Linear type trait evaluation of firstborns of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed depending on the body build

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
R. Stavetska ◽  
Y. Dynko ◽  
M. Bushtruk ◽  
I. Starostenko ◽  
O. Babenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

It has been experimentally proven that the strength and direction of the connection between the linear type traits evaluation of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed cows and their body build depends on the type of the build and the sign of the exterior. The study was conducted in 2018 on a breeding plant of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed SPC named Shchorsa in Kiev region (n=89). Differentiation of cows on types of their body build was conducted by the method proposed by Chernenko (low-capacity, mid-capacity and high-capacity types) and Kolesnik (by the massiveness index – on the friable and dense, the bone index – delicate and rough, the wide-breast and wide-rump indices – on narrow-body and wide-body types). It was found that the cow-heiferswere well-developed, had intermediate stature and optimum body condition score, deep body, and wide, slight slope rump. They alsohad desirable rear legs, set and foot angle but some toe-out, the udder was well-balanced. Under the good total score of the exterior of studied cows there were some animals with short stature (134– 136 cm), very wide rump, straight rear legs side view and toe-out, extremely steep foot angle, loose fore udder attachment, deep udder below hocks and front teat placement inside of quarter. The degree of development of the studied linear traits of cow-heifers confirms their in-herd variability. The variability of the exterior traits varies from 10,7 % (body depth) to 38,6 % (stature). In addition to the stature of a significant variability was characterized of angularity (22,4 %), rear legs set (22,5 %), body condition score (21,8 %), as well as traits that describe udder: rear udder attachment (31,4 %), udder depth (32,6 %) and front and rear teat position (31,3 % and 25,1 %, respectively). The high variability of linear traits indicates the possibility of effective their selection. As a result of the research, it has been established that the strength and direction of the correlations between the linear type traits evaluation of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed cows and the type of their body build depends on the type of the body build and the linear trait. The low-, mid- and high-capacity bodies build types (according to Chernenko) reliably correlate with chest width (r=0,58) and body depth (r=0,48), rear legs rear view (r=0,30), the central ligament (r=0,28), udder depth (r =-0,22) and teat length (r=0,25), P˂0,01–0,001. Friable and dense bodies build (according to Kolesnik) were most strongly associated with stature (r=-0,28), chest width (r =-0,70), and body depth (r=-0,38), as well as with rear legs rear view (r=-0,23), P˂0,05...0,001; delicate and rough bodies build – with stature (r=-0,51), angularity (r=-0,22),rump width (r=-0,35), udder depth (r=-0,27) and rear udder attachment (r =0,20), P ˂ 0,05–0,001; narrow-body and wide-body types – with chest width (r=0,30) and rump width (r=0,23), P˂0,05–0,01. Linear type trait evaluation of cows depends on the body build. The strength and direction of the correlations between types of body build and linear traits showed that the most informative is the classification of the body build by low-, mid- and high-capacity according to Chernenko – on the average η2x=17,5 %. The less informative – by narrow-body and wide-body types according to Kolesnik – η2x=7,6 %. The classification of cows on delicate-rough, narrow-body and wide-body types (according to Kolesnik) according to informativeness and reliability can have the intermediate position – η2x=10,0–11,5 %. The strongest influence on the body build has the cows’ height (η2x=27,9 % on average for all studied types of body build), chest width (η2x=33,5 %), body depth (η2x=21,8 %), rump width (η2x=24,1 %) and rear legs (η2x=18,7 %). Key words: cows, linear type trait evaluation, body build, correlation, power of influence.

