scholarly journals EFFECTS OF GENDER ROLE PORTRAYAL IN TEXTBOOKS IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, ON PUPILS ACADEMIC ASPIRATIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-109
Author(s):  
David N. P. Mburu ◽  
Grace Nyagah
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Academic Aspirations ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Role Portrayal

The researcher aims to investigate the effect of gender role portrayal in selected textbooks in Kenyan primary schools on pupils’ academic aspirations. The study explored participants’ perceptions of what academic levels they wanted to attain and whether their aspirations and expectations were partly a product of the influences in their textbooks. The research was guided by the following objectives; to establish the gender roles portrayed in the pupils’ textbooks and their effect on pupils’ academic aspirations, determine gender attributes suggested through the statements and their effects on pupils’ academic aspirations, and to establish the presence of appropriate textual role models and its effects on pupils’ academic aspirations. The research addresses the following research questions; What are the gender roles that male and female characters are portrayed in?, What gender attributes are suggested through the statements in the textbooks and what appropriate textual female role models are present in the pupils’ textbooks? The paper was based on a study undertaken in Dagoretti District in Nairobi County, Kenya. The target population was 88 pupils and 60 teachers. The sample was selected through random sampling for the teachers and stratified random sampling for the pupils. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis. The data was collected by use of interview guide, a questionnaire and content analysis of 40 text books in class one to three. The results show that gender stereotypes had an effect on pupils’ academic aspirations as pupils tended to mostly identify with characters of their gender in the textbooks. The study recommends for intervention by the stakeholders in the education sector in order to improve gender aspirations by including a variety of activities and illustrations in the textbooks for both boys and girls. Key words: gender stereotypes, textbooks, gender portrayal, pupils aspirations.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Gender Roles in Tea Sector in Embu and Murang’a Counties, Kenya: A Case Study of Smallholder Tea Farmers

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Samson M. Makone ◽  
Naphis M. Bitange ◽  
Nathan O. Soire ◽  
Eveline A. Odero
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Tea Production ◽  
And Control

<div><p><em>Men and women perform different roles within the household and in agricultural sector. However, women’s roles are more strenuous and more pronounced and they work extra hours in providing the much needed labour on the tea farms than the men counterpart. But in spite of women’s much involvement in agricultural sector, they undergo discrimination in all aspects not only related to land ownership but also kept out when it comes to control and access to the benefits accrued from tea farming. This study therefore sought to determine gender roles in tea production in Embu and Murang’a counties and also to assess the accessibility and control over the benefits accrued from tea farming by gender. Stratified random sampling; simple random sampling and Purposive sampling techniques were used to sample 276 respondents from estimated target population of </em><em>18,000 tea growers from the two counties under study. </em><em>The study established that women perform more roles in tea plantation than their male counterparts. The findings clearly demonstrated that the most tedious and difficult roles that took long hours to accomplish were assigned to the women for instance, the plucking of tea, taking green leaves to the buying centre and collecting/receiving pay slips from the factory or buying centre was majorly done by the women but it’s men who goes to the bank to earn bonus and monthly payments for the work didn’t participate and also  attending annual general meetings (AGMs) or any meetings at the factory or buying centre and even organized educational forums and surveys since they knew that at the end of it they would either receive certificate of participation and more importantly sitting allowance. The finding further revealed that, men were assigned themselves roles that lighter duties that might require bit of skills such as pruning of tea bushes and nursery establishment. On the other hand women are unable to attend the forums or meetings because of numerous roles waiting for them ranging from household chores to agricultural production. Although conflicts have been in arise over the control of proceeds of tea sales because men receive the benefits and women who worked for them do not seem to benefit much, this gender discrimination had negatively affected tea production and by extension resulted in decline of tea yields and neglected tea bush. This study recommends that Kenya tea development agency to increase its sensitization forums and conducts regular workshops to educate the tea growers on gender balance in regards to distribution of proceeds from tea sales, access to and control over tea benefits. This could not only help to empower and motivate women but also demystify the gender stereotypes that men have about women and therefore eliminate gender discrimination in tea growing communities.</em></p></div>

scholarly journals The influence of sex and gender-role orientation in the decision to become an entrepreneur

