scholarly journals Resistance training and immunosenescence of the innate immune system

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (Avance Online) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Bartholomeu-Neto ◽  
David Junger F Alves ◽  
Ciro José Brito ◽  
Aparecido Pimentel Ferreira ◽  
Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Capacity ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Phagocytic cells constitute the first defense line against the diversity of infectious agents. The effects of aging on the immune function – immunosenescence – affect the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages and result in increased risk to cancer and other diseases. The aim of this review was to assess the functional aspects of the innate system cells in aging. Evidence brought about by this review suggests that resistance training is a useful therapy to mitigate the adverse effects of the innate immune system aging process. Resistance training is consistently recommended as assistent strategy for prevention of the inflamaging and associated chronic diseases, but establishing adequate program is still in demand. In addition, future studies are needed to improve our understanding of the resistance training-induced mechanisms underlying changes in phagocytic activity in the elderly. Resumen Las células fagocíticas constituyen la primera línea de defensa contra los agentes infecciosos. Los efectos del envejecimiento sobre la función inmune – inmunosenescencia – afectan la capacidad fagocítica de neutrófilos y monocitos/macrófagos y resultan en riesgo aumentado para el cáncer y otras enfermedades. El objetivo de esta revisión fue evaluar los aspectos funcionales de las células del sistema innato en el envejecimiento. Las evidencias revisadas sugieren que el entrenamiento de resistencia es una terapia útil para atenuar los efectos adversos del proceso de envejecimiento del sistema inmune innato. Se recomienda el entrenamiento de resistencia continuamente como estrategia complementaria para la prevención de la inflamación y de las enfermedades crónicas asociadas, pero hay que establecer el programa adecuado. Además, se necesitan más investigaciones para mejorar nuestra comprensión de los mecanismos modulados por el entrenamiento de resistencia que inducen a los cambios en la actividad fagocítica en las personas mayores. Resumo As células fagocitárias constituem a primeira linha de defesa contra agentes infecciosos. Os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a função imune – imunossenescência – afetam a capacidade fagocítica de neutrófilos e monócitos/macrófagos e resultam em aumento do risco para câncer e outras doenças. O objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar os aspectos funcionais das células do sistema inato durante o envelhecimento. Os estudos revisados sugerem que o treinamento resistido é uma terapia útil para atenuar os efeitos adversos do processo de envelhecimento do sistema imune inato. Recomenda-se que o treinamento resistido seja aplicado continuamente como estratégia complementar para a prevenção da inflamação e doenças crônicas associadas, porém deve-se estabelecer o programa adequado. Ressalta-se ainda que, são necessários mais estudos para melhorar a compreensão sobre os mecanismos modulados pelo treinamento resistido que induzem a alterações na atividade fagocítica em idosos.

scholarly journals ALTERED MOLECULAR PATHWAYS OBSERVED IN NASO-OROPHARYNGEAL SAMPLES OF SARS-CoV-2 PATIENTS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emel Akgun ◽  
Mete B Tuzuner ◽  
Betul Sahin ◽  
Meltem Kilercik ◽  
Canan Kulah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Cathepsin G ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Neutrophil Degranulation ◽  
Invasive Method

COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared throughout the World and currently affected more than 3.6 million people and caused the death of around 252,000 people. The novel strain of the coronavirus disease is transmittable at a devastating rate with a high rate of severe hospitalization even more so for the elderly population. Currently around 50,000 patients are in a seriously critical situation. Although 1.2 million patients recovered from the disease there are still more than 2.1 Million active cases. Naso-oro-pharyngeal swab samples as the first step towards detecting suspected infection of SARS-CoV-2 provides a non-invasive method for PCR testing at a high confidence rate. Furthermore, proteomics analysis of PCR positive and negative naso-oropharyngeal samples provides information on the molecular level which highlights disease pathology. Samples from 15 PCR positive cases and 15 PCR negative cases were analyzed with nanoLC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Proteomic analyses identified 207 proteins across the sample set and 17 of them were statistically significant. Protein-protein interaction analyses emphasized pathways like Neutrophil degranulation, Innate Immune System, Antimicrobial Peptides. Neutrophil Elastase (ELANE), Azurocidin (AZU1), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Myeloblastin (PRTN3), Cathepsin G (CTSG) and Transcobalamine-1 (TCN1) were found to be significantly altered in naso-oropharyngeal samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The identified proteins are linked to alteration in the innate immune system specifically via neutrophil degranulation and NETosis.

