scholarly journals Characterization of Historic Binders and Stones of a Ruined Medieval Church (Hungary)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Kósa ◽  
Ákos Török
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Selective Dissolution ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Schmidt Hammer ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Non Destructive

Construction materials of a partly ruined Medieval church of Central Hungary were studied in details to assess its conditions and to obtain information on the phases of construction. At first, digital images were taken to create a 3D model of the remaining walls. The material properties were measured in situ using non-destructive test methods. Strength parameters of stone and render were assessed by Schmidt hammer, while moisture content was measured by a portable moisture meter. According to lithological descriptions and thin-section analyses limestone prevail in the monument. The most common Miocene limestone is represented by various lithologies, such as cemented macro porous limestone, fine-grained porous limestone, oolitic limestone and bioclastic limestone. Mesozoic micritic well cemented limestone and Tertiary limonitic sandstone were also identified at the ruins. The most common weathering forms are selective dissolution, multiple flaking and biological colonisation. Renders used in the structure represents the long history of the structure from Medieval lime-based mortars to Portland cement containing latest applications. The former one is composed of quartz send in lime binder. According to Schmidt hammer tests, the rebound values of the replacement stone is higher than that of the original porous limestone. There is a distinct difference in the moisture content of the stone and render. Orientation/exposure of the wall also influences the moisture content. The gathered information allows for designing better repair methods and helps in the planning of the maintenance of the medieval stone heritage.

scholarly journals Diagnosing in Situ Concrete by Some Non-Destructive Test Methods

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Shoji Amasaki ◽  
Kazuhiro Kuzume ◽  
Toyoaki Miyagawa
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Destructive Test ◽  
Non Destructive

scholarly journals Ground-Penetrating Radar Evaluation of Moisture and Frost across Typical Saskatchewan Road Soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis Berthelot ◽  
Diana Podborochynski ◽  
Timo Saarenketo ◽  
Brent Marjerison ◽  
Colin Prang
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Ground Penetrating

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of soil type, moisture content, and the presence of frost on road substructure permittivity. Permittivity sensitivity of typical road soils was characterized in the laboratory to provide baseline dielectric constant values which were compared to field ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey results. Both laboratory devices, the complex dielectric network analyzer and the Adek Percometer, as well as the field GPR system were used in this study to measure the dielectric constant of soils. All three systems differentiated between coarse-grained and fine grained soils. In addition, at temperatures below freezing, all three systems identified an increase in water content in soils; however, when frozen, the sensitivity of dielectric constant across soil type and moisture content was significantly reduced. Based on the findings of this study, GPR technology has the ability to characterize in situ substructure soil type and moisture content of typical Saskatchewan road substructure soils. Given the influence of road soil type and moisture content on in-service road performance, this ability could provide road engineers with accurate estimates of in situ structural condition of road structures for preservation and rehabilitation planning and optimization purposes.

Non-Destructive Study of the Independence Act of the Mexican Empire of 1821

2011 ◽  
Vol 1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Ruvalcaba Sil ◽  
M. Grediaga ◽  
C. González Tirado ◽  
E. Hernández Vázquez ◽  
V. Aguilar Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
Non Destructive

ABSTRACTIn 2010, Mexico celebrates 200 years since the beginning of the Independence war that gave rise to the independent Mexican Empire in 1821, and afterwards to the Mexican Republic. This document had two original copies; one of them was lost in a fire at the beginning of twentieth century, while the second was stolen and finally returned to Mexico in 1960, after a long history of events. This document is kept in the General Archives of Nation (AGN), Mexico.The “Independence Act of the Mexican Empire of 1821” was written on paper using iron-gall inks. The document has two parts: a declaration and a set of 36 signatures of Iturbide and other people involved in establishing the Independence of Mexico.The non-destructive study of this document was carried out in order to answer several questions: legitimacy, composition of the materials (paper and inks), deterioration conditions and a possible sequence of writing and the signatures. For these purposes several in situ techniques were used: optical microscopy, ultraviolet and infrared light imaging, portable X-ray Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy. This work presents the main results of this analytical methodology applied to the Mexican Independence Act. The results indicate that several inks were used in the manuscript and that the paper has an aging consistent with a nineteenth century document. From these results, we consider that the document examined is genuine and not a copy or facsimile of the original act.

