Dehydrogenases, urease and phosphatases activities of soil contaminated with fungicides

A greenhouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of the fungicides containing cyprodinil as well as dimoxystrobin and epoxiconazole on the activity of soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase, depending on fungicide dose (0 − control, 1 − recommended dose, 10-fold dose and 100-fold dose), the method of soil management (soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start, and uncropped soil) and the time of fungicide action (14, 28, 42 and 56 days). The experiment was established on Eutric Cambisols with pHKCl = 6.7. It was found that the enzymatic activity of the soil was affected primarily by such factors as fungicide dose, method of soil management and time of fungicide action, and to a much lesser degree by the type of fungicide. Fungicide contamination of the soil significantly inhibited the activity of dehydrogenases and urease, and produced a significant negative effect (100-fold dose) on spring barley yield. A higher activity of dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was recorded in the soil cropped with spring barley cv. Start.

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Soil response to chemicals used in a field experiment

International Agrophysics ◽

10.2478/v10247-012-0080-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (2) ◽

pp. 151-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S. Jezierska-Tys ◽

A. Rutkowska

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Field Experiment ◽

Soil Microorganisms ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Alkaline Phosphatases ◽

Soil Response ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Set Up

Abstract The effect of chemicals (Reglone 200 SL and Elastiq 550 EC) on soil microorganisms and their enzymatic activity was estimated. The study was conducted in a field experiment which was set up in the split-block design and comprised three treatments. Soil samples were taken six times, twice in each year of study. The results showed that the application of chemicals generally had no negative effect on the number of soil microorganisms. The application of Reglone 200 SL caused an increase of proteolytic and ureolytic activity and affected the activity of dehydrogenases, acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil. The soil subjected of Elastiq 550 EC was characterized by lower activity of dehydrogenases, protease, urease and alkaline phosphatase.

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The effect of different copper doses and organic fertilisation on soil’s enzymatic activity

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/671/2019-pse ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 93-98

Author(s):

Beata Kuziemska ◽

Andrzej Wysokiński ◽

Joanna Trębicka

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Phosphatase Activity ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Chicken Manure ◽

Test Plant ◽

Orchard Grass ◽

Organic Fertilisation

A three-year pot experiment carried out in the vegetation hall in 2014–2016 included studying the enzymatic activity of soil, into which various amounts of copper: (100, 200 and 300 mg Cu/kg soil) and organic materials (cattle manure, chicken manure, post-mushroom substrate) were introduced, used separately, at a soil-introduction dose of 2 g Corg/kg. Copper and organic materials were used once, only in the first year of the study, before sowing test plant orchard grass. In soil collected after the last (fourth) swath of grass in each year of the study, the activity of urease, dehydrogenases, acid, and alkaline phosphatase was determined. Applications of copper to the soil, regardless of its dose, resulted in a decrease in urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase and an increase in acid phosphatase activity. The inactivating effect of this metal on the activity of urease, dehydrogenases and alkaline phosphatase increased with the increase of its dose. Organic fertilisation generally increased the enzymatic activity of the analysed soil. In subsequent years of the study, urease and alkaline phosphatase activity decreased, while acid phosphatase activity increased. Dehydrogenase activity did not change significantly in subsequent years of the study.

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Mercury and other potentially toxic elements in the Sierra Gorda (Queretaro area, Mexico): affection to enzymatic activity in soils.

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-18587 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pablo Higueras ◽

Karen Arroyo ◽

JuanAntonio Campos ◽

Jesus Peco ◽

JoseMaria Esbrí ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Toxic Elements ◽

