scholarly journals Welding-induced Residual Stresses in U-Ribs of a Steel Bridge Deck

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huili Wang ◽  
Sifeng Qin ◽  
Ben Wang ◽  
Shaobo Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Body Force ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Heat Generation Rate ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Source Models ◽  
Steel Deck

To calculate the welding-induced residual stresses in U-ribs of the steel deck plate and conduct quantitative analysis of influential factors, the U-ribs of steel deck plate of Xinghai Bay Bridge was taken as the research object. In the ABAQUS finite element software, the local models of U-ribs of steel deck plate were established. Nodal body force loads, i.e., heat generation rate, of the double ellipsoidal heat source models were applied via the compiled subsidiary Dflux program. The welding process of the v-groove welds was simulated, to obtain the residual stresses distribution in the top plate and U-rib plates. The influence of thickness of top plate and angle of welding groove on the residual stresses in the U-ribs were studied. The results show that the welding-induced residual stresses calculated by the numerical method proposed in this paper agree well with the experimental data. The maximum residual stresses in the top plates and the U-rib plates all occur near the welds, which exceeds the yielding limitation of the material. As the thickness of top plate increases, the maximum values of residual stresses in the top plates and U-ribs increase. However, with the increase of groove angle, the maximum values of residual stresses in the top plates and U-rib plates decrease.

DETERMINING RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WELDED CONNECTIONS OF ORTHOTROPIC STEEL BRIDGE DECKS WITH A HOLE-DRILLING TECHNIQUE

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Nagy ◽  
Philippe Van Bogaert ◽  
Hans De Backer
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Bridge Decks ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Test Setup ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Drilling Technique

Manufacturing processes such as welding operations cause residual stresses that are present in most civil structures. They cause plastic deformations without any external loads and are therefore often overlooked during design. Nevertheless, residual stresses can have profound influences on material strength and fatigue life. This is also true for orthotropic steel bridge decks, which have many complex welding details. Because little is known about the distribution of residual stresses due to welding, a semi-destructive experimental test setup is developed for a stiffener-to-deck plate connection on an orthotropic steel bridge deck. In particular, the hole-drilling technique is used. With this experimental test setup, a clear distribution of the residuals stresses becomes visible. Residual stresses up to the yield strength can be found near the weld and up to 50% of the yield strength elsewhere. However, more research is needed to verify why the sign of the stresses is opposite to the expected stresses in the literature.

USE OF THE HOLE DRILLING METHOD TO DETERMINE RESIDUAL WELD STRESSES IN BRIDGE CONSTRUCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evy Van Puymbroeck ◽  
Wim Nagy ◽  
Hans De Backer
Keyword(s):  
Yield Strength ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Weld Region ◽  
Longitudinal Stiffener ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Complex welding operations in orthotropic steel bridge decks introduce residual stresses near the weld region. To estimate fatigue failure of this type of bridge deck, tensile residual yield stresses are usually assumed around the weld region. However, to estimate the residual stress distribution near a weld connection more precisely, a test setup is developed. The weld connection of a closed longitudinal trapezoidal stiffener with the deck plate of an orthotropic bridge deck is investigated. The incremental hole-drilling technique is used to measure the residual stresses with strain gauge rosettes. Strain gauge rosettes are positioned on the deck plate and on a longitudinal stiffener of the orthotropic steel deck. A small hole is drilled through the center of the strain gauge rosettes and strains are measured at incremental depths. The residual stresses are calculated and based on these experimental measurements a distribution of the residual stresses is obtained. Compressive residual stresses exist near the longitudinal stiffener-to-deck plate weld. On the deck plate, the compressive residual stresses are equal to 60% of the yield strength while the compressive residual stresses on the stiffener are 42% of the yield strength. There are tensile residual stresses on both sides of the weld region. However, more research is necessary to confirm this distribution since it is contradictory to expected stresses in literature.

Evaluation of through-thickness residual stresses and microstructure in SA516 Gr. 70 steel welds

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440542199012
Author(s):  
Pradeeptta Kumar Taraphdar ◽  
Manas Mohan Mahapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Pradhan ◽  
Pavan Kumar Singh ◽  
Kamal Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Stress Fields ◽  
Pressure Vessel Steel ◽  
Vessel Steel ◽  
Steel Welds

The critical working condition of nuclear power plant equipment necessitates meticulous determination of the welding process and parameters. In this work, some major influential factors of welding were investigated to observe their effects on the through-thickness residual stress distribution in multipass pressure vessel steel welds. In this regard, experiments were conducted to find the characteristics of residual stresses dispersed in SA516 Grade 70 steel welds of different groove geometries with distinct welding conditions. Three-dimensional finite element models of the weldments were developed considering a moving heat source with temperature-dependent material properties to simulate the welding thermal cycles and corresponding residual stress fields. Effects of weld groove geometry, number of weld passes, external constraints, and preheating on the through-thickness residual stress fields were studied. Additional attention was given to the evaluation of the heterogeneous microstructure and microhardness across the weld cross-section associated with their weld thermal history. Finally, the evolution of the through-thickness residual stresses attributed to subsequent weld passes was elaborated.

