scholarly journals Comparative Study of Transmission and Control of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Syed Rizwan Ul Haq Tirmizi ◽  
Syed Talha Tirmizi ◽  
Nasiruddin Khan ◽  
Syeda Amara Tirmizi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Modern Time ◽  
Education Campaign ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: HIV/AIDS is nowadays considered as the greatest public health disaster of modern time. It has become the challenge for the global population for decades. Method: In our study, we shall emphasize on comparative study which coordinates the field of health awareness activities on the basis of educational and informational campaigns. Result: For this purpose we generate a mathematical model having two susceptible classes depending on changes in behavior with educational activities. Conclusion: We shall try to create stability between the numbers of infected individuals and the cost of the education campaign using optimal control theory. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(3) 2020 p.501-508

scholarly journals Mathematical Epidemic Model of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Rizwan Ul Haq Tirmizi ◽  
Nasiruddin Khan ◽  
Syed Talha Tirmizi ◽  
Syeda Amara Tirmizi
Keyword(s):  
Labor Migration ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equation ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Fractional Differential ◽  
And Control ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
Hiv Aids

In Pakistan the effect population mobility, specifically labor migration and refugees is also thought to have been important in explaining the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. One of the effects labor migration is likely to have had increased the prevalence of the overlap of sexual partnership. A nonlinear fractional differential equation model is discussed for transmission and control of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. We shall also discuss the disease free equilibrium and stability behavior of the model Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(1) 2019 p.14-23

scholarly journals Soft Law in the Prevention and Control of the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Between Legality Concerns and Limited Participatory Possibilities

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Xiezhong CHENG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
Legal Enforcement ◽  
And Control

As a previously unknown virus, the spread of the coronavirus challenged not only medical science and public health systems, but also public governance in all countries. In order to tackle the COVID-19 crisis in China, public authorities at various levels have issued a large number of measures that have no legally binding force, but produce practical effects. A closer look at selected COVID-19 measures in China shows that both the advantages and drawbacks of soft law are brought to the fore by the pandemic. This contribution, focusing on Chinese experiences with COVID-19 soft law, argues that the lack of legal bindingness and consequently of legal enforcement does not make soft law measures ineffective. On the contrary, these “defects” ease the adoption of soft law and ensure its availability to both public authorities and citizens, hence increasing its effectiveness in combating the pandemic. Yet problems remain in realising participatory possibilities and ensuring respect for legality.

scholarly journals Optimal Control of Shigellosis with Cost-Effective Strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Stephen Edward ◽  
Nyimvua Shaban ◽  
Eunice Mureithi
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Education Campaign ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, we apply optimal control theory to the model for shigellosis. It is assumed that education campaign, sanitation, and treatment are the main controls for this disease. The aim is to minimize the number of infections resulting from contact with careers, infectious population, and contaminated environments while keeping the cost of associated controls minimum. We achieve this aim through the application of Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. Numerical simulations are carried out by using both forward and backward in time fourth-order Runge-Kutta schemes. We simulate the model under different strategies to investigate which option could yield the best results. The findings show that the strategy combining all three control efforts (treatment, sanitation, and education campaign) proves to be more beneficial in containing shigellosis than the rest. On the other hand, cost-effectiveness analysis is performed via incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). The findings from the ICER show that a strategy incorporating all three controls (treatment, sanitation, and education campaign) is the most cost-effective of all strategies considered in the study.

Clostridium difficileinfection: epidemiology, disease burden and therapy

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (30) ◽  
pp. 1188-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
László Gulácsi ◽  
Adrienne Kertész ◽  
Irén Kopcsóné Németh ◽  
János Banai ◽  
Endre Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Economics ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Hungarian Literature ◽  
Medline Database ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vancomycin Treatment

Introduction:C. difficile causes 25 percent of the antibiotic associated infectious nosocomial diarrhoeas. C. difficile infection is a high-priority problem of public health in each country. The available literature of C. difficile infection’s epidemiology and disease burden is limited. Aim: Review of the epidemiology, including seasonality and the risk of recurrences, of the disease burden and of the therapy of C. difficile infection. Method: Review of the international and Hungarian literature in MEDLINE database using PubMed up to and including 20th of March, 2012. Results: The incidence of nosocomial C. difficile associated diarrhoea is 4.1/10 000 patient day. The seasonality of C. difficile infection is unproved. 20 percent of the patients have recurrence after metronidazole or vancomycin treatment, and each recurrence increases the chance of a further one. The cost of C. difficile infection is between 130 and 500 thousand HUF (430 € and 1665 €) in Hungary. Conclusions: The importance of C. difficile infection in public health and the associated disease burden are significant. The available data in Hungary are limited, further studies in epidemiology and health economics are required. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1188–1193.