The role of the innate immune system on pulmonary infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 400 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Galeas-Pena ◽  
Nathaniel McLaughlin ◽  
Derek Pociask
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Mucus Production

Abstract Inhalation is required for respiration and life in all vertebrates. This process is not without risk, as it potentially exposes the host to environmental pathogens with every breath. This makes the upper respiratory tract one of the most common routes of infection and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. To combat this, the lung relies on the innate immune defenses. In contrast to the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not require sensitization, previous exposure or priming to attack foreign particles. In the lung, the innate immune response starts with the epithelial barrier and mucus production and is reinforced by phagocytic cells and T cells. These cells are vital for the production of cytokines, chemokines and anti-microbial peptides that are critical for clearance of infectious agents. In this review, we discuss all aspects of the innate immune response, with a special emphasis on ways to target aspects of the immune response to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Mutations Innate Immune System NOD/CARD15 Gene and Toll-Like-Receptor-4 Gene Are Associated with Increased Risk for Severe Acute Gvhd in Patients Who Underwent Allogeneic Transplantation.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 425-425
Author(s):  
Ahmet H. Elmaagacli ◽  
Michael Koldehoff ◽  
Nina K. Steckel ◽  
Heidrun Hindahl ◽  
Rudolf Trenschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Intestinal Gvhd

Abstract The innate immune system detects invading pathogens through several pattern-recognition receptors and represents the first line of mucosal host defense. Mutations of the NOD2/CARD15 and Toll like receptor −2, −4, −9 genes have been associated with an increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease due to a diminished response to bacterial cell wall products. Moreover, it was reported that mutations of NOD2 gene loci might be associated with an increased risk for TRM and severe GVHD in patients who underwent allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation. Here we analyzed 201 patients and their respective donors for NOD2, TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-9 mutations and correlated the results with the incidence of overall acute GVHD and intestinal GVHD. Further, we evaluated if the occurrence of NOD2/CARD15 and TLR allele mutations are accompanied with an increased risk for transplant-related mortality and overall survival. Mutated alleles of the NOD2 gene were observed in 17% of the patients and 16% of the donors. NOD2 gene mutations in patients and donors together were associated with an increased incidence of severe acute GVHD grade III-IV (6/11 patients; 55% versus 35/145 patients; 24%). If a mutated allele of the NOD2 gene was found either in patients or in donors only no correlation with increased incidence of severe acute GVHD was seen in this study. Patients with mutated alleles in TLR-4 genes (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) had a higher incidence of intestinal GVHD (p<0.02), whereas mutations of donor alleles only had no influence on the occurrence of intestinal GVHD in this analysis. No correlation with intestinal GVHD or overall acute GVHD was seen in patients with mutated alleles for TLR-2 and TLR-9. Overall survival, TRM and relapse risks was not influenced in none of the patients with mutated alleles of the innate immune system genes. Multivariate analysis including all potential factors, confirmed that that mutations of NOD2/CARD15 in patients and donors together influenced the occurrence of severe acute GVHD, whereas the occurrence of intestinal GVHD was influenced in patients by mutated alleles of TLR-4 gene. But mutations in alleles of the NOD2 or TLR-2,−4,−9 had no influence on the outcome of allogeneic transplant (TRM and overall survival) in the multivariate analysis. Since all patients in our institution had received an intestinal bacterial decontamination using metronidazole and ciprofloxacin after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, it might be speculative, if the reduction of concentrations of anaerobic bacteria in the intestinum might have protected patients from the occurrence of increased TRM. Decontamination of anaerobic bacteria is associated with a reduced risk for severe acute GVHD as reported earlier (Blood1999; 93:3267–75).

scholarly journals Cryptococcus neoformans Cells in Biofilms Are Less Susceptible than Planktonic Cells to Antimicrobial Molecules Produced by the Innate Immune System

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 6118-6123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis R. Martinez ◽  
Arturo Casadevall
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Planktonic Cells ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Immune Effector

ABSTRACT The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans can form biofilms on polystyrene plates and medical devices in a process that requires capsular polysaccharide release. Although biofilms are known to be less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs, little is known about their susceptibility to antimicrobial molecules produced by the innate immune system. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of C. neoformans cells in biofilm and planktonic states to oxidative and nonoxidative antimicrobial molecules produced by phagocytic cells. The effects of various immune effector molecules on the fungal mass, metabolic activity, and architecture of C. neoformans biofilms were measured by colony counts, 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide reduction, and confocal microscopy, respectively. Biofilms were more resistant than planktonic cells to oxidative stress but remained vulnerable to cationic antimicrobial peptides. However, melanized biofilms were significantly less susceptible to antimicrobial peptides than nonmelanized biofilms. These results suggest that the biofilm phenotype increases resistance against host immune mechanisms, a phenomenon that could contribute to the ability of biofilm-forming microbes to establish persistent infections.

scholarly journals Interaction between Phagocytic Cells with Antiphagocytic Properties of Cryptococcus neoformans: When Love and Hate Collide

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Forman Erwin Siagian
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
First Line ◽  
Systemic Fungal Infection ◽  
Cryptococcus Spp ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
The Brain

Global systemic fungal infection, including meningeal cryptococcosis caused by the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus spp, continue to rise in number, especially among HIV infected individuals. Infection occur through inhalation of spore which is abundant in the environment. Initially this fungus stay in the lungs for a certain time without causing any symptoms and when the host’s cellular immune status is depleted, it can uses monocyte as a vehicle to take them to the brain, using a mechanism called Trojan Horse mechanism. Normal alveolar macrophage as the first line of innate immune system in the lungs are supposed to phagocytose, internalized and then destroy it inside an organelle named phagolysosome. But Cryptococcus spp seemed to have a built in antiphagocytic mechanism to avoid destruction and even can multiply therein. The interaction between this clever yeast and the host’s phagocytic cells determine the course of the disease.

