scholarly journals THE LIFETIME OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED DEPENDING ON THE LINEAR TRAITS ESTIMATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychiy ◽  
V. V. Vechorka
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Studies conducted in the herd for breeding Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed (n=250). Evaluation of exterior-type heifers were conducted by the method of linear classification according to the latest recommendations of the ICAR at the age of 2-4 months after calving. Such descriptive traits, that characterize the body structure of cows – chest width, body depth, angularity, the fatness, the position and rump width had been studied. The results of studies showed reliable influence of the score level of exterior descriptive traits on the lifetime of cows. The degree of variability of relationship between these traits depended on the score level and specific point of the body structure. The effect of the chest width on the lifetime of cows has curvilinear variability. Longer lifespan have been identified in animals in 3-5 scores for the development of this trait and was 2452-2505 days. With the increase from the average value in 5 scores, the lifetime of cows decreased from 2351 (6 scores), to 2041 days (9 scores). Comparing group of animals valued in 5 score with groups in 6-9 scores revealed a reliable variance in favor of the former, which ranged from 184 (P<0,05), to 464 days (P<0,001). Studies of the effect of body depth on lifetime showed that the longest periods of longevity inherent in animals evaluated the development of trait in 6-9 scores, with the highest value of 2531 days estimated in 8 scores. Cows with excessive angularity and maximum lifespan (2455-2503 days) had higher scores (7-9). A significant decrease is observed when reducing the score for this trait starting from 6 scores (-193 days; P<0,001) to 1 score (-648 days; P<0,001) in comparison with the best result in 8 scores. The relationship between the assessment for condition of rump angle and lifespan of cows has a curvilinear nature. Animals with an optimal rating of the trait in 5 scores had a high lifetime in 2517 days, whereas with the increase and decrease of scores, the number of cows days of life decreased. The difference in life expectancy between cows valued at 5 scores with groups of animals assessed in 6-9 scores ranges from 12 to 284 days with a reliable variance only compared with 8 and 9 scores (P<0,05). Compared with groups of animals estimated by 1-4 scores, the variability of variance was 100-509 days with reliability compared with 1 and 2 scores (P<0,01). The lifetime of cows is in straight dependence on the score level for trait chest width. Cows with the highest estimate for the development of trait in 9 scores was used for 462 days longer compared to animals with 1 score (P<0,01). Among the evaluated population, the greatest number of cows (n=88) estimated in 7 scores, next (n=56) in 6. In general, the vast number of cows (n=189), or 75,6% are for the development of this trait above the average, i.e. is characterized by a rather wide rump. The highest average lifetime of animals in 5 scores for fatness is on average – 2523 days. A sufficient lifetime of cows valued 1 to 4 scores with variability 2276-2459 days inferior for animals in 5 scores on 64-247 days with a significant difference between the groups estimated in 1 and 3 scores (P<0,05). A significant reduction in lifetime observed in cows with body condition score in 7-9. They are significantly worse in comparison with groups of animals with 5 scores, for a high reliable difference 282-566 days (P<0,001). A significant effect on the development of linear type traits was installed on longevity of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed. Each of the estimated descriptive traits influence on life expectancy of cows with different variability within grading scores in accordance with desirable development. Selection of Dairy cattle for desirable development of exterior type traits by results of linear classification will enhance the duration use of cows.

FEATURES OF THE EXTERIOR TYPE OF UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED OF THE CHERKASSY REGION, ESTIMATED BY THE LINEAR CLASSIFICATION METHOD

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
L. M. Khmelnychy
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
The Body ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Maternal Line ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