FEATURES OF THE EXTERIOR TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF THE CHERKASSY REGION, ESTIMATED BY THE LINEAR CLASSIFICATION METHOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychy
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

The estimation of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the exterior type in the leading breeding herds of Cherkassy region by the method of linear classification (n = 566) has been carried out. The results of the evaluated animals by the 100-score system indicate that within the group of traits, the average level of assessment is "good with the plus". The animals have been differed by the good development of group features characterizing the dairy type (82.4 score), body condition (83.5 score), limbs (82.8 score), udder (82.7 score) and overall score (82.8 score). The degree of development 18 descriptive traits of the exterior of cows, has been predicted by the method of linear classification, indicates their significant intraherd variability. Animals have the moderate height, deep body and angularity. The rump angle, the angle of hock joint and the teats length, according to the variability of scores in the range of 17.8–22.4%, have an average optimal development. The level of scores for the rear width (5.9 score), attachment of the fore (6.3 score) and the rear parts (6.0 score) of the udder testifies to their good development. The body structure of the cows-firstborn has a sufficient description of the type traits that determine their milk yield. At the present stage of selection and breeding work due to the use of bull-sires different origins and breeding value on the local population livestock with significant genotype diversity, the degree of influence each of the hereditary factors in the overall variability of linear features has a scientific and practical significance. In our studies, the force of influence conditional bloodiness of the Holstein mother's breed in the overall fraction of variability of linear type traits within the exterior complexes and the overall assessment takes a significant percentage - from 24.9 to 31.5 with a high degree of reliability according to Fischer's criterion. Among the descriptive traits, the proportion of influence the conditional bloodiness of mother, which is confirmed by high statistical confidence, ranges from 14.4 to 19.8%, and refers to the traits important for breeding. The level of coefficients of influence the father's breeding value in the total phenotypic variability for some of the linear traits is high and reliable. First of all it concerns group traits of the exterior, the development of which is determined by the pedigree value of father by 37.1–41.8%, and the overall assessment of type – by 46.6%. The coefficients of influence father's breeding value in most of the descriptive traits have high reliability (P < 0,001). The coefficients of the force of influence father, depending on the heredity of Holstein for the linear traits of almost the same level as his pedigree value. Since in this case the organized factor is purebreed Holstein and crossbreed bulls-sires of domestic selection, the positive role of Holstein heredity in improving the exterior type of cows has been traced realistically. The necessity of linear breeding, as an effective method in the system of dairy cattle breeding, has been substantiated by reliable values of the coefficients of the force of influence of father's line on the linear traits of offspring (3.4–29.5%). Despite the significant variability of coefficients of the force of influence on the linear traits, most of them have a high level of reliability within the evaluated body parts important for selection. The effect of cows belonging to the maternal line on the development of features of the body structure is insignificant and unreliable (5.3–9.2%). In the process of breeding aimed at improving cows of dairy herd by the exterior type, the pedigree value of parents has been assessed according to the method of linear classification of their daughters and their belonging to perspective genealogical formations.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR CONFORMATION TRAITS CHARACTERIZING THE BODY STATE, ON THE VIABILITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
S. L. Hmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Brown Cattle ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Relationship