Strengthening of occupational health promotion by the German Prevention Health Care Act

2019 ◽  
pp. 188-190
Author(s):  
Diana Hart
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Occupational Health Promotion ◽  
And Control

All countries are faced with the problem of the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCD): implement prevention strategies eff ectively, keep up the momentum with long term benefi ts at the individual and the population level, at the same time tackling hea lth inequalities. Th e aff ordability of therapy and care including innovative therapies is going to be one of the key public health priorities in the years to come. Germany has taken in the prevention and control of NCDs. Germany’s health system has a long history of guaranteeing access to high-quality treatment through universal health care coverage. Th r ough their membership people are entitled to prevention and care services maintaining and restoring their health as well as long term follow-up. Like in many other countries general life expectancy has been increasing steadily in Germany. Currently, the average life expectancy is 83 and 79 years in women and men, respectively. Th e other side of the coin is that population aging is strongly associated with a growing burden of disease from NCDs. Already over 70 percent of all deaths in Germany are caused by four disease entities: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. Th ese diseases all share four common risk factors: smoking, alcohol abuse, lack of physical activity and overweight. At the same time, more and more people become long term survivors of disease due to improved therapy and care. Th e German Government and public health decision makers are aware of the need for action and have responded by initiating and implementing a wide spectrum of activities. One instrument by strengthening primary prevention is the Prevention Health Care Act. Its overarching aim is to prevent NCDs before they can manifest themselves by strengthening primary prevention and health promotion in diff erent sett ings. One of the main emphasis of the Prevention Health Care Act is the occupational health promotion at the workplace.

The Experience in Organizing and Conducting the Analysis of Data on Nutrition of School-Aged Children in the Sverdlovsk Region within the Federal Public Health Promotion Project

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
NA Moiseeva ◽  
IL Kholstinina ◽  
MF Knyazeva ◽  
TV Mazhaeva ◽  
OL Malykh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
School Meals ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Public Health Promotion

Introduction: Implementation of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project should raise awareness and develop skills of healthy nutrition in children, thus contributing to disease prevention. Our objective was to evaluate the results of pilot nutrition monitoring in school-aged children of the Sverdlovsk Region as part of the Federal Public Health Promotion Project and the National Demography Project. Results: We established that school meals were generally satisfactory: the rations complied with physiological needs of children in terms of their nutritional value, basic nutrients, energy, and distribution of calories by main meals. We noted differences in the cost and nutritional value of meals and the variety of dishes and foodstuffs used between urban and rural areas. As a rule, pupils have one or two school meals a day. Outside of school, their consumption of dairy products and fruit is limited. Conclusions: Our findings may promote the elaboration of municipal programs aimed, inter alia, at changing the amount of sugar and salt used in the manufacture of public catering products, the cost of dishes with a high content of sugar, saturated fats, and salt, and subsidies on healthy nutrition.

Epidemiology of HIV in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 228-236
Author(s):  
Zeinab Najafi ◽  
Leila Taj ◽  
Omid Dadras ◽  
Fatemeh Ghadimi ◽  
Banafsheh Moradmand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
First Case ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hiv Aids

: Iran has been one of the active countries fighting against HIV/AIDS in the Middle East during the last decades. Moreover, there is a strong push to strengthen the national health management system concerning HIV prevention and control. In Iran, HIV disease has its unique features, from changes in modes of transmission to improvement in treatment and care programs, which can make it a good case for closer scrutiny. The present review describes the HIV epidemic in Iran from the first case diagnosed until prevention among different groups at risk and co-infections. Not only we addressed the key populations and community-based attempts to overcome HIV-related issues in clinics, but we also elaborated on the efforts and trends in society and the actual behaviors related to HIV/AIDS. Being located in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, given the countryspecific characteristics, and despite all the national efforts along with other countries in this region, Iran still needs to take extra measures to reduce HIV transmission, especially in health education. Although Iran is one of the pioneers in implementing applicable and appropriate policies in the MENA region, including harm reduction services to reduce HIV incidence, people with substance use disorder continue to be the majority of those living with HIV in the country. Similar to other countries in this region, the HIV prevention and control programs aim at 90-90-90 targets to eliminate HIV infection and reduce the transmission, especially the mother-to-child transmission and among other key populations.

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