Soil Health ◽

Potentially Toxic Elements ◽

Key Factors ◽

Permissible Limits ◽

Study Sites

Cinnabar mining, to obtain mercury, is still an important activity for the residents of the Sierra Gorda in Mexico, so this activity is currently source of mercury emission and possibly of other potentially toxic elements (PTE). In this work, seven study sites, located in areas with presence of exploitations of active or decommissioned mercury mines, have been studies with the aim of characterizing its occurrence and their effects on soil health.Biogeochemical analyses have been carried out with the purpose of identifying the key factors related with nutritional and toxicological status of these soils, looking for possible relationships between mercury, PTEs and their impact on the enzymatic activity of the soil.The values &#8203;&#8203;obtained for total mercury ranged from 5 to 159 ppm; comparing these values with those from an uncontaminated area, we observe that all zones are above reference range (0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg) and that four of them exceed the maximum permissible limits (23 mg/kg), according to Mexican regulations. Other measured PTE elements were Pb, with a range between 18.7 to 814.1 mg/kg; Cu between 45.4 to 94.2 mg/kg; Zn between 145.1 to 555.8 mg/kg; As between 30.5 to 1590 mg/kg; and Sb between 18.3 to 169.6 mg/kg. &#160;Comparing with other areas, anomalous concentrations of trace elements in soils with the following values are considered: Pb up to 10,000 mg/kg, Cu up to 2,000 mg/kg, Zn up to 10,000 mg/kg and As up to 2500 mg/kg; none of the determined elements exceeds these reference values. In the case of enzymatic activities, a range between 111.36 and 332.38 &#181;gTPF g-1day-1 was obtained with dehydrogenase. These values are slightly higher compared to other Hg contaminated soils (110 &#181;gTPF g-1day-1) described by this team. For the acid phosphatase, a range between 516.72 to 1606.34 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1; and for alkaline phosphatase a range between 1624.92 to 4070.82 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1. These values correspond to those measured in Sokolov, Czech Republic, ranging from 381 to 1510 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1 for acid phosphatase and 455 to 4820 &#181;gPNF g-1h-1 for alkaline phosphatase measured in topsoil layer from spoil heaps after brown coal mining.Our results show that the soil has contents of PTE elements indicating low pollution degree, except for Hg, registering concentrations above the maximum permissible limits for non-industrial soils; however, the results of the enzymatic activity reflect a "good" activity. Therefore, the incidence of the presence of these metals in the soil health, as measured through enzymatic activity, does not have a significant impact and the studied soils can be considered as suitable for commercial, residential or agricultural uses.

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Effect of enzymatic activity of diesel oil contaminated soil on the chemical composition of oat (Avena sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3611-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 360-367 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. Wyszkowski ◽

J. Wyszkowska

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Contaminated Soil ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Favourable Effect ◽

Soil Enzymatic Activity ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Lower Effect ◽

High Doses

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil (3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 g/kg soil) on the yield and the content of macroelements in oat and maize cultivated in soil supplemented with nitrogen and sawdust. The correlation between the content of macroelements in the crops and the soil enzymatic activity was also determined. High doses of diesel oil had a definite negative effect on the content of all macroelements in oat, excluding phosphorus. The presence of diesel oil had a favourable effect on the accumulation of most of macroelements in the above-ground parts of maize. Nitrogen application to the soil caused an increase in the content of nitrogen and in the accumulation of calcium and magnesium in the above-ground parts of both crops as well as an increase in sodium content in maize. Sawdust applied to the soil had a considerably lower effect (several to less than 20%) on the content of macroelements in plants. A correlation between the activity of urease and acid and alkaline phosphatase in the soil and the content of macroelements in plants cultivated in diesel oil contaminated soil was observed. This correlation was positive only in the case of alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus content in oats.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMUNE RESPONSE AND HYDROLASE ACTIVITY IN RAT MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m67-105 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 795-803

Author(s):

Fred S. Shults ◽

John M. Woodward

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Single Injection ◽

Hydrolase Activity ◽

Cytoplasmic Granules ◽

Mononuclear Leucocytes ◽

The Relationship ◽

Stimulation Of

Studies of differences in hydrolase activity of peritoneal mononuclear leucocytes from normal rats and rats given three injections of killed Francisella tularensis vaccine demonstrated increases of 37–69% in ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase in lysates of cells obtained from vaccinated animals. No deviation from normal was observed for B-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase, or cathepsin. Following a single injection of vaccine the activity of ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, and acid phosphatase decreased slightly and then increased, reaching a maximum of 96 h and returning to normal levels after 30 d. Stimulation of the animals with a second injection of vaccine at 96 h resulted in an immediate and pronounced depression in activity of deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase which also was followed by an increase similar to that observed initially. Analysis of the various leucocytic fractions revealed 52.2–56.4% of the total enzymatic activity to be associated with the cytoplasmic granules.