In the aspect of the search for predictors of longevity of dairy cattle animals, the dependence of longevity of Ukrainian brown dairy cows on indicators of descriptive conformation type traits has been investigated. We studied the linear type traits of the exterior of first-calf cows in the leading farms of the Sumy region, characterizing the state of the body development. According to the results of this research was determined, a reliable dependence of the cows longevity on the level of assessment of the descriptive conformation type traits: chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle and width, and body condition score. The correlative variability of the relationship between cow’s longevity and these features was depending on the level of assessment of specific type trait of body structure of the animal. Dependence of the cows longevity on the development of chest width was different by curvilinear variability. The longer life of cows was found in animals with an estimate for the development of this type trait at 4–6 scores that averaged 2.726–2.895 days with the best 5 scores. When comparing the group of animals with an average 5 scores with the groups having 6–9 scores, a significant difference was found in favor of the first, ranging from 169 (P < 0.01) to 561 days (P < 0.001). Studies on the dependence of the longevity of brown cattle cows on the value of body depth assessment have shown that the most longevity was inherent in animals estimated by type trait development at 7–9 scores, with the highest rate in 2.856 days and estimate – 7 scores. The type trait of angularity similar to deep-chested and was also directly related to the cow's longevity. Cows with excessive angularity and the highest lifetime (2.713–2.855 days) were estimated by the higher scores (7–9) with the best evaluation results in 8 scores. A significant decrease in cows longevity was observed with a decrease in the assessment for this trait starting from 6 scores (-244 days; P < 0.05) to 1 (-701 days; P < 0.001) compared with the best result of 8 scores. The desired state of the linear trait development, the rump angle, was within the average assessment level of 5 scores, which similar to the optimal sacrum slope between the extreme points on the conditionally drawn line at the level of the top point of hip bones and the ischial hump, which was 2–4 cm. Deviations towards the assessment of the rump angle to 1 score (raised) or 9 scores (sloped) are the disadvantages of the body structure. The study of this trait has shown the curvilinear nature of the relationship between estimates for the state of rump angle and longevity of cows. Cows with an optimal 5 scores rating had the highest longevity of 2.796 days, while with increasing and decreasing estimates, the number of days of life of cows decreased. The longevity of cows of brown cattle was determined on the level of assessment for the trait of the rear width. Cows with a maximum estimate for the state of this descriptive trait in 9 scores were used for 575 days longer compared to animals rated at 1 score (P < 0.001). According to the results of research of animals by the trait of body condition, it was found that the degree of fatness was associated with the longevity of brown cattle in the opposite direction. That is, a thinner animals, which are valued lower scores, and used to live much longer. The influence of body condition score on the longevity of animals was confirmed by the highly reliable difference between the maximum (9 scores) and the minimum (1 score) estimates, which was 457 days (P < 0.001). A significant decrease of the longevity was observed in cows with an assessment of body condition in 6–9 scores. Thus, the existence of a correlative variability between estimates of descriptive traits of conformation type and the longevity of cows of Ukrainian brown breeds was determined. Each of the estimated type traits of the body structure correlates with the longevity of cows with varying variability within the classification scores in accordance with their desired development. Thus, the selection of animals for the desired development of linear traits at the age of the first lactation allows them to be used as indirect predictors to increase the duration of use of cows.

scholarly journals THE LIFETIME OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON THE LINEAR TRAITS ESTIMATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychiy ◽  
V. V. Vechorka
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Studies conducted in the herd for breeding Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed (n=250). Evaluation of exterior-type heifers were conducted by the method of linear classification according to the latest recommendations of the ICAR at the age of 2-4 months after calving. Such descriptive traits, that characterize the body structure of cows – chest width, body depth, angularity, the fatness, the position and rump width had been studied. The results of studies showed reliable influence of the score level of exterior descriptive traits on the lifetime of cows. The degree of variability of relationship between these traits depended on the score level and specific point of the body structure. The effect of the chest width on the lifetime of cows has curvilinear variability. Longer lifespan have been identified in animals in 3-5 scores for the development of this trait and was 2452-2505 days. With the increase from the average value in 5 scores, the lifetime of cows decreased from 2351 (6 scores), to 2041 days (9 scores). Comparing group of animals valued in 5 score with groups in 6-9 scores revealed a reliable variance in favor of the former, which ranged from 184 (P<0,05), to 464 days (P<0,001). Studies of the effect of body depth on lifetime showed that the longest periods of longevity inherent in animals evaluated the development of trait in 6-9 scores, with the highest value of 2531 days estimated in 8 scores. Cows with excessive angularity and maximum lifespan (2455-2503 days) had higher scores (7-9). A significant decrease is observed when reducing the score for this trait starting from 6 scores (-193 days; P<0,001) to 1 score (-648 days; P<0,001) in comparison with the best result in 8 scores. The relationship between the assessment for condition of rump angle and lifespan of cows has a curvilinear nature. Animals with an optimal rating of the trait in 5 scores had a high lifetime in 2517 days, whereas with the increase and decrease of scores, the number of cows days of life decreased. The difference in life expectancy between cows valued at 5 scores with groups of animals assessed in 6-9 scores ranges from 12 to 284 days with a reliable variance only compared with 8 and 9 scores (P<0,05). Compared with groups of animals estimated by 1-4 scores, the variability of variance was 100-509 days with reliability compared with 1 and 2 scores (P<0,01). The lifetime of cows is in straight dependence on the score level for trait chest width. Cows with the highest estimate for the development of trait in 9 scores was used for 462 days longer compared to animals with 1 score (P<0,01). Among the evaluated population, the greatest number of cows (n=88) estimated in 7 scores, next (n=56) in 6. In general, the vast number of cows (n=189), or 75,6% are for the development of this trait above the average, i.e. is characterized by a rather wide rump. The highest average lifetime of animals in 5 scores for fatness is on average – 2523 days. A sufficient lifetime of cows valued 1 to 4 scores with variability 2276-2459 days inferior for animals in 5 scores on 64-247 days with a significant difference between the groups estimated in 1 and 3 scores (P<0,05). A significant reduction in lifetime observed in cows with body condition score in 7-9. They are significantly worse in comparison with groups of animals with 5 scores, for a high reliable difference 282-566 days (P<0,001). A significant effect on the development of linear type traits was installed on longevity of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed. Each of the estimated descriptive traits influence on life expectancy of cows with different variability within grading scores in accordance with desirable development. Selection of Dairy cattle for desirable development of exterior type traits by results of linear classification will enhance the duration use of cows.

