Meat productivity of quails by feeding nanocrystalline cerium dioxide

The use of nanomaterials in poultry farming has become increasingly popular as feed additives capable of increasing the productivity of the herd. Nanocrystalline cerium dioxide belongs to nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of activity. Owing to their oxygen non-stoichiometry and low toxicity, cerium dioxide nanoparticles are a very promising object for agriculture. The paper presents the results of studying the meat productivity of quails of the Pharaoh breed when drinking nanocrystalline cerium dioxide in the composition of the feed additive “Nanocerium”. The study was carried out on quails during the rearing period from 14 to 49 days. For the experiment, two groups (control and experimental) of 24 heads each were formed from one day old poultry. The quails were kept in a vivarium, in cage batteries, subject to the accepted microclimate conditions. Poultry of both groups received compound feed, developed taking into account age and physiological characteristics. With drinking water, the of the experimental group additionally received nanocrystalline cerium dioxide as part of the feed additive “Nanocerium” at a dose of 8,6 mg per liter of water for 35 days. The quail population was counted and weighed weekly, starting from the day-old age. The following indicators were determined: safety, dynamics of live weight, average daily gain in live weight. According to the results of the control slaughter and anatomical cutting, the weight of the carcass and the weight of the edible part were determined. Slaughter qualities and morphological composition of quail carcasses were determined by anatomical cutting with the measurement of the following parameters: pre-slaughter weight, half-battered carcass weight, carcass patrana, slaughter yield, weight of edible parts. Drinking the feed additive “Nanocerium” by young quails increased their safety by 4.17%, live weight and absolute average daily gain by 20.3 g and 0.48 g (P <0.05), respectively. The addition of NDC quails to drinking water contributed to an increase in their pre-slaughter weight by 19.3 g, half-gutted carcass by 18.0 g, and gutted by 17.5 g in comparison with the control group. The quail carcasses of the experimental group had a higher yield of edible parts in comparison with the poultry that consumed pure water. Key words: quail, nanocrystalline cerium dioxide, safety, body mass, gain, slaughter rates, output of edible part.

Тhe influence of the removal bee pollen with the pollen catcher on the flight activity and behaviour of the bees-polen collectors

The possibility of demonstration of the productivity potential of the bee families depends directly on the level of provision of protein feed. In this regard, the study of the bees behavior that is connected to harvesting and processing of protein food is important for both biology and practical beekeeping. The presented work provides some data of experimental studies of the influence of the removal of the bee pollen on the flight activity of bees. The study of the ethological features that enhance the increase of collection, harvesting and processing of the protein feed was conducted. With this purpose the studies were conducted to elucidate the factors that induce collection of the protein feed -bee pollen by bees and its harvesting in the nest of the bee family in the form of the bee bread. The factors that influence the increase of the collection of the protein feed by bees were researched on experimental and control bee families- analogues. Throughout the studies it was identified that the bees with medium strength were the most active in collecting the pollen. The removal of the bee pollen with pollen catchers decreases the raising of brood by bee families, but doesn’t result in their significant weakening. With the enlargement of the area of the open brood the collection of the pollen by bees increases. In order to obtain the saleable bee pollen the strong bee families should be kept on the apiary. The bees-collectors of the protein feed have the individual features of collecting the bee pollen. With the removal of thbrood from the nest the activity the bees that flew out decreased. When adding the open brood the activity increased. On the contrary, with supply of the bee pollen to the nest, the pollen collecting activity decreases and adding the carbohydrates has no effect. The removal of the bee pollen with the pollen catcher from the bee families increases the flight activity which in turn leads to obtaining more bee pollen on the apiaries and pollination of additional quantity of entomophilous plants. In order to obtain the saleable bee pollen the strong families should be kept on the apiary and the removal should be conducted in the morning and day hours. Key words: bee family, Ukrainian steppe breed, pollen, bee pollen, bee bread, pollen catcher, flight activity of bees.

Age dynamics of reproductive qualities of sows depending on the duration of the suckling period