The Tertiary lavas and sediments of northwest Rhum, Inner Hebrides

1985 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Emeleus
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Main Ring ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basal Conglomerate ◽  
Aluminous Spinel ◽  
East West

AbstractSeveral small outliers of Tertiary lavas and sediments rest with strong unconformity on a buried landscape eroded from Torridonian sediments and Tertiary granophyre. Erosion continued during the period of sediment and lava accumulation. Four formations are recognized; these are, in order of increasing age, the Orval Formation (hawaiite and basaltic hawaiite lavas), the Guirdil Formation (icelandite lavas, interbedded conglomerates), the Upper Fionchra Formation (tholeiitic basaltic andesite lavas, hyaloclastite deposits, basal conglomerate) and the Lower Fionchra Formation (alkali and transitional basalt, basaltic hawaiite and hawaiite lava flows, basal conglomerate); each is separated by an erosional interval. Clasts in the conglomerates reveal a history of erosion of a terrain exposing gneisses, Torridonian sediments, igneous rocks derived from the Rhum Tertiary Central Complex (including allivalites), and Tertiary lavas of local origin but also including, in the oldest conglomerates, tholeiitic basalts not now preserved on or near Rhum. Prior to and during lava and sediment accumulation, erosion on Rhum had cut down to a level similar to that of the present day, although not to the extent that high-grade thermally altered rocks, which are a marked feature of the Central Complex, were being eroded in any quantity. A sequence of east–west trending valleys, possibly initiated on the line of the earlier Main Ring Fault, drained the area of the Central Complex which then, as now, must have been high ground. Small lakes occasionally formed in the valleys allowing the accumulation of fine-grained sediment with plant remains, and promoting the formation of hyaloclastite deposits when buried by later flows. No source for any of the lava formations is preserved on Rhum; they are thought to have come from feeders north of Rhum, possibly near Canna, and to have ponded against the hills and valleys near and in the Central Complex.The oldest tholeiitic lavas, not now found in situ, were followed by alkali and transitional flows compositionally similar to the Skye Main Lava Series but characteristically feldsparphyric; the most mafic also contain phenocrysts of magnesian olivine (with included Cr-Al-rich spinels) and aluminous spinel. Both the early alkalic/transitional basalts and the youngest hawaiites and basaltic hawaiites equilibrated at pressures < 9 kb; the tholeiitic basaltic andesites and icelandites equilibrated at relatively shallows depths.Apart from a few N–S to NW–SE-trending basalt dykes, the lava formations represent the youngest Tertiary igneous event on Rhum.

In Situ Analysis of Hygrothermal Performance of the Sedlec Ossuary

2015 ◽  
Vol 1126 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Zbyšek Pavlík ◽  
Lukáš Balík ◽  
Jiří Maděra ◽  
Lucie Kudrnáčová ◽  
Robert Černý
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Wall Surface ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Hygrothermal Performance ◽  
Historical Masonry ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive

In situ analysis of hygrothermal state of the Sedlec Ossuary, Czech Republic, is presented in the paper. Within the experimental analysis, the measurement of moisture distribution in several profiles of historical masonry is done on a gravimetric principle. Non-destructive measurement of moisture content on the wall surface is done as well, using a capacitive moisture meter. Moreover, the interior and exterior climate is monitored over an almost two year period. On the basis of the obtained experimental results the hygrothermal conditions in both the masonry and the interior are assessed, including the identification of main moisture sources.

scholarly journals Methodology for the in situ testing of the moisture content of brick walls: an example of application

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hoła
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
In Situ Testing ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Destructive Methods ◽  
Author Knowledge