The estimation of the first-born cows of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed by the exterior type in the leading breeding herds of Cherkassy region by the method of linear classification (n = 566) has been carried out. The results of the evaluated animals by the 100-score system indicate that within the group of traits, the average level of assessment is "good with the plus". The animals have been differed by the good development of group features characterizing the dairy type (82.4 score), body condition (83.5 score), limbs (82.8 score), udder (82.7 score) and overall score (82.8 score). The degree of development 18 descriptive traits of the exterior of cows, has been predicted by the method of linear classification, indicates their significant intraherd variability. Animals have the moderate height, deep body and angularity. The rump angle, the angle of hock joint and the teats length, according to the variability of scores in the range of 17.8–22.4%, have an average optimal development. The level of scores for the rear width (5.9 score), attachment of the fore (6.3 score) and the rear parts (6.0 score) of the udder testifies to their good development. The body structure of the cows-firstborn has a sufficient description of the type traits that determine their milk yield. At the present stage of selection and breeding work due to the use of bull-sires different origins and breeding value on the local population livestock with significant genotype diversity, the degree of influence each of the hereditary factors in the overall variability of linear features has a scientific and practical significance. In our studies, the force of influence conditional bloodiness of the Holstein mother's breed in the overall fraction of variability of linear type traits within the exterior complexes and the overall assessment takes a significant percentage - from 24.9 to 31.5 with a high degree of reliability according to Fischer's criterion. Among the descriptive traits, the proportion of influence the conditional bloodiness of mother, which is confirmed by high statistical confidence, ranges from 14.4 to 19.8%, and refers to the traits important for breeding. The level of coefficients of influence the father's breeding value in the total phenotypic variability for some of the linear traits is high and reliable. First of all it concerns group traits of the exterior, the development of which is determined by the pedigree value of father by 37.1–41.8%, and the overall assessment of type – by 46.6%. The coefficients of influence father's breeding value in most of the descriptive traits have high reliability (P < 0,001). The coefficients of the force of influence father, depending on the heredity of Holstein for the linear traits of almost the same level as his pedigree value. Since in this case the organized factor is purebreed Holstein and crossbreed bulls-sires of domestic selection, the positive role of Holstein heredity in improving the exterior type of cows has been traced realistically. The necessity of linear breeding, as an effective method in the system of dairy cattle breeding, has been substantiated by reliable values of the coefficients of the force of influence of father's line on the linear traits of offspring (3.4–29.5%). Despite the significant variability of coefficients of the force of influence on the linear traits, most of them have a high level of reliability within the evaluated body parts important for selection. The effect of cows belonging to the maternal line on the development of features of the body structure is insignificant and unreliable (5.3–9.2%). In the process of breeding aimed at improving cows of dairy herd by the exterior type, the pedigree value of parents has been assessed according to the method of linear classification of their daughters and their belonging to perspective genealogical formations.

scholarly journals ПАРАМЕТРИ ПРОМІРІВ ЛІНІЙНИХ ОЗНАК КОРІВ-ПЕРВІСТОК УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ БУРОЇ МОЛОЧНОЇ ПОРОДИ В АСПЕКТІ МЕТОДИКИ ЛІНІЙНОЇ КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ ТВАРИН ЗА ЕКСТЕР’ЄРНИМ ТИПОМ

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
S. L. Hmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Classification Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Linear Classification ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

Research on the development of measurements of parameters of linear traits of cows-heifers Ukrainian brown dairy breed in the aspect of technique of linear classification conformation conducted at leading breeding herds of Sumy region. Summarizing the international experience and based on our own research to assess the cows for conformation type using a procedure meeting international standards, designed parameters measurements type traits cow body within the biological extremes for linear classification methodology Ukrainian animal brown dairy breed by conformation. Within the biological extremes of these characteristics are determined gradation levels with their respective assessment score within the 9-point scale. Although there are recommendations by the World Organization for the Standardization of Identification, Accounting and Evaluation of Farm Animals (ICAR), which are intended to standardize methods for assessing body structure in accordance with the rules and standards established by each international federation for the corresponding dairy cattle breeds, there are various methodological approaches for the use of different techniques in the framework of the number of linear traits and measurements of parameters, that are entered into an electronic database of assessment as indicators of a scale. Descriptive linear traits of type (linear type traits) are the basis for all modern type classification systems and the foundation in all systems for describing dairy cows. In all breeds, such criteria are taken into account that provide information on productive traits or having a limiting influence on the use of animals. The linear scale covers the expected biological limits of the population, and the number of descriptive traits and their parameters, which are measured, depends on the country, each breed in the country where the assessment is carried out, certain parameters of the ideal type of cow and breeding purposes. In determining the target parameters of the assessed traits in the linear classification system, the level of development of each specific body part of the conformation to the absolute value of the measurement against the background of the body structure of harmony and the model expression characteristic Ukrainian brown dairy breed, economic and breeding significance in correlation with milk production quantity, obtained at the appropriate level of the nine-point scale. The use of target parameters allows, through a comparison of linear measurements of traits, expressed in absolute units, to the corresponding development of conformation traits, expressed by a certain score in points, at a sufficient level of objectivity and reliability to estimate the conformation type cows first-calf Ukrainian brown dairy breed. The developed parameters of measurements of the development of linear traits within the limits of biological extremes allow expert-boniters to significantly minimize the influence of the subjective factor on the evaluation indicators as opposed to techniques that use only visual evaluation.