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Perez-Quintana ◽  
Esther Hormiga ◽  
Joan Carles Martori ◽  
Rafa Madariaga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Business Administration ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between sex, gender-role orientation (GRO) and the decision to become an entrepreneur. Because of the fact that gender stereotypes have influences on the preferences and choices of individuals in their career, this research proposes the following objectives: to determine the existence of gender stereotypes that have an influence on human behaviour and specially in this research context; to measure the GRO of each individual; and, finally, to analyze the relationship between the entrepreneurial intention, the sex and the GRO of participants. Design/methodology/approach Based on a questionnaire, this study follows the Bem Sex-Role Inventory methodology to perform an analysis by means of the multiple regression model. This study uses two different samples of 760 students who attend business administration and management undergraduate programs. Findings The outcomes show that GRO is a better predictor of the decision to become an entrepreneur than biological sex. Moreover, the results for the whole sample confirm the relationship between masculine and androgynous GRO with entrepreneurial intention, whereas there is also evidence of feminine GRO when we consider only women. Research limitations/implications In line with previous studies that link GRO and entrepreneurship, in this paper, the authors have analyzed business administration students’ view to draw conclusions. The next step is to apply the gender perspective to advance in the analysis of the features that characterize business managers. Likewise, it is interesting to continue the study of gender social construction in entrepreneurship focusing on the discourse used by entrepreneurs or in the media. Practical implications The conclusions of this study are relevant for educators and trainers of future entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial archetype evolves from masculinity to androgyny. This may help women entrepreneurial intentions. Emphasizing androgynous traits is a way to disable male stereotype domination and threat. This possibility is open, not only for educators who have the ability to improve this perception but also for media, advertising companies and women to push and value female entrepreneurship. Social implications The implicit dynamism in GROs leads to the possibility of changes in workplace views and especially in entrepreneurship as a career option. In this way, it is possible that the general belief that the company owners are men may change. Improving women entrepreneurs’ social visibility, which acts as “role models” may increase female entrepreneur intention. Moreover, emphasis on the androgynous entrepreneur traits in forums at different levels of education, in entrepreneur training activities, will certainly increase the women entrepreneur intention if they perceive they have positively valued traits for entrepreneurship. Originality/value Selecting 31 items related with the entrepreneur person, this work tests empirically their gender categorization. This procedure allows to measure participants’ GRO following the four gender categories and classify them by sex. Finally, the authors analyze the influence the GRO and sex exert over entrepreneurial intention and provide empirical evidence in favour that GRO is a more robust variable to predict entrepreneurial intention than sex, and androgynous GRO is the most influential category on entrepreneurial intention.

scholarly journals Influence of Sibling Relationships on Development of Maladjusted Behaviour among Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Yatta Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Betty Kavwei ◽  
Nancy Cheseto
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
The Central Limit Theorem ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
Narrative Forms ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of sibling relationships on the development of maladjusted behaviour among pupils in public primary schools in Yatta Sub-County, Machakos County, Kenya. The study was guided by the Ecological Systems Theory. A mixed methodology was applied and the concurrent triangulation design in which the researcher implemented the quantitative and qualitative methods during the same timeframe and with equal weight. The target population consisted of 64 headteachers, 128 teacher-counsellors, 512 parents’ representatives and 4352 pupils in classes VI & VII all totalling 5056. Using the Central Limit Theorem, 12 public primary schools (18.8%) of 64 and 200 respondents were sampled. Stratified sampling was used to create four strata based on the number of zones in the Yatta Sub-County. From each zone, three headteachers, three parents’ representatives, 18 teacher-counsellors and 26 pupils in classes VI & VII were selected using simple random sampling to eliminate bias. This procedure enabled the researcher to sample 12 headteachers and 72 teacher-counsellors. Data analysis began by identifying common themes. Qualitative data were analysed thematically along with the objectives and presented in narrative forms. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively using frequencies and percentages and inferentially using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Analysis with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS Version 23) and presented using tables. The study established that cases of maladjusted behaviours among pupils are on the rise with sibling relationships and interactions being the main determinant. In other words, activities that siblings engage in such as modelling juniors, playing together, engaging in social interaction activities and punishing juniors contribute to the development of maladjusted behaviours among pupils. Thus, the study recommends that parents should design age-appropriate tasks for older siblings to undertake which may enable them to act as role models for their juniors.

