scholarly journals Türkiye’nin Kitlesel Akınlar Deneyiminin Çatışma Modeli ve 3Ka Ekseninde Değerlendirilmesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-342
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Sirkeci ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku

Türkiye uluslararası göç yazınına sonradan girmiş eski bir göç ve göçmen ülkesidir. Özellikle 19. yüzyıl sonundan itibaren yaşanan uluslararası nüfus hareketlerinin önemli bir kısmı, şiddetli çatışmalar karşısında yerinden olan nüfusların sınır aşan hareketleri olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Suriyelilerin 2011 tarihinde Türkiye’ye yönelik kitlesel akınları ile yeniden tartışılmaya başlanan kitlesel akın kavramı, çatışma eksenli bir kuramlaştırılma üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda Türkiye’nin deneyimlediği tüm göç hareketleri değil, sadece kitlesel akınlar incelenmektedir. Teorik arka planını Çatışma ve Göç Kültürleri Modeline dayandırdığımız bu çalışmada insan hareketliliğinin öncelikle hedef ülkenin çekiciliği değil, kaynak  ülkelerdeki çatışmaların motive edici rolü vurgulanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çatışmaların makro düzeyde Göçün 3KA’sı olarak ifade ettiğimiz, Katılım, Kalkınma ve Kitle Açıklarının insani güvensizlik kaynağı olduğunu ve bunların kitlesel akınları yönlendirdiğini tartışıyoruz. Böylelikle bu çalışmada, yaygın olarak “ani ve öngörülemez” olarak tanımlanan kitlesel akınların aslolarak öngörülebilir olduklarına işaret eden ve biriken insani güvensizlik algısına dikkat çekerek, kitlesel akın tanımını yeniden tartışmaya açmaktayız. ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH Understanding Mass Movements to Turkey in Reference to the Conflict Model of Migration and 3Ds Despite entering the international migration literature more recently, Turkey has long been an emigration and immigration country. International population movements to Turkey, especially movements at the end of the 19 century, was mostly by those who lost their houses because of the intensive conflicts happening in the origin countries. We discuss mass migrations to Turkey with reference to the Conflict Model of Migration. We argue that conflicts in places of origin are primarily important in mass migration movements. We look at the sources of conflict and insecurity classified into the 3Ds (Democratic Deficit, Development Deficit and Demographic Deficit) to explain human mobility. Thus, we argue that mass population movements that are often described as “sudden” and “unpredictable” can in fact be predictable if cumulative human insecurity factors are taken into account. 

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-106
Author(s):  
Ali Tilbe ◽  
Kamil Civelek

Göç olgusu genel bir bakışla; insanların ekonomik, toplumsal, siyasal ya da ekinsel çok değişik nedenlerle yerleşik uzamlarından başka bir uzama yerleşmek için yaptıkları devinimler olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu tanıma en uygun devinimlerden birisi de altmışlı yıllarda başlayan ve günümüzde de karşılıklı olarak süreğen ekinsel bir nitelik kazanan Türklerin Almanya’ya ulusötesi göçüdür. Bu bildiride İbrahim Sirkeci ve Jeffrey H. Cohen’in Çatışma ve Göç Kültürü Modeli temelli geliştirdiğimiz göç yazını inceleme yöntembilimi yaklaşımıyla çağdaş Türk-Alman yazarlardan Yüksel Pazarkaya’nın Savrulanlar adlı romanını incelemeyi erek ediniyoruz. Roman, iki ülke arasında arafta kalan insanların ekinsel ve toplumsal uyum ve yeni bir kimlik edinmek için vermiş oldukları savaşımı, yıllar sonra gurbette bir trende karşılaşan iki askerlik arkadaşının yeniden kurulan dostluklarını ve aile öykülerini çarpıcı bir biçimde betimlemektedir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHAnalysis of Yüksel Pazarkaya’s Novel Titled Savrulanlar in the Context of Conflict Model of Migration and Cultures of Human MobilityIn general terms, the migration phenomenon can be described as human mobility which occurs for the purpose to settle at a different location from the permanent one due to economic, social, political or cultural reasons. Transnational migration of Turks through Germany, which has started in sixties and has been perpetuated mutually and obtained a cultural characteristic, is one of the most appropriate types of mobility that fits this description. In this presentation, we aim to examine Savrulanlar, which is written by Yüksel Pazarkaya, a contemporary Turk-German author, by employing the approach of migration literature examination methodology that we have developed on the basis of İbrahim Sirkeci and Jeffrey H. Cohen’s Conflict Model of Migration and Cultures of Human Mobility. The novel portrays the struggle of people who try to gain a new identity and their endeavour for cultural and social adaptation, along with the friendship of two army friends who met on train in abroad after many years, as well as their family stories conspicuously.