Linear type trait evaluation of firstborns of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed depending on the body build

2019 ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
R. Stavetska ◽  
Y. Dynko ◽  
M. Bushtruk ◽  
I. Starostenko ◽  
O. Babenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Dairy Breed

It has been experimentally proven that the strength and direction of the connection between the linear type traits evaluation of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed cows and their body build depends on the type of the build and the sign of the exterior. The study was conducted in 2018 on a breeding plant of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed SPC named Shchorsa in Kiev region (n=89). Differentiation of cows on types of their body build was conducted by the method proposed by Chernenko (low-capacity, mid-capacity and high-capacity types) and Kolesnik (by the massiveness index – on the friable and dense, the bone index – delicate and rough, the wide-breast and wide-rump indices – on narrow-body and wide-body types). It was found that the cow-heiferswere well-developed, had intermediate stature and optimum body condition score, deep body, and wide, slight slope rump. They alsohad desirable rear legs, set and foot angle but some toe-out, the udder was well-balanced. Under the good total score of the exterior of studied cows there were some animals with short stature (134– 136 cm), very wide rump, straight rear legs side view and toe-out, extremely steep foot angle, loose fore udder attachment, deep udder below hocks and front teat placement inside of quarter. The degree of development of the studied linear traits of cow-heifers confirms their in-herd variability. The variability of the exterior traits varies from 10,7 % (body depth) to 38,6 % (stature). In addition to the stature of a significant variability was characterized of angularity (22,4 %), rear legs set (22,5 %), body condition score (21,8 %), as well as traits that describe udder: rear udder attachment (31,4 %), udder depth (32,6 %) and front and rear teat position (31,3 % and 25,1 %, respectively). The high variability of linear traits indicates the possibility of effective their selection. As a result of the research, it has been established that the strength and direction of the correlations between the linear type traits evaluation of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed cows and the type of their body build depends on the type of the body build and the linear trait. The low-, mid- and high-capacity bodies build types (according to Chernenko) reliably correlate with chest width (r=0,58) and body depth (r=0,48), rear legs rear view (r=0,30), the central ligament (r=0,28), udder depth (r =-0,22) and teat length (r=0,25), P˂0,01–0,001. Friable and dense bodies build (according to Kolesnik) were most strongly associated with stature (r=-0,28), chest width (r =-0,70), and body depth (r=-0,38), as well as with rear legs rear view (r=-0,23), P˂0,05...0,001; delicate and rough bodies build – with stature (r=-0,51), angularity (r=-0,22),rump width (r=-0,35), udder depth (r=-0,27) and rear udder attachment (r =0,20), P ˂ 0,05–0,001; narrow-body and wide-body types – with chest width (r=0,30) and rump width (r=0,23), P˂0,05–0,01. Linear type trait evaluation of cows depends on the body build. The strength and direction of the correlations between types of body build and linear traits showed that the most informative is the classification of the body build by low-, mid- and high-capacity according to Chernenko – on the average η2x=17,5 %. The less informative – by narrow-body and wide-body types according to Kolesnik – η2x=7,6 %. The classification of cows on delicate-rough, narrow-body and wide-body types (according to Kolesnik) according to informativeness and reliability can have the intermediate position – η2x=10,0–11,5 %. The strongest influence on the body build has the cows’ height (η2x=27,9 % on average for all studied types of body build), chest width (η2x=33,5 %), body depth (η2x=21,8 %), rump width (η2x=24,1 %) and rear legs (η2x=18,7 %). Key words: cows, linear type trait evaluation, body build, correlation, power of influence.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LINEAR CONFORMATION TRAITS CHARACTERIZING THE BODY STATE, ON THE VIABILITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN BROWN DAIRY BREED

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. I. Ladyka ◽  
L. M. Hmelnychyi ◽  
S. L. Hmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Brown Cattle ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Relationship