scholarly journals Playing it straight: kindergarten children's perspectives on gender in play materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameera Ali
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Gender Performativity ◽  
Children’S Perspectives ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Suggested Keywords ◽  
Play Materials ◽  
Gender Specific

This study focuses on the perspectives of kindergarten children regarding their perceptions of gender appropriateness of play materials. The theory of gender performativity has been used as a theoretical lens for the study. Six kindergarten children between the ages of four and five were individually interviewed about whether they believed toys to be gender-specific or gender-neutral. Results indicated that children displayed gender-stereotype knowledge as well as an understanding that toys can be gender-neutral, however, they were generally perceived to be gender-specific. Themes found include: perceptions of play materials as gender-neutral, perceptions of play materials as male-appropriate, perceptions of play materials as female-appropriate, notions of gender stereotypes, gender-role flexibility, contingent gender-role flexibility and external knowledge sources. Implications of these results regarding both gender-conforming as well as gender-non conforming children are provided and recommendations for educators are suggested. Keywords: gender performativity; children; masculinity; femininity; heteronormativity; toys; gender stereotypes, gender roles, gender non-conforming behaviour

scholarly journals Loosening the GRIP (Gender Roles Inhibiting Prosociality) to Promote Gender Equality

2020 ◽  
pp. 108886832096461
Author(s):  
Alyssa Croft ◽  
Ciara Atkinson ◽  
Gillian Sandstrom ◽  
Sheina Orbell ◽  
Lara Aknin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Role ◽  
Gender Status ◽  
Gender Role Stereotyping ◽  
Promote Gender Equality

Prosociality is an ideal context to begin shifting traditional gender role stereotypes and promoting equality. Men and women both help others frequently, but assistance often follows traditional gender role expectations, which further reinforces restrictive gender stereotypes in other domains. We propose an integrative process model of gender roles inhibiting prosociality (GRIP) to explain why and how this occurs. We argue that prosociality provides a unique entry point for change because it is (a) immediately rewarding (which cultivates positive attitude formation), (b) less likely to threaten the gender status hierarchy, and therefore less susceptible to social backlash (which translates into less restrictive social norms), and (c) a skill that can be learned (which leads to stronger beliefs in one’s own ability to help). Using the GRIP model, we derive a series of hypothesized interventions to interrupt the self-reinforcing cycle of gender role stereotyping and facilitate progress toward broader gender equality.

scholarly journals Transition Rate Of Girls From Lower Primary To Upper Primary, Kajiado County

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 418
Author(s):  
S. N. Nyagah ◽  
S.W. Luketero
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Transition Rate ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Head Teachers ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Primary Cycle

This study is on factors that influence the girls’ transition rate from lower primary to upper primary in public primary schools of Kajiado County, Kenya. Four study questions guided the study. Literature review focused on international calls on girl’s education among the pastoral communities and the girl’s education in Kenya and Africa at large. The study focused on the factors that influence girls’ education which include the socio-cultural factors, socio-economic factors, school based factors and early teenage pregnancies which include the flight of the girls due to the effects of HIV/AIDS and FGM. The study used the descriptive survey design. The target population for the study was 524 comprising of 14 head teachers and 510 class six girls from all the fourteen public primary schools in Kajiado County. The sample for the study was 14 head teachers, and 16% of the girls (82) in class six from the selected schools. Based on the findings the following conclusions were made: Early marriage was found to be the main cause of girls not graduating to the next higher level of education in public primary schools. Female genital mutilation (FGM) was the second contributing factor to low transition rate of girls. Results on physical facilities had mixed reactions. Majority of the girls (72.5%) belief that lack of physical facilities had no influence on them being or not being in school. This meant that whether the physical facilities are available or not the girls will still continue with their education. Early pregnancies represented by 88.4% most likely to lead to girls leaving school before completing the entire primary cycle. Only 8.7% of the respondents indicated that early pregnancy had no influence on girls being or not being in school. It was found that there was high percentage of girls out of school due to lack of female teachers in their school to act as role models. The study also established that most of the girls from poor households go through FGM as compared to those from rich households, in which case FGM will lead to early pregnancies hence the girl leaving school.