2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pinar Yazgan ◽  
Deniz Eroglu Utku ◽  
Ibrahim Sirkeci

With the growing insurrections in Syria in 2011, an exodus in large numbers have emerged. The turmoil and violence have caused mass migration to destinations both within the region and beyond. The current "refugee crisis" has escalated sharply and its impact is widening from neighbouring countries toward Europe. Today, the Syrian crisis is the major cause for an increase in displacement and the resultant dire humanitarian situation in the region. Since the conflict shows no signs of abating in the near future, there is a constant increase in the number of Syrians fleeing their homes. However, questions on the future impact of the Syrian crisis on the scope and scale of this human mobility are still to be answered. As the impact of the Syrian crisis on host countries increases, so does the demand for the analyses of the needs for development and protection in these countries. In this special issue, we aim to bring together a number of studies examining and discussing human mobility in relation to the Syrian crisis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184
Author(s):  
Onur Kemal Bazarkaya

Orta Çağdan hemen sonra gelen Yeni Çağın başlarındaki bilimsel tartışmalarda şarlatanlar çok büyük bir önem taşırdı; çünkü o dönemde söz sahibi olan bilim insanları onları olumsuz örnekler olarak görür ve bu olumsuzlukları kullanarak bilim için ideal ölçütler saptarlardı. Bilimde bu şekilde “negatif figür” (Hole Rößler) olarak gösterilen şarlatanlar, edebiyatta daha çeşitli ve kompleks biçimlerde ortaya çıkmakta, hatta kimi zaman karizmatik kişilikler olarak tasvir edilmektedir. Bu durum özellikle şarlatan figürünün yoğun bir şekilde sahnelendiği Alman Edebiyatında 18. yüzyılın sonlarında, 19. yüzyılın başlarında görülmektedir. Aynı zamanda söz konusu devirde yazılmış eserlerdeki şarlatanların neredeyse hiçbirinin yerleşik yaşam insanı olmadığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bitmeyen yolculukları gibi bu bağlamda sürekli kıyafet değiştirmeleri ve rol yapmaları da onların kişiliklerine esrarengiz bir hava katmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Christoph Martin Wieland, Friedrich Schiller ve Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’ye ait eserlerdeki şarlatan karakterinin farklı işlevleri irdelenecektir. Çalışmanın sonucunda şimdiye kadar gözardı edilmiş şarlatan figürüyle birlikte Göç Edebiyatı kapsamındaki araştırmalara yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak hedeflendirmektedir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHCharlatan Traveller and Migration Literature: A Reading with the Conflict Model At the beginning of modern times, charlatans emerged as of great importance to the scientific discourse of those spokesmen of the scholar community who use them as negative examples and thus define ideal standards for their profession. Charlatans were seen as “negative figures” (Hole Rößler) in science; however, the way they were judged in literature was more complex and varied, and, in some texts, they even seem congenial and charismatic. This phenomenon can be noticed in German literature especially around 1800 when the charlatan figure is used very often. Moreover, it is conspicuous that charlatans in literary depictions of this period generally have no home and travel around constantly. Furthermore, the fact that they change their clothing and camouflage permanently offers to their identity a mysterious dimension. In the field of studies designated as ,Literature and Migration’, this paper aims to provide interpretative perspectives and, in this respect, examines the issue concerning the poetic functions of charlatan travellers as rendered textually in a number of relevant passages chosen from the works of Christoph Martin Wieland, Friedrich Schiller, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. 