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Histological structure of the digestive tract and digestive enzymatic activity of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens)

Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research ◽

10.3856/vol49-issue4-fulltext-2673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 565-575

Author(s):

Daniela Corona-Rojas ◽

Renato Peña ◽

Carmen Rodríguez-Jaramillo ◽

Dariel Tovar-Ramírez ◽

Patricia Hinojosa-Baltazar

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Goblet Cells ◽

Histological Structure ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Mucous Cells ◽

Low Levels ◽

Acid Mucins

The histological structure, histochemical features, and enzymatic activity of the digestive tract of juvenile Pacific seahorse (Hippocampus ingens) are described to provide information during the cultivation of this species. Serial histological sections were stained with either hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue-PAS, toluidine blue, Sudan black, Masson's trichome, and ninhydrin-Schiff to describe the general features and the presence of glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, lipids, muscle layers, and proteins, respectively. The enterocytes height and the mucosal villi height in the esophagus and intestines were measured. Additionally, the digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase, aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were recorded. The esophagus showed two distinctive regions, the anterior with numerous mucous cells secreting acid mucins and the posterior with longitudinal folds and no mucous cells. The intestine was differentiated into three regions. The anterior showed goblet cells secreting acid and neutral mucins, while the middle and posterior regions presented goblet cells secreting only acid mucins. The activity of aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, and amylase showed low levels, while the trypsin and acid phosphatase activity levels were intermediate. Lipase and alkaline phosphatase showed the highest activities. The results point that juvenile H. ingens presents a digestive structure similar to other teleost species. The high levels of lipase suggest that juvenile H. ingens have high requirements for lipids during this stage.

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STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF NIDATION. XVII. HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUALIZATION IN THE RAT

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0500537 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 537-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bertha L. Lobel ◽

Liliane Tic ◽

M. C. Shelesnyak

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Connective Tissue ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Acid Phosphatase Activity ◽

Great Variability ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Histochemical Analysis ◽

Metrial Gland ◽

Histochemical Changes

ABSTRACT Histochemical changes in the activities of acid phosphatase, considered to be characteristic of lysosomes, and of alkaline and adenosinetriphosphatase, were studied during the period of regression of deciduomata in the uterus of the pseudopregnant rat. The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosinetriphosphatase declined rapidly prior to and during the period of involution. A rise in the activity of acid phosphatase began antimesometrially at the periphery of the deciduomata, before shrinkage was evident in the histological preparations. Acid phosphatase activity remained high during the period of regression and subsequently declined. Enzymatic activity was also high in the metrial gland cells, and in the macrophages which appeared in the uterus and apparently contributed to the breakdown and removal of the deciduomata. Changes were also demonstrated in the amount of free lipids and connective tissue components of the uterus. Great variability was noted in the appearance of uteri from animals killed at the same time intervals following stimulation during the period of regression of deciduomata and this variability was related to the time of occurrence of the first ovulation terminating the period of pseudopregnancy in deciduomata bearing rats.

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Evaluation of Glycosyl-Hydrolases, Phosphatases, Esterases and Proteases as Potential Biomarker for NaCl-Stress Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum L. Varieties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24132488 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (13) ◽

pp. 2488 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juan José Reyes-Pérez ◽

Francisco Higinio Ruiz-Espinoza ◽

Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel ◽

Barbara de Lucía ◽

Giuseppe Cristiano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Stress Tolerance ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽

Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Potential Biomarker

Salinity stress limited the production in over 30% of irrigated crops and 7% of dryland agriculture worldwide. The objective was to evaluate the effects of NaCl-stress on the enzymatic activity in tomato. Two experiments were carried out in germination and early vegetative growth stages. The activity of proline and peroxidase of eight varieties (Missouri, Yaqui, Vita, Feroz, Rio Grande, Tropic, Ace, and Floradade) submitted to NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM de NaCl) and the semi-quantitative activity of 19 enzymes APY ZYM® were measured under a completely randomized design with four replications. Data were analyzed using univariate-multivariate analysis of variance, Tukey’s HSD (p = 0.05), canonical discriminant and cluster analysis. The results showed significant differences between varieties and NaCl in proline content. Proline increased as the NaCl concentration increased. Peroxidase did no show significant differences. Eight enzymes were included within the model to properly classify the varieties and NaCl. In shoots, varieties and NaCl showed that enzymatic activity was higher in the order of alkaline-phosphatase > leucine arylamidase > acid phosphatase > naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase > n-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase > β-galactosidase, while in roots was higher in the order of alkaline-phosphatase > naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase > acid phosphatase > n-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. Acid and alkali phosphatase, lipase, esterase, β-galactosidase, and trypsin can be a potential biomarker for NaCl-stress tolerance in tomato.

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Microbial Biomass Carbon, Activity of Soil Enzymes, Nutrient Availability, Root Growth, and Total Biomass Production in Wheat Cultivars under Variable Irrigation and Nutrient Management

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 669

Author(s):

Bipin Kumar ◽

Shiva Dhar ◽

Sangeeta Paul ◽

Venkatesh Paramesh ◽

Anchal Dass ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Microbial Biomass ◽

Root Growth ◽

Soil Enzymes ◽

Nutrient Management ◽

Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽

Root Weight ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Biomass Carbon

Intensive mono-cropping without a balanced supply of nutrients and declining water resources are degrading soil health, and as a consequence, agriculture production is becoming unsustainable and causing environmental degradation. The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season to assess the effect of an irrigation schedule, nutrient management, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties on soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil enzymes activities. Two nutrient levels, recommended rate of chemical fertilizer (RDF) and 50% RDF + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farmyard manure (FYM) designated as Integrated Nutrient Sources (INS), and three irrigations levels, one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI), two irrigations at CRI and flowering stages, and five irrigations at all main stages of the crop (CRI, tillering, jointing, flowering, and grain filling) were allocated to main-plots while four varieties of wheat, HD 2967, WR 544, HD 2987, and HD 2932, were allocated to sub-plots. The results revealed that SMBC and activities of dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase enzymes, and acid phosphatase were higher under restricted irrigation (irrigation at CRI stage) than other irrigation schedules. SMBC, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were 73.0 µg g soil−1, 86.0 µg TPF g soil−1d−1, 39.6 µg PNP g soil−1 h1, and 81.8 µg PNP g−1 soil h−1, respectively, with the use of INS that was higher than RDF. Root weight and root volume followed a similar pattern. Applying single irrigation at CRI left behind the maximum available nitrogen (166.4 kg ha−1) in soil compared to other irrigation schedules and it was highest (149.31 kg ha−1) with the use of INS. Moreover, total organic carbon (TOC) was 0.44 and 0.43% higher with irrigation at CRI stages and the use of INS, respectively. The INS with single irrigation at the CRI stage is important to improve the root growth, SMBC dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and acid phosphatase enzyme activity in the wheat production system.

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QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF LYO- AND DESMOENZYMES IN TISSUE SECTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT FIXATION

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.2.5.487 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 2 (5) ◽

pp. 487-502 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Marvin M. Nachlas ◽

William Prinn ◽

Arnold M. Seligman

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Phosphatase ◽

Acid Phosphatase ◽

Enzymatic Activity ◽

Tissue Section ◽

Salt Concentration ◽

Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽

Quantitative Estimation ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Tissue Sections

1. Tissue sections eight microns thick were exposed to various experimental conditions used in histochemistry, and the effect upon the activities of esterase, the phosphatases, leucine aminopeptidase, ß-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase was determined colorimetrically. 2. Significant differences were found in the amounts of the lyo and desmo fractions of these enzymes. The desmo components were found to be for esterase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, ß-glucuronidase, and arylsulfatase, ⅓, 2/3, 2/3, ½, ⅛, and ⅛ of the total enzymatic activity respectively. 3. Variations in the time and in the temperature at which diffusion was studied and of the pH and salt concentration of the solution into which the sections were placed, resulted in differences in the amount of enzymatic activity which remained in the tissue section. Some enzyme loss by diffusion was noted even after fixation of the tissue section. 4. The significance of the findings with respect to some of the concepts of localization of enzymes in tissue sections was discussed.

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