scholarly journals Durable and Environmentally Friendly Flame-Retardant Finish on Wool via Graft Copolymerization of Vinyl Phosphonic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3647-3663
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Thermogravimetric Studies ◽  
Temperature Time

A durable and environmentally friendly flame-retardant treatment process on wool via graft co-polymerization of vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) was investigated. The influence of temperature, time, VPA, and catalyst on the grafting yield (GY) was studied. Employing response surface methodology, the grafting parameters were optimized, and the highest GY was achieved. Thermogravimetric studies showed a 3.86% increase in the remaining char ratio at 750°C for the wool fabric after graft co-polymerization of VPA. Flame retardancy of wool fabrics was evaluated with respect to their limiting oxygen indices (LOI) and the ease of ignition measurements. The sample with 8.1% GY exhibited a 35.89% increase in LOI and over a 3.66-fold increase in ignition time. The chemical structure of the grafted wool is proposed according to FTIR and 31P Solid-state MAS NMR evidence. The presented flame-retardant finish process was deemed to be a green and durable substitute for the conventional, semi-durable, and non-environmentally friendly processes.

Preparation and Characterization of Soybean Oil-based Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams Containing Phosphaphenanthrene Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 760-771
Author(s):  
Qirui Gong ◽  
Niangui Wang ◽  
Kaibo Zhang ◽  
Shizhao Huang ◽  
Yuhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Rigid Polyurethane Foams ◽  
Degradation Activation Energy ◽  
Ft Ir

A phosphaphenanthrene groups containing soybean oil based polyol (DSBP) was synthesized by epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Soybean oil based polyol (HSBP) was synthesized by ESO and H2O. The chemical structure of DSBP and HSBP were characterized with FT-IR and 1H NMR. The corresponding rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared by mixing DSBP with HSBP. The results revealed apparent density and compression strength of RPUFs decreased with increasing the DSBP content. The cell structure of RPUFs was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which displayed the cells as spherical or polyhedral. The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of RPUFs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL 94 vertical burning test. The degradation activation energy (Ea) of first degradation stage reduced from 80.05 kJ/mol to 37.84 kJ/mol with 80 wt% DSBP. The RUPF with 80 wt% DSBP achieved UL94 V-0 rating and LOI 28.3. The results showed that the flame retardant effect was mainly in both gas phase and condensed phase.

scholarly journals Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1730
Author(s):  
Shaolin Lu ◽  
Yechang Feng ◽  
Peikun Zhang ◽  
Wei Hong ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Synthetic Leather ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Reactive Flame Retardant

As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.

scholarly journals Natural Dyeing of Cellulose and Protein Fibers with the Flower Extract of Spartium junceum L. Plant

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4091
Author(s):  
Zorana Kovačević ◽  
Ana Sutlović ◽  
Ana Matin ◽  
Sandra Bischof
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Dyeing Process ◽  
Protein Fibers ◽  
Wool Sample ◽  
C Value ◽  
Total Difference ◽  
Spartium Junceum

In this study, the natural dye was extracted from Spartium junceum L. (SJL) flowers and applied on cellulose (cotton) and protein (wool) fabric. Fabrics were pre-mordant with alum prior to the dyeing process. Considering the global requirements on zero waste and green policy, the dyeing process was intended to be as much as possible environmentally friendly but still effective. Therefore, mordant concentration was optimized due to the reduction of the negative impact. The efficiency of the dyeing process was investigated by examination of fabrics’ color characteristics and colorfastness to washing properties. In this paper, we have proved that the extracted dye from Spartium junceum L. is an acidic dye (mordant dye) which is more applicable for the treatment of wool fabrics. In this paper, it was proved that phytochemicals responsible for coloring are part of the flavonoids group. The UV absorption spectra of extracted dye show 4 bands in the region of λmax 224, 268, 308 and 346 nm which are ascribed to bands characteristic for flavonoids. Wool fabric pre-mordant with 3% alum and dyed shows great chromatic (C*) properties where C* value is in a range from 47.76 for unwashed samples to 47.50 for samples after 5 washing cycles and color hue (h°) is in a range 82.13 for unwashed samples to 81.52 for samples after 5 washing cycles. The best result regarding the colorfastness properties is shown by the wool sample treated with 3% alum after 5 washing cycles (total difference in color (Delta E*) = 0.87). These results confirm that metal (Al) from alum mordant make strong chemical bonds with wool substrate and dye since Delta E* values decrease in comparison to Delta E* values of the cotton samples treated the same way. The results revealed it is possible to reduce the concentration of mordant up to 3% and obtain satisfactory results regarding the colorfastness. Nevertheless, future research will go in the direction of replacing synthetic mordant with a more environmentally friendly one.