Proactive maintenance method for fatigue cracks to steel bridge deck without traffic disruption

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Nakata ◽  
Yukio Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Damage ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
New Method ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Steel Deck ◽  
Proactive Maintenance

<p>Fatigue damage is a major topic in bridge maintenance. The fatigue damage to steel bridge deck has been dramatically increasing since the first fatigue damage was observed in Hanshin expressway in early 2000s. Insufficient knowledge of bridge fatigue design and unexpected increase of traffic demand and heavy vehicle could be the cause of the fatigue damage.</p><p>Replacement of base pavement course to steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) has been generally used for strengthening of steel decks; however, the countermeasure from the topside of the bridge deck could make serious traffic disruption. Therefore, reactive and proactive maintenance for such steel decks has not been well progressed so far.</p><p>According to the background above, Hanshin expressway has been making an effort on developing new method by strengthening steel deck from the bottom side. The idea of the new method is to enhance fatigue resistance by improving the weld joint between deck plate and U-rib plate. Three potential methods were identified and the effectiveness of those methods was studied in field for making sure of not only fatigue resistance improvement but also field construction.</p><p>This paper will introduce the new retrofit methods for steel deck and describe the effectiveness of those methods.</p>

Numerical Simulation of Residual Stresses in Single Pass Butt-Weld of Dissimilar Pipe Joint during the Fusion Welding Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 314-316 ◽  
pp. 1034-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Ke Sun ◽  
Dong Sheng Zhao ◽  
Yu Jun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Welded Joints ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Fusion Welding ◽  
304 Stainless Steel ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Butt Weld ◽  
Finite Element Software

Dissimilar metal welded joints are widely used in engineering structures nowadays. Among the various types of material combinations, dissimilar welded joints of carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel are very common in shipbuilding, nuclear and chemical industries. In this study the finite element software MSC.Marc is employed to calculate the welding residual stresses in dissimilar butt-welded Q235 steel and 304 stainless steel pipes with different welding currents. The calculation results indicate that the welding residual stresses present asymmetric distribution, peaks of residual stresses on inner surface tend to be in 304 stainless side which can be significant higher than the yield stresses of parent metals. Changing in welding current does not have a significant effect on the peak of stress in weld center line.

Structural Stress Analysis of Trough to Deck Plate Weld in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks

2012 ◽  
Vol 204-208 ◽  
pp. 3270-3274
Author(s):  
Man Man Wang ◽  
Ce Chen ◽  
Bo Hai Ji ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Duan Duan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Extrapolation Method ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Structural Stress ◽  
Coarse Mesh ◽  
Mesh Model ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Element Type ◽  
Steel Deck

A comparative study among five methods to calculate the structural stress of the trough to deck plate joint in orthotropic steel deck was carried out. The five methods used are surface stress extrapolation method (SSE), Haibach method, Xiao and Yamada method and CAB method. FEM analysis shows the five methods are mesh sensitive. Structural stress calculated using element type solid95 is larger than that of solid45. For fine and medium mesh model, structural stress calculated by Haibach method is larger than other methods, which means a lower fatigue life. Structural stress calculated by Yamada method is lower than other methods, which means a higher fatigue life than that calculated by other methods. For coarse mesh model, structure stress calculated by quadratic extrapolation method is larger than other methods, and, structural stress calculated by Yamada method is much lower than other methods.

scholarly journals In Situ Experimental Study on the Behavior of UHPC Composite Orthotropic Steel Bridge Deck

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Su ◽  
Shilei Wang ◽  
Yan Gao ◽  
Jianlei Liu ◽  
Xudong Shao
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Concrete ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Orthotropic Steel Deck ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Steel Deck

