SCC X 105 (cells / ml) were found to be higher in SCM animals(29.91 ± 3.85) as compared to no-SCM animals (1.12 ± 0.88). TheRange of Log SCC (cells / ml) greatly varied between SCM cows(5.01 to 7.56) and no-SCM cows (3.79 to 5.22). The MCMT gradewas lowered in no- SCM animals (1.03 ± 0.15) as compared to SCManimals (3.87 ± 0.07). The milk pH were higher in SCM cows (6.92± 0.02) as compared to no- SCM cows (6.34 ± 0.03). The fat (%)content was estimated to be lower in SCM animal (2.99 ± 0.07) ascompared to no-SCM animal (3.64 ± 0.15) whereas SNF (%) werehigher in no- SCM cows (7.63 ± 0.08) as compared to SCM cows(6.99 ± 0.06). All dairy farmers of present study area use to carry outtheir daily milking by hand and generally it was done by Gowala, aprofessional milker. All most all cows were Jersey cross-bred. All thelactating cows were fed with additional concentrates according totheir milk yield. The association between animal keeping pattern andhygiene status, cleanliness in animals, shed and milkers atfarmer’s house revealed that farmer having single cow, most of them(78.57%) maintaining good hygiene status, cleanliness but farmerhaving &gt;3 cows, most of them (50%) maintaining poor hygienestatus, cleanliness where as farmer having 2-3 cows most of them(54.55%) maintaining medium type hygiene status, cleanliness intheir milking cows, housing of animal and milkers who were usingtheir hand for milking everyday at farmer’s house. The Chi-squre testvalue found to be significant (P&lt;0.05). The study can be concludedthat there is a significant association between animal keeping patternand hygiene status, cleanliness at study area and efforts towardsincreased cleanliness and hygiene status in all aspects of milkingmanagement towards higher clean milk production and loweringincidence of sub-clinical mastitis in Nadia district.

scholarly journals Economic losses due to clinical lameness in Kosovo dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindita Ibishi ◽  
Arben Musliu ◽  
Blerta Mehmedi ◽  
Agim Rexhepi ◽  
Curtic R. Youngs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
The Cost

The health of dairy cows is an important factor affecting the profitability of dairy farms worldwide, and lameness is regarded as one of the most costly dairy cattle diseases. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic cost of cow lameness among Kosovo dairy farms. Data collected from 56 dairy farms were analysed with a farm-level stochastic (Monte Carlo) simulation model to estimate the cost of lameness. Lameness-associated sources of economic loss examined within the model included: reduced milk production, treatment cost, discarded milk, reduced cow body weight, and premature culling. Results showed that prevalence of lameness among cows on Kosovo dairy farms ranged from 17% to 39%. The average annual cost of lameness was estimated at €338.57 per farm (or €46.25 per cow). Reduced milk production was the largest financial contribution to the cost of lameness (45% of total economic loss) followed by premature culling (31% of total economic loss). Discarded milk, reduced cow body weight, and cost of treatment each contributed approximately 8% to the total economic loss. These findings indicate that dairy farmers need to be more cognizant of the financial losses associated with lameness and should be encouraged to implement management strategies to reduce lameness as a means of enhancing farm profitability.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mastitis Pathogens and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Isolates From Cattle and Buffaloes in Northwest of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Ali ◽  
Kamran ◽  
Abdur Raziq ◽  
Inamullah Wazir ◽  
Rafi Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Mastitic Milk

Mastitis is the most prevalent disease of dairy animals, imparting huge economic losses to the dairy industry. There is always a dire need to monitor the prevalence of mastitis, its bacteriology, and evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibilities for mastitis control and prevention. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate: (i) the prevalence of mastitis in cattle and buffaloes; (ii) identification of bacteria associated with mastitis; (iii) antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates. Milk samples (n = 1,566) from cattle (n = 1,096) and buffaloes (n = 470) were processed for detection of mastitis using the California mastitis test in the year 2018–19. A total of 633 mastitic milk samples were further processed for bacteriology and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method. Overall, the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 17 and 57% in both species. Clinical mastitis was higher in cattle (20%) compared to buffaloes (11%), whereas subclinical was higher in buffaloes (66%) than cattle (53%). Besides, month-wise prevalence was higher in hot and humid months in both species. Staphylococci spp. (34%) were the most predominant bacterial isolates from mastitic milk, followed by Escherichia coli (19.4%), Streptococci spp. (9%), and Klebsiella spp. (8%). Most of the bacteria were susceptible to gentamicin (92%) and enrofloxacin (88%), when a panel of 16 different antimicrobials was tested. Nevertheless, most of the isolates were resistant to sulphamethoxazole (99%), lincomycin (98%), oxytetracycline (89%), ampicillin (86%), and doxycycline (85%). This study concludes a high prevalence of mastitis caused by Staphylococcal spp. in cattle and buffaloes belonging to the northwest of Pakistan, and gentamicin and enrofloxacin might be appropriate antimicrobial agents in the treatment of bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Hygienic Milk Production for Farmers of Nadia Dist.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dairy Farmers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Area Use ◽  
Medium Type ◽  
Good Hygiene