Abstract The article presents original methodology of testing the moisture content of brick walls in buildings. It was developed on the basis of own experience acquired during testing the moisture content in many excessively wet buildings erected in various historical periods. The tests were conducted using different methods, including non-destructive methods. To emphasize the importance of the problem, an overview of the methodology was preceded by a brief presentation of the causes and negative effects of excessive moisture and salinity in brick walls. In addition, the article is illustrated with an example of the effects of moisture content tests carried out according to the developed methodology on a facility from the fourteenth century. According to the author, knowledge of the presented methodology, and its application, should contribute to both the improvement of the quality of conducted research and the credibility of the obtained results.

scholarly journals Reinforcement and Restoration Studies of the Edremit Ataturk House

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5346-5351
Author(s):  
B. M. Bagbanci
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Modal Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vibration Tests ◽  
Non Destructive

Edremit Ataturk House has been restored under international restoration principles. Due to its importance, a systematic study was carried out to prevent the building from suffering damage. The current situation of the building was investigated by using slightly destructive and non-destructive test methods. Flat-jack and shear tests were used in order to identify the mechanical properties of masonry walls according to the ASTM standards. The operational modal analysis test method was used in order to understand its dynamic characteristics. After the diagnosis phase, a finite element model was prepared and calibrated according to the in-situ test results. The reinforcement studies were performed according to the finite element modal analysis results. Finally, the differences between the dynamic properties of the structure were evaluated by vibration tests before and after the restoration works.

scholarly journals Calibration of Acoustic Emission Parameters in Relation to the Equilibrium Moisture Content Variations in a Pinus sylvestris Beam

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5236
Author(s):  
Beatrice Bartolucci ◽  
Francesca Frasca ◽  
Anna Maria Siani ◽  
Chiara Bertolin
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Non Destructive

Under constant temperature conditions, air relative humidity variations affect hygroscopic objects, such as wood, modifying their moisture content and provoking, at low values, damages and fractures. The parameters (amplitude, counts, and energy) derived from the acoustic emission non-destructive technique are calibrated with respect to equilibrium moisture content values using 14 samplings of Pinus sylvestris. The experimental procedure uses multi-technique approaches involving a universal testing machine, digital image correlation, and acoustic emissions, and notes that the three parameters of acoustic emission strictly depend on the equilibrium moisture content. For a better interpretation, a statistical approach is applied to model the equilibrium moisture content variations radially and longitudinally. Amplitude, counts, and energy are calibrated as a function of the equilibrium moisture content, indicating that all three parameters are necessary to have an integral vision of the conservation of a wooden material. Moreover, the shape of the macro-fractures that occur at the surface can be associated with the level of moisture or dryness of the sample. Finally, the proposed method can be used in situ because, through acoustic emission monitoring, it is possible to quantify the fingerprint of the state of conservation of a material.

Measuring air-filled porosity changes in an irrigated swelling clay soil

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
NS Jayawardane ◽  
WS Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Swelling Clay ◽  
Volumetric Moisture Content ◽  
Neutron Count ◽  
Destructive Measurement ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Good Agreement

An in-situ method for measuring air filled porosity (�a) of soils using a neutron meter was developed and evaluated for a layered, swelling clay soil. Bulk density-volumetric moisture content relationships of soil layers were used to calculate the regressions of volumetric moisture content on �a. These regressions were combined with calibration equations of the neutron meter to obtain relationships between �a and neutron counts. The �a values predicted from measured neutron count ratios show good agreement with �a values calculated from the measured bulk densities and moisture contents in a transitional red-brown earth. The method provides a rapid and non-destructive measurement of �a. Soil aeration in a transitional red-brown earth under two irrigation treatments was assessed using neutron counts to monitor the changes in �a profiles. Large soil cores which were flooded had lower profile �a values than did cores which were not flooded. However, differences were small, owing apparently to the very low rates of infiltration and redistribution. The potential use of this method to continuously monitor changes in �a profiles allows frequent calculation of aeration stress indices, which may be used to predict crop responses and yield losses due to poor aeration.

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