In the aspect of the search for predictors of longevity of dairy cattle animals, the dependence of longevity of Ukrainian brown dairy cows on indicators of descriptive conformation type traits has been investigated. We studied the linear type traits of the exterior of first-calf cows in the leading farms of the Sumy region, characterizing the state of the body development. According to the results of this research was determined, a reliable dependence of the cows longevity on the level of assessment of the descriptive conformation type traits: chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle and width, and body condition score. The correlative variability of the relationship between cow’s longevity and these features was depending on the level of assessment of specific type trait of body structure of the animal. Dependence of the cows longevity on the development of chest width was different by curvilinear variability. The longer life of cows was found in animals with an estimate for the development of this type trait at 4–6 scores that averaged 2.726–2.895 days with the best 5 scores. When comparing the group of animals with an average 5 scores with the groups having 6–9 scores, a significant difference was found in favor of the first, ranging from 169 (P < 0.01) to 561 days (P < 0.001). Studies on the dependence of the longevity of brown cattle cows on the value of body depth assessment have shown that the most longevity was inherent in animals estimated by type trait development at 7–9 scores, with the highest rate in 2.856 days and estimate – 7 scores. The type trait of angularity similar to deep-chested and was also directly related to the cow's longevity. Cows with excessive angularity and the highest lifetime (2.713–2.855 days) were estimated by the higher scores (7–9) with the best evaluation results in 8 scores. A significant decrease in cows longevity was observed with a decrease in the assessment for this trait starting from 6 scores (-244 days; P < 0.05) to 1 (-701 days; P < 0.001) compared with the best result of 8 scores. The desired state of the linear trait development, the rump angle, was within the average assessment level of 5 scores, which similar to the optimal sacrum slope between the extreme points on the conditionally drawn line at the level of the top point of hip bones and the ischial hump, which was 2–4 cm. Deviations towards the assessment of the rump angle to 1 score (raised) or 9 scores (sloped) are the disadvantages of the body structure. The study of this trait has shown the curvilinear nature of the relationship between estimates for the state of rump angle and longevity of cows. Cows with an optimal 5 scores rating had the highest longevity of 2.796 days, while with increasing and decreasing estimates, the number of days of life of cows decreased. The longevity of cows of brown cattle was determined on the level of assessment for the trait of the rear width. Cows with a maximum estimate for the state of this descriptive trait in 9 scores were used for 575 days longer compared to animals rated at 1 score (P < 0.001). According to the results of research of animals by the trait of body condition, it was found that the degree of fatness was associated with the longevity of brown cattle in the opposite direction. That is, a thinner animals, which are valued lower scores, and used to live much longer. The influence of body condition score on the longevity of animals was confirmed by the highly reliable difference between the maximum (9 scores) and the minimum (1 score) estimates, which was 457 days (P < 0.001). A significant decrease of the longevity was observed in cows with an assessment of body condition in 6–9 scores. Thus, the existence of a correlative variability between estimates of descriptive traits of conformation type and the longevity of cows of Ukrainian brown breeds was determined. Each of the estimated type traits of the body structure correlates with the longevity of cows with varying variability within the classification scores in accordance with their desired development. Thus, the selection of animals for the desired development of linear traits at the age of the first lactation allows them to be used as indirect predictors to increase the duration of use of cows.

The life expectancy of ukrainian brown dairy breed cows depending on linear estimation of the udder morphological characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
L. Khmelnychyі ◽  
V. Vechorka ◽  
S. Khmelnychyi
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Dairy Breed

The Estimation of dairy cattle cows by morphological characteristics of the udder is an important element in the system of linear classifi cation of dairy cattle. This is due to the existence of a correlation between the linear characteristics of the udder and indicators of milk productivity and longevity of cows. Studies on the impact of assessing the linear characteristics of the exterior on the life expectancy of dairy cows are motivated and relevant. The exterior type of fi rst-born cows was evaluated according to the method of linear classifi cation in the leading farms of Sumy region for breeding Ukrainian brown dairy breed. According to the descriptive method of the 9-point scale, the fi ve most important morphological features of the udder in terms of selection and technological signifi cance were studied. They are:an anterior attachment, posterior attachment height, central ligament, udder depth and anterior teat location. The signifi cant infl uence of udder morphological features on the life expectancy of cows was established. Each of the evaluated linear traits aff ects the life expectancy of a cow with diff erent relative variability of estimates within a particular sex. As for the evaluating of the anterior attachment of the udder, the diff erence between the cows, rated at 1 and 8 points, was 681 days (P <0.001). The diff erence between the low (1 point) score for the height of the attachment of the udder at the back and the highest (9 points) was 610 days (P <0.001). Animals (17.3%) with a grade for the condition of the central ligament of the udder below average (1–4 points) were used from 2436 to 2156 days. Meanwhile, cows with the highest score of 9 points diff ered in longevity – 2786 days, exceeding cows with scores of 1–4 points by 350–630 days (P <0.001). Cows with the highest udder relatively to the hocks, with a score of 8, have the diff erence in life expectancy 597 days (P <0.001), compared to animals with the most lowered udder. Cows with a score for the location of the front teats had 5 points and lived longer by 156–484 days (P <0.001), compared with cows with a score of 1–4 points. Key words: Ukrainian brown dairy breed, udder, linear type traits, life expectancy.