A Novel Flame Retardant for Cotton Containing Ammonium Phosphonic Acid and Phosphonate Prepared from Urea

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tiandong Huang ◽  
Fang Xu ◽  
Peiyi Zhao ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Fengxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phosphonic Acid

Performance enhancement of wool fabric with environmentally-friendly bio-cross-linker

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 130-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Mohsin ◽  
Ummar Farooq ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali Raza ◽  
Muhammad Ahsan ◽  
Ali Afzal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Cross Linker

Use of Nanoclay as an Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardant Synergist in Polyamide-6

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7374-7377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cevdet Kaynak ◽  
Huseyin Ozgur Gunduz ◽  
Nihat Ali Isitman
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Polyamide 6

Study on Synthesis of Cyclotriphosphazene Containing Aminopropylsilicone Functional Group as Flame Retardant

2013 ◽  
Vol 683 ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Lan He ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Zhao Lu Qin ◽  
Yan Hua Lan ◽  
Ding Hua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Industrial Grade ◽  
Distribution Calculation ◽  
Optimum Reaction

A novel non-halogen flame retardant APESP, cyclotriphosphazene containing six aminopropyltriethoxysilicone functional groups N3P3[NH(CH2)3Si(OCH2CH3)3]6, was synthesized by menas of SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction, using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene(HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane (KH550) as material. Firstly the industrial grade HCCP was purified through recrystallization and sublimation. Then the reaction process was investigated to prompt the yield, and the optimum reaction conditions were as follows: triethylamine as acid-binding agent, tetrahydrofuran as solvent, HCCP/KH550/triethylamine molar ratio 1:7.2:7.2, dripping time: 1 hour, temperature: 67°C and reaction time: 20h. Maximum APESP yield reached 94.3%. The chemical structure and purity was characterized by element analysis, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectrum, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The results showed that the structure of synthesized product is consistent with the theoretical structure, in which the chlorine atoms were completely substituted. The charge distribution calculation of HCCP and KH550 confirmed the reaction mechanism.

Durable flame retardant wool fabric treated by phytic acid and TiO2 using an exhaustion-assisted pad-dry-cure process

2018 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Wei Cheng ◽  
Jin-Ping Guan ◽  
Xu-Hong Yang ◽  
Ren-Cheng Tang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Cure Process

scholarly journals The application of a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent in epoxy resin

e-Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anxin Li ◽  
Pingli Mao ◽  
Bing Liang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Thermal Degradation Behavior ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn order to improve the compatibility of flame retardant and epoxy resin, a phosphorus nitrogen flame retardant curing agent poly(p-xylylenediamine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PPXSPB) was synthesized. FTIR, 1HNMR, and mass spectroscopy were used to identify the chemical structure of PPXSPB. Epoxy resin (E-44) and PPXSPB as the raw material, a series of thermosetting systems were prepared. The effects of PPXSPB on flame retardancy, water resistance, thermal degradation behavior, mechanical properties and the adhesive strength of EP/PPXSPB thermosets were investigated. The results show that with the increase of phosphorus content, the oxygen index and carbon residue of the system both increased significantly, and the heat release rate gradually decreased, which is of great significance in delaying the occurrence of fire. When the phosphorus content is 3.24% in EP/PPXSPB thermosets, EP-2 can successfully pass the UL94 V-0 flammability rating, the LOI value of EP-2 can reach 31.4%, the impact strength and tensile strength was 6.58 kJ/m2 and 47.10 MPa respectively, and the adhesive strength was 13.79 MPa, the system presents a good overall performance.

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