The article studied the influence of sows' age on their reproductive qualities at the traditional - 28 days and shortened - 21 days duration of the suckling period. It was found that the total number of piglets born increased from the second reproductive cycle to the sixth inclusive. With the traditional duration of the suckling period, the most significant growth was observed during the third, fourth and fifth farrowing (8.0-8.6%), while with a reduced duration of the suckling period, it was significantly lower (3.8-4.9%). and lasted from the third to the fifth reproductive cycle. As sows' reproductive age increased, their fertility increased. Its highest growth in both terms of weaning of piglets was on the third farrowing and then gradually decreased. Sows with a reduced suckling period had a lower increase in fertility throughout reproductive life. The nest weight of piglets at birth increased until the third farrowing and then gradually decreased. With the traditional duration of the suckling period, the intensity of the increase in the nest weight of piglets born at the age of sows is higher compared to analogues in which the lactation period was reduced. Preservation of piglets in sows' nests deteriorated with increasing reproductive age. It worsened less intensely in sows with a reduced suckling period. The number of weaned piglets depended to a greater extent on the age of the sows and to a lesser extent on the length of the suckling period. From the third farrowing, it constantly decreases with increasing age of the sow, regardless of the length of the suckling period. The average weight of one piglet increases with the age of sows from the third farrowing, and its growth is more intense with a reduced duration of lactation. The increase in the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning is most significant for 3-5 farrowings, after which there was a decrease in this indicator for both periods of weaning piglets. A comprehensive assessment of the reproductive quality of sows using indices confirms the increase in sow productivity during the second - fourth reproductive cycle with a gradual decrease during the fifth to sixth farrowing, both in the traditional and reduced duration of the suckling period. It is proved that the sow age factor determines the probable influence on the number of piglets at weaning (9.43 %), their safety (5.56 %), the weight of the nest of piglets at weaning (1.87 %) and fertility (1.65 % ). While the suckling period factor affected the nest weight of piglets at weaning with a force of 28.49 %, the number of piglets at weaning with a force of 0.62 %, the safety of piglets before weaning at 0.19 % and did not affect the fertility of sows. Key words: sow, reproductive cycle, duration of lactation, fertility, safety, piglet.

The growth rate of repair young pigs of Irish origin, depending on the combination of the original breeds

The article studied the growth dynamics of purebred and local gilts from birth to 180 days of age. The growth rate of these animals during the rearing period and the regularities of the difference in the growth rate of purebred and local pigs were also investigated. The uneven growth dynamics of both purebred and local replacement gilts has been established. The pigs obtained from the direct and reverse variants of crossbreeding of parental breeds grew more dynamically in comparison with their peers obtained from the purebred variant of breeding of the original breeds. Among purebred gilts, by weaning, the live weight of the Landrace breed increased more dynamically, while after weaning, the animals of the large white breed stood out with a greater intensity increase in live weight. Local gilts did not have a significant difference in the increase in live weight depending on the crossing option, although there was a tendency for a higher increase in live weight with age in pigs from Large White queens and Landrace boars compared to the reciprocal crossing option. During the period of rearing gilts, the highest growth rates were observed in local sows, both from the direct and reverse variants of crossing the animals of the original breeds. Purebred animals of both original breeds were inferior in growth intensity during the period of breeding to their local counterparts 3.0 – 6.3%. Among purebred animals, the least intensive growth during the period of breeding was the Landrace pigs, which were inferior in these indicators to the analogs of the Large White breed by 3.2%, and to the local pigs of both combinations by 6.3%. The advantages in live weight of local replacement gilts are due to their greater growth intensity in the period from weaning to testing at 180 days, which in turn is due to various forms of heterosis manifestation. Key words: mumps, parent breeds, purebred breeding, crossing, heterosis, live weight, growth rate.

Heat stress in dairy cows

This review includes an analysis of the literature on various influencing factors influencing heat stress in lactating dairy cows and the way it affects milk production. Signs and symptoms of heat stress in cows are reduced feed consumption and decreased milk yield, elevated breathing rate, increased body temperature and reduced reproductive overall performance. There are other problems for example, a seasonal growth in bulk tank somatic cell counts. The birth weight is decreased in cows which have been exposed to heat stress throughout the dry length. It is established that the most critical is the heat accumulated via direct radiation from the solar. It was found out that high feed consumption results in raised metabolic heat increment. High metabolic warmness increment requires powerful thermoregulatory mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a thermoneutral area and in physiological homeostasis. It is confirmed that heat stress is complicated because the responses to heat stress have an effect on not best the energy stability, but also water, sodium, potassium and chlorine metabolism. Plasma progesterone degrees may be elevated or reduced depending on whether or not the heat pressure is acute or chronic. Water, sodium, potassium and chlorine are vital constituents of sweat, and sweating is a chief, if not the most important, thermoregulatory mechanism used to burn up extra body heat. Strategies to reduce heat stress must be evolved to enable cows to express their full genetic ability. Key words: dairy cows, heat stress, thermoregulatory mechanism, water, feed consumption, mineral elements.