scholarly journals Playing it straight: kindergarten children's perspectives on gender in play materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameera Ali
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Gender Performativity ◽  
Children’S Perspectives ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Suggested Keywords ◽  
Play Materials ◽  
Gender Specific

This study focuses on the perspectives of kindergarten children regarding their perceptions of gender appropriateness of play materials. The theory of gender performativity has been used as a theoretical lens for the study. Six kindergarten children between the ages of four and five were individually interviewed about whether they believed toys to be gender-specific or gender-neutral. Results indicated that children displayed gender-stereotype knowledge as well as an understanding that toys can be gender-neutral, however, they were generally perceived to be gender-specific. Themes found include: perceptions of play materials as gender-neutral, perceptions of play materials as male-appropriate, perceptions of play materials as female-appropriate, notions of gender stereotypes, gender-role flexibility, contingent gender-role flexibility and external knowledge sources. Implications of these results regarding both gender-conforming as well as gender-non conforming children are provided and recommendations for educators are suggested. Keywords: gender performativity; children; masculinity; femininity; heteronormativity; toys; gender stereotypes, gender roles, gender non-conforming behaviour

Gender Role Models in Award Winning Fiction for Young Lesbians

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cook ◽  
Sharon S. Rostosky ◽  
Ellen D. B. Riggle
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Award Winning

TRANSPARANSI PAJAK DAN KEPERCAYAAN WAJIB PAJAK TERHADAP KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK (SURVEI PADAWAJIB PAJAK KOTA DKI JAKARTA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Madjidainun Rahma
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Positive Effect

This research aims to identify and examine the effect of the Tax Transparency and Trust Taxpayers Against the Taxpayer Compliance existing areas of Jakarta. The method used is descriptive and associative. Target population studied is Unit in Unit 14 Analysis of the Tax Office in the region of Jakarta. Sampling technique used is random sampling. Model influence analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling ) with alternative method PLS ( Partial Least Square ) which is aimed at testing the Influence between Tax Transparency and Trust Taxpayers Against the Taxpayer Compliance that there diunit analysis has been given permission to conduct research. Results of the analysis showed that partially Tax Transparency and unsignificant positive effect on the Taxpayer Compliance. Similarly, the Trust Taxpayers partially positive and significant impact to the Taxpayer Compliance . Simultaneously Transparency and Trust Tax Taxpayers Against the Taxpayer Compliance effect, this means that the Tax and Trust trades Taxpayers together will increase the Taxpayer Compliance.   Keywords: Tax Transparency, Trust, Taxpayer Compliance.     Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menguji pengaruh Transparansi Pajak dan Kepercayaan Wajib Pajak Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak yang ada wilayah DKI Jakarta. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dan asosiatif. Populasi target yang diteliti ialah Satuan Kerja yang ada di Unit Analisis 14 Kantor Pelayanan Pajak diwilayah DKI Jakarta. Teknik sampel yang digunakan ialah random sampling. Model pengaruh di analisa menggunakan analisis SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) dengan metode alternative PLS (Partial Least Square) yang bertujuan menguji Pengaruh antara Transparansi Pajak dan Kepercayaan Wajib Pajak Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak yang ada diunit analisis yang telah diberi ijin untuk melakukan penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa Transparansi Pajak secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Begitu pula dengan Kepercayaan Wajib Pajak yang secara parsial berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak. Secara simultan Transparansi Pajak dan Kepercayaan Wajib Pajak berpengaruh Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak, hal ini berarti bahwa dengan Transakasi Pajak dan Kepercayaan Wajib Pajak bersama-sama maka akan meningkatkan Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak.

Leader-Gender Stereotypes in Female Congenial Workplaces

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhvani Patel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Gender Role Identity ◽  
Preliminary Information

The present study is an attempt to study the attribution patterns of employees toward descriptions of leaders in a female congenial workplace. 100 preschool teachers employed at various playschools located in Vadodara city served as sample for the study. The sample respondents completed a questionnaire that comprised of preliminary information and the Indian Gender Role Identity Scale (IGRIS) by Basu (2010). The data thus generated was subjected to ascending means to find out the frequency with which adjectives were chosen from the Scale. The results revealed that a leader in a female congenial workplace is largely described with masculine adjectives and lesser with feminine adjectives.

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