scholarly journals Phenotypic correlation of linear type measurements and functional type traits in two Nigerian cattle breeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
H. K. Yahaya ◽  
E. A. Abare ◽  
B. I. Nwagu
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Correlation ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Correlation Result

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of linear measurements and linear type traits in two breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Observations on linear type traits of 142 cows consisting of 89 Bunaji and 53 Sokoto Gudali breeds were scaled and scored thrice within a period of May to July, 2017. Live weight and nine body linear measurements (Height at Rump-HR, Height at Withers-HW, Body Length-BL, Length of Hip-LH, Rump Length-RL, Width of Hips-WH, Width of Pins-WP, Chest Depth-CD, and Chest Width-CW) and eight linear type traits scores (Stature-ST, Body Depth-BD, Rump Width-RW, Teat Length-TL, Udder Depth-UD, Body Condition Score-BCS, Rear Legs Set (side view), and Fore Udder Attachment) were also measured. Result showed significant (p<0.05) difference for HW (129.61±0.31), BL (107.87±0.32), LGT (85.37±0.34), RL (40.04±0.17) and CW (35.07±0.28) for Bunaji cows which were higher than HW (127.65±0.40), BL (104.02±0.51), LGT (82.22±0.40), RL (37.87±0.91) and CW (30.04±0.29 cm), respectively for Sokoto Gudali cows. The highest live weight was obtained with Sokoto Gudali (230.61 kg) which differed significantly (p<0.05) from the Bunaji cows (219.05 kg). Phenotypic correlation result showed that cumulative index had the highest correlation with body length (0.684) in Bunaji cow and highest correlation with width of pins (0.790) in Sokoto Gudali cows. Live weight had the highest correlation with height at withers (0.701) in Bunaji cows, and highest correlation with chest depth (0.823) in Sokoto Gudali cows. In conclusion, there were considerable variations observed for some body measurements, linear type and functional indices and type trait scores between Bunaji and Sokoto Gudali cows, which indicated clear genetic distinction between them.