Toxicity, biotransformation and bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in laboratory conditions and aquatic ecosystems

Generalized studies of the world scientific literature on the fate and risk assessment of exposure to silver nanoparticles (NPAg) both at the ecosystem level and at the organism level, as well as in the laboratory. It is emphasized that the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles, mechanisms and methods of action of NPAg on the body of aquatic organisms have been sufficiently studied in laboratory practice. However, there are some gaps and discrepancies between the results of laboratory tests and the study of real environmental consequences, and such inconsistencies hinder the development of appropriate effective measures to achieve environmental well-being. To bridge such gaps, this review summarizes how environmental conditions and the physicochemical properties of NPAg influence conflicting conclusions between laboratory and real-world environmental studies. It is emphasized that modern research on the pathways of entry, transformation and bioaccumulation of silver nanoparticles in natural aquatic ecosystems emphasizes the ability of such nanoparticles to penetrate intact physiological barriers, which is extremely dangerous. It is proved that silver nanoparticles have a toxic effect on microorganisms, macrophytes and aquatic organisms. The toxic effects of NPAg cover almost entire aquatic ecosystems. A study by a number of authors on the factors influencing the mobility, bioavailability, toxicity and environmental fate of Ag nanoparticles was analyzed to assess the environmental risk. In addition, this review systematically examines the various toxic effects of silver nanoparticles in the environment and compares these effects with the results obtained in laboratory practice, which is useful for assessing the environmental effects of such compounds. The dangerous chronic effects of low-concentration NPAg (μg/l) on natural aquatic ecosystems over a long period of time (months to several years) have been described in detail. In addition, the prospects for future studies of NPAg toxicity in natural freshwater environments are emphasized. Key words: nanoparticles of the medium (NPAg), ecosystem, laboratory wash, toxicity, aquatic organisms, ecological factors.

The Influence of feeding mixed ligand complexes of zinc, manganese and cobalt on cow productivity, feed digestivity and nitrogene exchange in the final period of lactation

The effectiveness of the use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in the diets of high-yielding cows in the final period of lactation, and their effect on productivity, nutrients digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in the animals’ body was studied in a scientific economic experiment conducted at the Terezyne Ltd. of Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region. Five groups of highly productive cows of Holstein, Ukrainian red-spotted and Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breeds were selected on the principle of analogues. The difference in feeding cows of the groups was in the following: - the diet of the control 1st group was balanced to the norm only with trace elements of Selenium, Copper and Iodine. - cows of the 2nd and 3d experimental group were fed with the norm of all trace elements (for the 2nd experimental groupthe norm was provided due to introducing sulfates of Zinc, Manganese, Cobalt, Copper, Selenium Suplex and Potassium iodide; for the 3d experimental group , sulfates of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt were substituted with their mixed ligand complexes). - for cows of 4th experimental group, the concentration of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt in 1 kg of dry matter feed was reduced by 11% compared to the group 3. - for the 5thgroup it was 22% lower than in the group 3. The results of the studies show that the use different doses of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese, Cobalt in cows feeding with the use of Selenium Suplex, Copper sulfate and Potassium iodide during the final 100 days of lactation did not affect milk productivity. Each cow of the control group in the final period of lactation yielded 2220 kg of natural milk, whereas the cows of the experimental groups 2-5 yielded 40-120 kg more. The difference in the average daily milk yield of 4% fat was 0.5–1.91 kg, and this difference was significant (p <0.001). The results of the balance experiment show that the experimental groups animals digested feed nutrients and absorbed Nitrogen better. Nitrogen was deposited in the body of cows of experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 by 2.1 g, 4.1, 7.3 and 12.8 g, respectively (p <0.05) in comparison with the control group, which provided milk productivity increase and reduce the need for these elements.The use of mixed ligand complexes of Zinc, Manganese and Cobalt contributes to milk productivity increase through reducing feed costs per 1 kg of product and reduces the need for these elements. The best performance results were obtained in the experimental group 5, where the animals were fed with the feed containing 1 kg of dry matter, mg: Zinc 35, Manganese 35; Cobalt 0.4; Selenium 0.3; Copper 9 and Iodine 0.8. Key words: cows, Zinc, Manganese, Cobalt, Copper, Selenium Suplex, Potassium iodide, mixed ligand complexes, Nitrogen balance.