scholarly journals Relationships between conformation traits and longevity of Holstein cows in the Czech Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vacek ◽  
M. Štípková ◽  
E. Němcová ◽  
J. Bouška
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Productive Life ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
The Ideal

The relationships between conformation traits and longevity traits were analyzed in 41 489 Holstein cows born in the years 1994&ndash;1999 which were culled by 30<sup>th</sup> June 2005. Pearson correlation coefficients between type traits and the herd life or productive life of cows were calculated. The effects of type trait scoring level on the length of productive life were described by means of analyses of variance. The observed correlations between herd life or productive life and type traits are in the range of &ndash;0.061 to 0.160. Negative correlations were found for rump angle, rear leg set, udder depth, and teat length. Most of the body traits had slightly positive relationships to herd life, indicating that larger cows live longer. However, body depth and chest width did not have a linear relation to longevity traits. The longest productive life was found in cows undersized in chest width and body depth (P &lt; 0.01). A similar dependence was also found for rump width (P &lt; 0.01). The ideal rear leg set for longevity was scored as average or below average, i.e. moderately curved or slightly straight legs (P &lt; 0.05). Cows with well-attached fore udder, high attached rear udder, strong central ligament, close front teat placement, and with moderately long teats showed the longest functional productive life (P &lt; 0.05&ndash;0.001). Linear relationships between longevity traits and general conformation characteristics were found as well. &nbsp;

Genetic correlations between linear type traits, food intake, live weight and condition score in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Veerkamp ◽  
S. Brotherstone
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Linear Type ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Type Traits

AbstractVariance components were estimated from an animal model using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure which allowed for unequal design matrices and missing observations (VCE). Data sets containing: (i) 15 275 records of linear type classifications on heifers, (ii) 3399 live weight and condition scores measured at calving and (iii) 1157 records of yield, dry-matter intake, average live weight and condition score during the first 26 weeks of lactation; were analysed jointly.Heritability estimates for dry-matter intake, live weight and condition score in the largest data set were 0·44, 0·44 and 0·35 respectively and the genetic correlation between condition score and the yield traits ranged from −0·29 to −0·46. The genetic correlation between milk yield and average live weight was negative (−0·09) but after adjusting for the genetic variation in condition score this correlation was positive (0·29). Genetic correlations between live weight and stature, chest width, body depth and rump width were consistently high (0·52 to 0·64; 0·75 to 0·86; 0·59 to 0·81; 0·56 to 0·74, respectively). Chest width and body depth were little to moderately correlated with dry-matter intake (0·25 to 0·28 and 0·20 to 0·34 respectively), and angularity (−0·47 to −0·77) and chest width (0·32 to 0·73) appeared to be good predictors of condition score. These correlations showed that (i) the relative value of live weight compared with food intake capacity determines the optimum direction of selection for stature, chest width, body depth and angularity, and consequently the optimum size of the dairy cow, and that (ii) live weight, condition score and food intake can be predicted from the type traits with little loss in accuracy. A restricted index which maintains condition score at its current level was predicted to reduce overall (economic) genetic gain by 5%.

scholarly journals External characteristics adults cows of ukrainian black and white dairy breed

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (74) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
M. I. Kuziv
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Characteristic Type ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Dairy Breed