1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Tomaske

The interest of economists in the nature and causes of economic growth has focused attention on demographic phenomena. For the economic historian, this has meant a reexamination of the historically unprecedented international population movements of the nineteenth century and their relationship to the process of economic growth.


Author(s):  
Bing Song ◽  
Xiao-Yong Yan ◽  
Suoyi Tan ◽  
Bin Sai ◽  
Shengjie Lai ◽  
...  

Understanding the spatial interactions of human mobility is crucial for urban planning, traffic engineering, as well as for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. Although many models have been developed to model human mobility, it is not clear whether such models could also capture the traveling mechanisms across different time periods (e.g. workdays, weekends or holidays). With one-year long nationwide location-based service (LBS) data in China, we investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of population movements during different time periods, and make thorough comparisons for the applicability of five state-of-the-art human mobility models. We find that population flows show significant periodicity and strong inequality across temporal and spatial distribution. A strong “backflow” effect is found for cross-city movements before and after holidays. Parameter fitting of gravity models reveals that travels in different type of days consider the attractiveness of destinations and cost of distance differently. Surprisingly, the comparison indicates that the parameter-free opportunity priority selection (OPS) model outperforms other models and is the best to characterize human mobility in China across all six different types of days. However, there is still an urgent need for development of more dedicated models for human mobility on weekends and different types of holidays.


2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Nestorowicz ◽  
Marta Anacka

“Gap,” “split,” and “divide” are just a few among many words used in publicizing the divergence of literature on internal and international migration. In this paper, we empirically test what has so far been just a conjecture. Using Web of Science data and bibliometric techniques, we, first, provide quantitative measures of the size of the proclaimed gap. Second, we inquire into the existing conceptual overlap between the two strands of academic literature. Third, we search for channels through which research on internal and international migration can potentially blend into becoming a single, more holistic area of study.


Author(s):  
Shadrack B. Ramokgadi

The individual choice to decide where to live bears directly on personal freedom, and the desire for survival and economic development. The right to geographic mobility is ideally safeguarded by international migration regulatory frameworks that derive from country-specific constitutions and inter-states arrangements. On the other hand, empirical evidence suggests that some countries restrict human mobility to take predetermined migration patterns. This chapter presents that the historical evolution in the relationship between the natural environment and human activities offers the opportunity to explore requirements for the successful implementation of any International Migration Regulatory Framework (IMRF). In doing so, the author contends that extant geopolitical conditions defining such relations need to be explored within state-centric political practices and civil society perceptions, put differently, through the dialogue between the state and civil society on migration processes necessary for successful implementation of regulatory framework while surfacing resources-power relationship between migratory states and citizens.


Babel ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-225
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Vigier-Moreno

Abstract Globalisation, cross-border human mobility and international migration flows have prompted cross-linguistic and cross-cultural services (e.g. translation and interpreting) in all spheres of current societies, including a sector as sensitive as justice. In Spain, as in many other countries, in the last two decades, despite fierce criticism from practitioners and academics, there has been a trend for the authorities to meet these needs by outsourcing these services to private companies rather than hiring qualified professionals individually, on the grounds that this system allows for cheaper and more efficient services. This article presents the most relevant results of a research project based on the analysis of a corpus of authentic interpreter-mediated criminal proceedings, the first project of this kind in Spain. After briefly explaining how the project was carried out and how the corpus was transcribed, annotated and analysed, special attention is paid to the findings in relation to the interpreters’ performance in terms of fidelity and accuracy, and some illustrative examples are provided. The aim is to address the quality of outsourced interpreting services in Spanish criminal courts as well as to indicate areas for improvement.


2007 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhu P. Mohapatra

Recent historiography attempts increasingly to move beyond Eurocentrism. In the field of migration, Adam McKeown's article is a fine example of an attempt to put global migration in a non-Eurocentric perspective. Perhaps its most acute insight is in putting the paradigmatic European migration flows to the Americas in the nineteenth century at par with the mainly intra Asian (south/south-east Asian and north-east Asian) migration flows. McKeown's main target of attack is the unabashed “Euro-centrism” (or rather the “North Atlantic centrism”) of much of the migration literature on the so called age of mass migration. Eurocentrism appears, at least in the way that McKeown presents it, as a set of three interrelated propositions.


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