The technology of functional bakery cookies with fructose and food fibers

In Ukraine, the number of socially conditioned diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, has increased sharply in recent years, which is influenced by excessive consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates. The most important factor in the health of the population is nutrition and intensity of lifestyle. The human diet should include fiber, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, which are physiologically important components of food that prevent many human diseases, including due to deteriorating environmental conditions, increasing the number of stressful situations, reduced immunity to many pathogens diseases. The quality and technology of flour confectionery depends on the quality and functional properties of raw materials. Products of processing cereals, fruits and vegetables are sources of physiologically necessary for the functioning of the human body proteins, vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. The development of functional foods with high nutritional value and the creation of ways to improve the structure of nutrition in general will affect the further development of technologies for foods with high nutritional value and low glycemic index. It is possible to prevent a rapid increase in blood glucose levels through the use of raw materials enriched with dietary fiber. The main problem in our country is to provide the population with useful food products that meet the physiological needs of the body and ensure physical health and active work. The article considers the topicality and development of technologies of functional shortbread cookies with low glycemic index using fiber and fructose. Organoleptic, technological and physicochemical studies were conducted, which proved the feasibility of replacing wheat flour and sugar in the developed technology. In the process of technological development, taking into account the organoleptic evaluation, a prototype was selected and the technology of shortbread cookies "Crispy" with partial replacement of flour and sugar with fiber and fructose, respectively. In determining the rational concentration of fiber and fructose in the partial replacement of flour and sugar in the technology of shortbread cookies, technological processing of recipes and studied the organoleptic characteristics of the model compositions. The quality of finished culinary products is characterized by organoleptic, physicochemical, biological and microbiological indicators, and a comprehensive quality indicator is used for the overall assessment. Calculating the quality indicators of shortbread cookies "Crispy", the following indicators were selected: organoleptic evaluation, content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral and vitamin composition, dietary fiber and energy value. According to the results of the research, the technology of functional shortbread cookies with high content of dietary fiber, reduced amount of mono- and disaccharides was developed. The developed confectionery can be recommended for food in the daily diets of people working in heavy industry, living in environmentally contaminated areas and all segments of the population, as well as to meet consumer demand for functional foods. Social efficiency is to expand the range of low-sugar flour confectionery using the sweetener fructose and wheat germ fiber. Key words: technology, nutritional value, confectionery, functional cookies, fiber, wheat germ, grape seeds, fructose.

Sanitary and hygienic condition of the microclimate parameters of the premises of light-frame and reconstructed cowsheds in the spring with loose housing of the dairy herd

A comparative evaluation of the main parameters of the air microclimate for the maintenance of a dairy herd of cows in the reconstructed and light frame cowsheds in the spring was carried out. It was found that the average daily air temperature in the cowshed of light frame type of metal structures in the spring ranged from 5.48 to 16.42 ° C. Relative humidity in the spring ranged from 67.32 (third decade, at 12 o'clock) to 72.54% (at 6 o'clock in the morning in the first decade of research). Air velocities during the study period ranged on average from 0.29 (first decade at 15th hour) to 0.52 m/s (at 18 o’clock in the second decade of the study). On average, during the first, second and third decades, the level of natural light in the light frame cowshed was: 1981.05; 1942.72 and 2414.89 lux. In the reconstructed cowshed for the period of researches the lowest air temperature (° C) was fixed at the beginning of research as of 6 o'clock in the morning - 6,28 ° C, and the highest for the third decade - 17,86 ° C, at 15 o'clock. The relative humidity ranged from 67.74 to 74.12% (at 6 a.m. in the first decade of the study). The air velocity ranged from 0.39 to 0.42 m/s. The average rate of acceleration of air movement for the first, second and third decades was, respectively: 0.35; 0.41 and 0.34 m/s. The difference between the highest average (second decade) and the lowest (third decade) was 20.58%. In the reconstructed cowshed, the lowest indicator of natural light was recorded at the beginning of the research in the first decade at 6 o'clock in the morning - 1245.38 lux, and the highest in the third decade - 2481.51 lux, at 15 o'clock. On average for the first, second and third decades, the level of natural light in the reconstructed barn, respectively, was: 2000.06; 2075.15 and 2236.74 lux. It is established that the formation of the parameters of the air microclimate both in the room as a whole and in some of its individual parts is influenced by a number of factors, both external and internal. As a result, it was concluded that the parameters of the air microclimate in both cowsheds, although they had some differences, but in general met the established hygienic standards. Key words: microclimate parameters, air temperature, relative humidity, air movement, natural light, light frame cowshed, reconstructed cowshed, spring period, loose boxes of the dairy herd.

Hemp raw materials: new perspectives for the food industry

The article discusses modern trends in growing and processing technologies for industrial hemp grown in Ukraine. The analysis of the normative and technical documentation governing the use of industrial hemp products in the food industry has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of various types of oil, including hemp oil, has been carried out. The special value of hemp oil for humans has been shown due to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. Hemp oil is a rich and balanced source of linoleic (Omega-6), alpha-linolenic (Omega-3) fatty acids. The effects of these two polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health are anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic and hypolipidemic properties. Hemp oil also contains significant amounts of tocopherols, which exhibit antioxidant activity. Ukrainian breeders have developed highly productive hemp varieties YUSO 31, Glyana, Victoria, Zoryana, Nika with a tetrahydrocannabinol content close to zero. The use of hemp seeds in the food industry is limited by poor performance in some functional indicators, therefore, a comparative analysis of processing methods developed to improve these properties was carried out. Typically, industrial hemp seeds are treated as a waste product and are used in most cases as animal feed. As a direct ingredient or food additive, hemp seeds, which are gluten-free, have only been used in recent years. In addition, the technology of manufacturing food products containing hemp raw materials is described. The article aims to summarize the chemical composition, nutritional value and potential health benefits of hemp seeds from in vitro and in vivo studies. Key words: hemp, oil, seeds, hemp protein, food industry.