The results of the evaluation exterior of the animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the western region of Ukraine. Studies conducted on animals Ukrainian black and white dairy cattle in the «Milk River» farm in the Sokal and Brody offices breeding reproducers «Breeder» Lviv region and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» Ivano-Frankivsk region. Exterior animals was assessed by measurement of body articles. By value measurements calculated indices of body structure cows. Weight-size factor determined by the formula D.T. Vinnychuka and P.N. Merezhko. The results of research were treated by variational statistics G.F. Lakin. Adults cows of Ukrainian black and white dairy breed for exterior fit the type of dairy animals. Measurements body cows are: height at the withers – 135,6–136,5 depth of chest – 75,1–77,1 width chest – 46,2–48,6, chest girth for by shoulder – 197,0–201,2, oblique body length – 161,4–163,6 width in clubs – 54,5–57,2 girth metacarpus – 19,1–19,5 cm. By oblique trunk length and girth metacarpus, and in the «Milk River» farm Sokal offices and plant breeding «Yamnytsya» also for girth at breast for by blades are dominated by target parameters for the desired type of animal. By other body measurements investigated cows do not reach target parameters for the desired type of animal. Further breeding work with this array of animals should be directed to increase the linear dimensions of the body, with particular attention paid to the width of the chest. Indices body structure cows in farms of different characteristic type of dairy animals. Surround dimensions of the animals constituted 494,9–501,4 cm weight-size factor – 1,08–1,15. In cows of all farms the ratio of live weight and measurements body was typical for relatively stretched animals.

scholarly journals The role of type traits of dairy cattles in long productive life

2006 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Attila Berta ◽  
Béla Béri
Keyword(s):  
Life Time ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Reproduction Biology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Friesian Cows

In the last few decades, a new intensive milking stock has developed as a result of breed-converter crossing in Hungary. Additionally, the reproduction biology of the population was adversely affected by keeping and feeding technologies. Productive lifetime has shortened and the service period has lengthened. However, profitable milk production requires cows with longer productive lives and larger life-time productions. In our study, we made a comparison between production, culling causes, and type traits of culled Holstein Friesian cows after first calving and of cows with a minimum of eight lactations. We established that the first lactation production of cows with longer productive lives was more or less homogeneous. Disease of metabolism as well as digestive and respiratory problems, were the main causes of the culling of cows with short productive lives, and reproduction and udder problems as well as low production, were the main causes of the culling of cows with long productive lives. We found a significant difference in the distributions of strength, body depth, dairy form, croup width, rear leg side view, foot angle, fore udder attachment and teat placement between the two groups. Furthermore, we established that cows with lower stature, less strength, a somewhat deeper body, better dairy form, narrower croup width, smaller foot angle, looser fore udder attachment and some outside teat placement had longer productive lives.

scholarly journals Production and disposition of purebred Jersey populations

2008 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Zoltán Szendrei ◽  
Béla Béri
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Side View ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Type Traits ◽  
Final Score ◽  
Jersey Cows

In Hungary crossbreeding wit Jersey has been in practice since 2004. Uniquely in the Hungarian history of the Jersey breed two times fifty head pregnant heifers were imported in 2006. The aim of our study is to present through the description of the production and the type traits of the population the inherent possibilities of Jersey. The breed is presented by the figures of the rolling lactations, 305 day milk production, correlations between the traits and by the results of the evaluation of type traits. Analyses of the data were done by using independent samples t-test.Based on data of 87 cows the average number of days in milk  is 308 and 48 cows has finished lactation. During the rolling lactation they produced 5050 kg milk with 5.34% fat and 3.8% protein content.The first lactation Jersey cows’ production when corrected to 305 days was 5089 kg milk with 5.35% fat and 3.81% protein. Between the herds there was significant difference in milk kg, amount of fat produced, protein content and amount of protein produced. On the two farms distribution of cows belonging to different production levels is very different. The biggest difference is when categorized by the amount of milk produced.Correlation between the milk kg and fat kg is the greatest (r=0.950). Similar values were obtained for the correlation between fat and protein kg (r=0.919) and for the milk kg and fat kg (r=0,898). Disposition of the Jersey cows is very well balanced. Their stature, strength, body depth, dairy form, rump angle and pin width is favorable, the average scores are between 4.5 and 6.5. The leg of the cows is a bit sickly, and is hocking in a little with medium-low angled hoof. Average values of all traits describing the udder are between 4 and 5. Cows belonging to the two herds differ by disposition. Significant difference exists in the following traits: body depth, dairy form, pin width, rear leg - side view, rear leg, rear view, foot angle, fore udder attachment, teat length. TheJersey population imported to Hungary has a final score of 78 points which equals with the “good” qualification. 

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