Genetic correlations between linear type traits, food intake, live weight and condition score in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Veerkamp ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits

AbstractVariance components were estimated from an animal model using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure which allowed for unequal design matrices and missing observations (VCE). Data sets containing: (i) 15 275 records of linear type classifications on heifers, (ii) 3399 live weight and condition scores measured at calving and (iii) 1157 records of yield, dry-matter intake, average live weight and condition score during the first 26 weeks of lactation; were analysed jointly.Heritability estimates for dry-matter intake, live weight and condition score in the largest data set were 0·44, 0·44 and 0·35 respectively and the genetic correlation between condition score and the yield traits ranged from −0·29 to −0·46. The genetic correlation between milk yield and average live weight was negative (−0·09) but after adjusting for the genetic variation in condition score this correlation was positive (0·29). Genetic correlations between live weight and stature, chest width, body depth and rump width were consistently high (0·52 to 0·64; 0·75 to 0·86; 0·59 to 0·81; 0·56 to 0·74, respectively). Chest width and body depth were little to moderately correlated with dry-matter intake (0·25 to 0·28 and 0·20 to 0·34 respectively), and angularity (−0·47 to −0·77) and chest width (0·32 to 0·73) appeared to be good predictors of condition score. These correlations showed that (i) the relative value of live weight compared with food intake capacity determines the optimum direction of selection for stature, chest width, body depth and angularity, and consequently the optimum size of the dairy cow, and that (ii) live weight, condition score and food intake can be predicted from the type traits with little loss in accuracy. A restricted index which maintains condition score at its current level was predicted to reduce overall (economic) genetic gain by 5%.

scholarly journals LIFE-SPAN COWS OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED IS DEPENDING ON LEVEL ESTIMATION OF LINEAR TYPE TRAITS WHICH CHARACTERIZE THE CONDITION OF FEET AND LEGS

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
S. L. Khmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Linear Estimation ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Classification Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Average Longevity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dairy Breed

Research on assessing the type of first-calf heifers of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy cattle was conducted by the method of linear classification in a herd of breeding farm Pidlisnivska branch of private stock company "Rise-Maksymko", Sumy region. The descriptive traits of type characterizing condition of cow’s limbs: hock angle, rear legs rear view, hoof angle and locomotion were studied. According to the research results, hock angle affects greatly longevity of the studied cows in the herd. The longest duration of life had the animals estimated in 6 and 5 points by the trait of hock angle. The difference in longevity between the cows estimated in 6 points compared with the groups of animals with assessment of 1 and 9 points, was 252 and 582 days respectively. Animals with elephantine rear legs rear view was used by 330 days longer, compared with the animals of same age with sickle hocks. The results proved a positive effect of rear legs rear view on longevity of the animals. The difference between the animal groups with the highest and lowest scores was 735 days with high degree of reliability (P<0.001). The high influence the trait of hoof angle on longevity of cows was determined. Animals with the highest classification score lived 626 days longer than animals with a score of one point. However, it should be noted that hoof angle had the least impact on longevity among all traits which characterize qualitative condition of hind limbs. The cows with the assessment the trait of locomotion in 9 points lived 737 days longer compared with the animals with a score of one point. In general, assessing the average longevity of the cows of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed depending on the level of assessment for the trait of locomotion it was established the most durable cows were with a score above 5 points. Studying the relationship between linear estimation of traits which characterize condition of feet and legs at the cows of Sumy interbreed type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and their longevity it was found that the cows with high scores for condition of development of these traits would have longer productive use. Therefore, degree of development of the indicators of linear estimation of limbs for their daughters should take into account selecting sires to the herd.

Profiles of genetic changes of linear type in Holstein Friesians

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
E. Wall ◽  
S. Brotherstone ◽  
M. P. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Fertility Problems ◽  
Body Energy

Changes in body condition score and other linear type traits can be indicative of changes in body energy balance in dairy cattle (Coffey et al., 2003). As an animal proceeds through her lactation it is expected that body shape and fatness levels will change both with peaks and troughs of lactation as well as changes as the animal grows and matures. Wall et al. (2005) showed that udder support (US) was correlated to fertility; cows with weaker udders had poorer fertility. If there are differences between animals in terms of how their udders grow and mature across the first lactation, this could be indicative of health and fertility problems later in life. The aim of this study was to examine how type traits recorded in the national dairy population change over the first lactation and if there is a difference between sires in the type profiles of their daughters.

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