A novel ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) layer composite orthotropic steel deck was adopted in the construction of a new bridge in China to improve the fatigue performance of the orthotropic steel deck plate and reduce the disease of surface wearing layer. In situ experiments were conducted to study the UHPC layer’s impact on the behavior of the orthotropic steel deck. The test vehicle loads were applied on the deck plate before and after UHPC layer paving, the stresses where fatigue cracks usually occur and the deflections of critical sections were measured. The test results verified that the UHPC composite steel deck system could significantly reduce the stress of the rib-to-deck connection region and the stress at the bottom toe of rib-to-diaphragm weld. In addition, it slightly influenced the performance of U shape rib, girder web-to-deck and diaphragm cutout.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Optimization of Orthotropic Steel Deck System Based on Response Surface Methodology

Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Wei Huang ◽  
Minshan Pei ◽  
Xiaodong Liu ◽  
Chuang Yan ◽  
Ya Wei
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Nonlinear Optimization ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Bridge Deck ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Steel Deck

The steel bridge deck system, directly subjected to the vehicle load, is an important component to be considered in the optimization design of the bridges. Due to its complex structure, the design parameters are coupled with each other, and many fatigue details in the system result in time-consuming calculation during structure optimization. In view of this, a nonlinear optimization method based on the response surface methodology (RSM) is proposed in this study to simplify the design process and to reduce the amount of calculations during optimization. The optimization design of the steel bridge deck system with two-layer pavement on the top of the steel deck plate is taken as an example, the influence of eight structural parameters is considered. The Box-Behnken design is used to construct a sample space in which the eight structural parameters can be distributed evenly to reduce the calculation workload. The finite element method is used to model the mechanical responses of the steel bridge deck system. From the regression analysis by the RSM, the explicit relationships between the fatigue details and the design parameters can be obtained, based on which the nonlinear optimization design of the bridge deck system is conducted. The influence of constraint functions, objective functions, and optimization algorithms is also analyzed. The method proposed in this study is capable of considering the influence of different structural parameters and different optimization objectives according to the actual needs, which will effectively simplify the optimization design of the steel bridge deck system.

scholarly journals Welding Simulation Used in the Design of Metallic Armor Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 996 ◽  
pp. 518-524
Author(s):  
Lee Fredette ◽  
Elvin Beach
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Finite Element Simulation ◽  
Heat Affected Zone ◽  
Heat Input ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Welding Simulation ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Wide Range

Welding steel armor reduces the armor materials protection capability. Several industrial and military welding standards exist for welding armor materials with the primary focus on joint strength rather than ballistic integrity.The Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) created by the welding process introduces vulnerabilities in the protection system. The process and designs that we have demonstrated include mitigation features that eliminate the ballistic degradation and provide uniform protection across all armor materials.In this study we used finite element simulation of the welding process to perform trade studies evaluating welded joint designs, and to show how the designs could be altered to both optimize armor performance and reduce welding heat input. A beneficial effect of reduced heat input was the corresponding reduction in welding-induced residual stresses, an overall reduction in assembly distortion in the assembly, and improvement of the armor performance.The simulated welding process included the creation of the heat affected zone and the development of residual stresses in the structure. ABAQUS finite element software was used for the simulation with the aid of an extensive material property database created over the wide range of welding temperatures.The finite element simulation predictions were validated and verified with excellent results by metallography and micro-hardness measurements. Live-fire ballistic tests were used as the final proof of measurable design improvements. Finite element welding simulation was shown to be an effective tool for improving upon standard welded armor designs, and above all in improving human safety.

Can 100-year-old steel railroad bridges continue to be used in service?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Rakoczy ◽  
Duane Otter
Keyword(s):  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Probabilistic Methods ◽  
Steel Bridge ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Railway Bridges ◽  
Railroad Bridges ◽  
Service Testing ◽  
Deck Plate ◽  
Steel Deck ◽  
Plate Girder

<p>More than 50 percent of steel deck plate girder railway bridges in North America exceed 100 years in service. This includes more than 14,000 spans with a total length of 145 miles that remain in service. The oldest bridges are close to 150 years old. For these aging structures, there is a special need to develop reliable procedures to evaluate their fitness for continued service. Simplified calculations and conservative assumptions often lead to spurious outcomes that indicate older structures ceased to be functional decades ago. Even if a steel bridge reaches its estimated fatigue life, the structure might be fit for future service and perhaps for a significant period of time. Fitness for service assessments that utilize probabilistic methods, and that are informed by and consistent with detailed physical inspections of the structures, provide a more accurate assessment of the fitness and expected life of bridges. In this paper, a probabilistic method is demonstrated on three, riveted deck plate girder spans that exceed 100 years of service. The spans are currently located at the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing.</p>

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