In Nadia dist, sub clinical mastitis in crossbred cows is abig and silent problem which leads to huge economic losses tofarmers. Therefore, it is very essential to study influence of hygienicmilk production on subclinical mastitis (SCM). Present study wasconducted at villages Nadia dist, WB. A total of 110 milk sampleswere collected and analysed. The SCM were determined by milksomatic cell count (SCC), milk pH and Modified California MastitisTest (MCMT). The observations, information of milking managementwere collected by pretested questionnaire. Analysis of data revealedthat Log 10 SCC (cells / ml) were significantly (P&lt;0.01) higher inSCM cows (6.15 ± 0.05) as compared to no-SCM cows (4.23 ± 0.04).The SCC X 105 (cells / ml) were found to be higher in SCM animals(29.91 ± 3.85) as compared to no-SCM animals (1.12 ± 0.88). TheRange of Log SCC (cells / ml) greatly varied between SCM cows(5.01 to 7.56) and no-SCM cows (3.79 to 5.22). The MCMT gradewas lowered in no- SCM animals (1.03 ± 0.15) as compared to SCManimals (3.87 ± 0.07). The milk pH were higher in SCM cows (6.92± 0.02) as compared to no- SCM cows (6.34 ± 0.03). The fat (%)content was estimated to be lower in SCM animal (2.99 ± 0.07) ascompared to no-SCM animal (3.64 ± 0.15) whereas SNF (%) werehigher in no- SCM cows (7.63 ± 0.08) as compared to SCM cows(6.99 ± 0.06). All dairy farmers of present study area use to carry outtheir daily milking by hand and generally it was done by Gowala, aprofessional milker. All most all cows were Jersey cross-bred. All thelactating cows were fed with additional concentrates according totheir milk yield. The association between animal keeping pattern andhygiene status, cleanliness in animals, shed and milkers atfarmer’s house revealed that farmer having single cow, most of them(78.57%) maintaining good hygiene status, cleanliness but farmerhaving &gt;3 cows, most of them (50%) maintaining poor hygienestatus, cleanliness where as farmer having 2-3 cows most of them(54.55%) maintaining medium type hygiene status, cleanliness intheir milking cows, housing of animal and milkers who were usingtheir hand for milking everyday at farmer’s house. The Chi-squre testvalue found to be significant (P&lt;0.05). The study can be concludedthat there is a significant association between animal keeping patternand hygiene status, cleanliness at study area and efforts towardsincreased cleanliness and hygiene status in all aspects of milkingmanagement towards higher clean milk production and loweringincidence of sub-clinical mastitis in Nadia district.

scholarly journals Prevalence of bovine mastitis in smallholder lactating dairy farms in Hawassa, SNNPR, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 218-224
Author(s):  
Mulugeta Sosango ◽  
◽  
Amanuel Ashebo ◽  
Demelash Kalo ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2015 and February 2016 in Hawassa town, SNNPR, Ethiopia to determine the overall mastitis prevalence and identify the role of some selected risk factors in 183 randomly selected small holder lactating dairy cows of 53 high grade Holstein Friesian, 113 Holstein indigenous zebu cross and 17 indigenous zebu breeds. The prevalence of clinical mastitis was determined through examination of abnormalities of milk, udder or cow. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis determined by using indicator paper test. From total 183 lactating dairy cows examined for bovine mastitis 9(4.9%) had clinical mastitis, while 56(30.6%) subclinical mastitis. Out of 9(4.9%) clinical mastitis, 9.43 and 3.53% occurred in high grade Holstein and Holstein indigenous zebu, respectively, but indigenous zebu breed was found not affected. Subclinical mastitis at cow level based on indicator paper test was significantly high (32.07%) in Holstein, (30.9%) in cross breed and (23.5%) in indigenous zebu (p<0.05). Quarter level subclinical mastitis prevalence based on indicator paper test was 32.07, 30.2% and 23.5% in Holstein, cross breed and indigenous zebu, respectively. From the potential risk factors considered, breed (X2=17.3, p<0.05), presence of teat lesion and tick infestation (X2=7.73, p<0.05), stage of lactation (X2=13.8, p<0.05), and parity number (X2=19.4, p<0.05) had significant effect on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Considering the possible significant economic losses that could be incurred by both clinical and subclinical mastitis, attention should be paid for further detailed investigation and control measures.

scholarly journals Genome Comparison and Phylogenetic Analysis of Mastitis-Related Staphylococci with a Focus on Adhesion, Biofilm, and Regulatory-Related Genes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas José Luduverio Pizauro ◽  
Camila Chioda Almeida ◽  
Saura Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Janet I. MacInnes ◽  
Andrew M. Kropinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Regulatory Genes ◽  
Genome Comparison ◽  
Complex Mechanism ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Bovine mastitis is the costliest diseases on dairy farms and is caused by different Staphylococcus species. However, staphylococci associated with clinical mastitis infections are different from subclinical ones, indicating a complex mechanism related to bovine mastitis pathogenesis. Here, we performed genomic analyses to determine the prevalence of adhesion, biofilm, and regulatory genes in 478 staphylococcal spp. associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis deposited in public databases. The most prevalent adhesin genes were the ebpS, atl, pls, sasH and sasF genes found in both clinical and subclinical isolates. However, the ebpS gene is absent in subclinical isolates of Staphylococcus arlettae, S. succinus, S. sciuri, S. equorun, S. galinarum, and S. saprophyticus. In constrast, the coa, eap, emp, efb, and vWbp genes were present more frequently in clinical mastitis isolates and highly correlated with the presence of the icaABCD and icaR biofilm genes. We also revealed that many adhesins, biofilm, and associated regulatory genes were potentially horizontally disseminated between clinical and subclinical isolates. Taken together, our results indicate that several adhesins, biofilm, and regulatory-related genes have been overlooked in previous studies and that these virulence factors may arise in staphylococcal species not generally associated with clinical mastitis by horizontal gene transfer.

scholarly journals Influence of clean milk production on incidence of sub-clinical mastitis in cows at lower Gangetic regions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Milk Quality

Milk quality and quantity, Jersey crossbred, somatic cell count, Intra-mammary Infection, Farmers, Mastitis, Clean milk, subclinical mastitis, milk composition, Milk production, Mastitis management

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