scholarly journals The Gene Patenting Controversy

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Jeremy Sklarzyk ◽  
Emma Jameson ◽  
Nasteha Abdullahi ◽  
Mahnoor Shah
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Human Gene ◽  
The Public ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Myriad Genetics ◽  
Gene Patenting ◽  
A Company ◽  
The U.S

Genes are found in every living thing. They make us who we are. In the modern age of rapid technological advances, it is common for new discoveries to be patented for profit. A question arises. Does finding and isolating a human gene make it patentable by a company? This question has spurred much controversy over the last few years. Last year, a medical company called Myriad Genetics tried to patent the human gene that is responsible for breast cancer. To further understand the opinions of the public with regards to the issue of gene patenting, we conducted a study in one high school in Mississauga. Our results showed that the majority of teenagers are against gene patenting. However, we learned that teens knew very little about this issue. This motivated us to take action by making two informational videos on gene patenting to spread awareness among our peers and the wider community. In addition, we reached out to a group called Breast Cancer Association (BCA) by writing a letter to express our solidarity. We received a ‘thank you’ reply for BCA shortly after the U.S. Supreme

The Role of Web Assurance Seals in Nonprofit Giving

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-148
Author(s):  
Joseph Canada ◽  
Erica E. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Charitable Contributions ◽  
The Public ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Donor Support ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Web

ABSTRACT Using a sample of the 2,000 largest nonprofit organizations in the U.S., we document that the use of web assurance seals is not as commonplace as for-profit e-commerce websites. In particular, we find that only about 14 percent of sample organizations invest in web assurance seals. Those that do provide web seals are larger, less efficient, and spend more on fundraising and information technology. Interestingly, however, our size result weakens for the very largest organizations in our sample. In addition to our contribution to the web assurance literature, we also contribute to donations research in identifying another feature important to donors in the decision to give. Specifically, we find a positive relationship between web seals and donations, indicating that providing this type of assurance attracts more donor support. We believe this is particularly interesting given the relatively few organizations adopting this type of signal in the marketplace for charitable contributions. Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.

Apathy and Color-Blindness in Privatized Immigration Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Ebert ◽  
Wenjie Liao ◽  
Emily P. Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
News Media ◽  
Normal Component ◽  
Color Blindness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Immigration Control ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Control Research ◽  
The U.S

Despite several widely covered scandals involving the role of for-profit corporations in administering immigration policy, the privatization of immigration control continues apace with the criminalization of immigration. How does this practice sustain its legitimacy among the public amid so much controversy? Recent studies on the criminalization of immigration suggest that supporters would explicitly vilify immigrants to defend the privatization of immigration control. Research on racialized social control, on the other hand, implies that proponents would avoid explicit racism and vilification and instead rely on subtler narratives to validate the practice. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of over 600 frames derived from nearly 200 news media articles spanning over 20 years, we find that journalists and their sources rarely vilify immigrants to justify the privatization of immigration control. Instead, they frame the privatization of immigration detention as a normal component of population management and an integral part of the U.S. economy through what we call the apathy strategy—a pattern of void in which not only the systematic oppression of immigrants is underplayed, immigrant themselves also become invisible.

Myriad (A): Breast Cancer Testing in the United States

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Daniel Diermeier ◽  
Shobita Parthasarathy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
The Public ◽  
Testing Service ◽  
Brca Gene ◽  
Myriad Genetics ◽  
Genetic Testing Service

Describes Myriad Genetics and its struggle to develop a genetic testing service while facing challenges from competitors and activist organizations. After Myriad's discovery of the BRCA gene, capable of genetic testing for breast cancer in women, Myriad needed to choose a strategy to provide this service to the public. With several major competitors offering similar services, intense media scrutiny, and a charged activist and political climate, a poor Myriad decision could have major repercussions.

Myriad (A): Breast Cancer Testing in Britain

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Daniel Diermeier ◽  
Shobita Parthasarathy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
National Health Service ◽  
Health Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Myriad Genetics ◽  
Brca Genetic Testing

Describes Myriad Genetics and its struggle to secure exclusive testing services for the BRCA gene. After Myriad obtained licensing rights and dissolved its U.S. competition, it turned its focus to Europe, specifically the United Kingdom. The U.K. National Health Service had made genetic testing available to the public and Myriad had to decide which course of action would be most effective in stopping British BRCA genetic testing and expanding Myriad's own service to this new market.

Hospitals: N.Y. Appellate Court Denies Move to Privatize Public Hospital

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
Robert Chatham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Municipal Hospital ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefit ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Benefit Corporation ◽  
The City

The Court of Appeals of New York held, in Council of the City of New York u. Giuliani, slip op. 02634, 1999 WL 179257 (N.Y. Mar. 30, 1999), that New York City may not privatize a public city hospital without state statutory authorization. The court found invalid a sublease of a municipal hospital operated by a public benefit corporation to a private, for-profit entity. The court reasoned that the controlling statute prescribed the operation of a municipal hospital as a government function that must be fulfilled by the public benefit corporation as long as it exists, and nothing short of legislative action could put an end to the corporation's existence.In 1969, the New York State legislature enacted the Health and Hospitals Corporation Act (HHCA), establishing the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (HHC) as an attempt to improve the New York City public health system. Thirty years later, on a renewed perception that the public health system was once again lacking, the city administration approved a sublease of Coney Island Hospital from HHC to PHS New York, Inc. (PHS), a private, for-profit entity.

Antitrust: U.S. Supreme Court Affirms FTC Jurisdiction but Vacates Scope of Analysis on CDA Policy

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-198
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Zakhary
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Trade Commission ◽  
Ninth Circuit ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Rule Of Reason ◽  
Antitrust Analysis ◽  
Business Financing ◽  
The U.S

In California Dental Association v. FTC, 119 S. Ct. 1604 (1999), the U.S. Supreme Court reviewed a decision by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that a nonprofit affiliation of dentists violated section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (FTCA), 15 U.S.C.A. § 45 (1998), which prohibits unfair competition. The Court examined two issues: (1) the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) jurisdiction over the California Dental Association (CDA); and (2) the proper scope of antitrust analysis. The Court unanimously held that CDA was subject to FTC's jurisdiction, but split 5-4 in its finding that the district court's use of abbreviated rule-of-reason analysis was inappropriate.CDA is a voluntary, nonprofit association of local dental societies. It boasts approximately 19,000 members, who constitute roughly threequarters of the dentists practicing in California. Although a nonprofit, CDA includes for-profit subsidiaries that financially benefit CDA members. CDA gives its members access to insurance and business financing, and lobbies and litigates on their behalf. Members also benefit from CDA marketing and public relations campaigns.

Voting at the U.S. Constitutional Convention

2019 ◽  
pp. 780-796
Author(s):  
Keith L. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Public Choice ◽  
Constitutional Convention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Choice Perspective ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

This chapter describes how the public-choice perspective has provided new insights into the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787. It reviews articles on the impact of the rules of the Convention, attempts to infer delegate votes, and reviews how public choice has helped us understand the adoption of various clauses in the Constitution and studies of the Beard thesis.

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