Innate vs acquired immunity

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard E. Voll ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens' life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen's fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.

Innate vs acquired immunity

2013 ◽  
pp. 356-364
Author(s):  
Reinhard E. Voll ◽  
Barbara M. Bröker
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells

The innate and the adaptive immune system efficiently cooperate to protect us from infections. The ancient innate immune system, dating back to the first multicellular organisms, utilizes phagocytic cells, soluble antimicrobial peptides, and the complement system for an immediate line of defence against pathogens. Using a limited number of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors including the Toll-like, RIG-1-like, and NOD-like receptors, the innate immune system recognizes so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are specific for groups of related microorganisms and represent highly conserved, mostly non-protein molecules essential for the pathogens’ life cycles. Hence, escape mutants strongly reduce the pathogen’s fitness. An important task of the innate immune system is to distinguish between harmless antigens and potentially dangerous pathogens. Ideally, innate immune cells should activate the adaptive immune cells only in the case of invading pathogens. The evolutionarily rather new adaptive immune system, which can be found in jawed fish and higher vertebrates, needs several days to mount an efficient response upon its first encounter with a certain pathogen. As soon as antigen-specific lymphocyte clones have been expanded, they powerfully fight the pathogen. Importantly, memory lymphocytes can often protect us from reinfections. During the development of T and B lymphocytes, many millions of different receptors are generated by somatic recombination and hypermutation of gene segments making up the antigen receptors. This process carries the inherent risk of autoimmunity, causing most inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In contrast, inadequate activation of the innate immune system, especially activation of the inflammasomes, may cause autoinflammatory syndromes.

Diet-induced obesity differentially modulates cardiac inflammatory status in the C57 and FVB mouse strains

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Gaisler-Silva ◽  
Carolina Victoria Cruz Junho ◽  
Izabelle Fredo-da-Costa ◽  
Marcelo Augusto Christoffolete ◽  
Marcela Sorelli Carneiro-Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
N Gene ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Cardiovascular diseases correspond to the highest risk of sudden death worldwide, and obesity is largely related to being an increased risk factor. There is a higher prevalence of arterial hypertension in obese individuals, including the presence of cardiac hypertrophy. Methods: It is already known the role of toll-like receptors [TLR], mainly 2 and 4 in heart cells, as fundamental to the process of cardiac hypertrophy. Obesity has been studied as an activator of damage-associated molecular patterns [DAMPs], which use the TLR signaling pathway to increase the nuclear factor of inflammation, NF-kB, increasing cytokine expression in heart tissue. It’s already known that FVB/N and C57BL/6 mouse strains have different behaviors in relation to metabolism, but the difference in cardiac tropism and innate immune system modulation is not clear. Results: The present study aimed to evaluate the contribution of innate immune factors to cardiac hypertrophy induced by an experimental model of obesity comparing two mouse strains: C57BL/6 and FVB/N. Both strains were submitted to a high-fat diet containing 23% protein, 35.5% carbohydrate, and 35.9% fat for 68 days. Hearts were collected, weighed, and submitted to RT-qPCR, and iBoplex analyzed the serum. We observed an increase in heart mass after 68 days in both strains. Conclusion: This was followed by an increase of -actin only in C57BL/6 while ANF was increased in FVB/N. Gene expression of innate immune components and inflammatory cytokines were only increased in C57BL/6, but not in FVB/N. Based on the results obtained, we verified that C57BL/6 mice had a more robust action of innate immune system than FVB/N.

scholarly journals Interaction between stress hormones and phagocytic cells and its effect on the health status of dairy cows: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1837-1848
Author(s):  
Mohanned Naif Alhussien ◽  
Ajay Kumar Dang
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Phagocytic Cells

Dairy cows are exposed to various stressors during their production cycle that makes them more susceptible to various diseases. Phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) are important soldiers of the innate immune system. Neutrophils are the first responders to an inflammatory response and stress and kill pathogens by generating reactive oxygen species and by the release of various antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, etc. Macrophages, the other phagocytes, are also the cleanup crew for the innate immune system that removes debris, pathogens, and dead neutrophils later on after an inflammatory response. The neuroendocrine system along with phagocytes exhibits an immunomodulatory potential during stressful conditions. Neuroendocrine system directly affects the activity of phagocytes by communicating bidirectionally through shared receptors and messenger molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or cytokines. Different immune cells may show variable responses to each hormone. Short time exposure to stress can be beneficial, but repeated or extended exposure to stress may be detrimental to the overall health and well-being of an animal. Although some stresses associated with farming practices in dairy cows are unavoidable, better understanding of the interactions occurring between various stress hormones and phagocytic cells can help to reduce stress, improve productivity and animal welfare. This review highlights the role played by various stress hormones in modulating phagocytic cell performance of dairy cattle under inflammatory conditions.

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