scholarly journals Evaluation of protective immunity against experimental Dirofilaria immitis infection in Beagle dogs

1970 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
MH Talukder ◽  
K Ueda ◽  
T Hajime ◽  
S Kanako ◽  
S Kawamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Gamma Irradiated ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

Prevention of heartworm is a key goal of pet wellness. An experimental trial was carried out to induce the immunologic protection against Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs during the period from July 2005 to November 2006.  To evaluate the three protocols of immunization, dogs were separately immunized with gamma-irradiated infective larvae; with chemical abbreviation of infection; with chemical abbreviation plus Freund's complete adjuvant respectively. Each trial consisted of immunized and control groups and each group composed of two dogs. All dogs used for this study were subcutaneously challenged with 100 intact third-stage larvae at designated times after the last immunization following the above three protocols. The dogs were euthanized and necropsized between 120 to 175 days after challenge infection for the worms in the right ventricle of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Number of worms and sexes were determined. A mean of 36 worms from the immunized groups with irradiated L3; 33 worms from the chemically-abbreviated group whereas 13 worms from the chemical abbreviation plus Freund's complete adjuvant group were recovered. The percentages of the average protection in three groups were 45.80%, 55.05% and 77.90% respectively. The adjuvant enhanced the protective immunity against L3 challenge infection. The ELISA values do not explain the intensity of the protection, but shown adequately the immunized dogs responding to the immunization performed in this experiment. Key words: Heartworm, protective immunity, chemical-abbreviation, gamma-irradiated larvae DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v5i1.1323 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2007). 5 (1 & 2): 93-98

scholarly journals Dirofilaria immitis in wolves recolonizing northern Italy: are wolves competent hosts?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Moroni ◽  
Luca Rossi ◽  
Pier Giuseppe Meneguz ◽  
Riccardo Orusa ◽  
Simona Zoppi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
Heartworm Infection ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Right ◽  
Return Process

Abstract Background Wild carnivores such as the grey wolf (Canis lupus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackal (Canis aureus) are recognized hosts of Dirofilaria immitis. However, few studies have focused on their actual role in the epidemiology of heartworm infection. This study describes the prevalence and distribution of D. immitis in wolves in a heartworm-endemic area in northern Italy where wolves have recently returned after long-time eradication, and investigates the fertility status of the collected adult nematodes. Methods In the frame of a long-term wolf monitoring programme in northwestern Italy, 210 wolf carcasses from four provinces were inspected for the presence of filarioid nematodes in the right heart and pulmonary arteries. Female heartworms were measured, and their uterine content analyzed according to a previously described “embryogram” technique. Results Three wolves, all originating from a single province (Alessandria), were positive for D. immitis (1.42%, 95% CI: 0.48–4.11%, in the whole study area; 13.6%, 95% CI: 4.7–33.3%, limited to the single province from which infected wolves originated). Mean intensity was 5 worms (range: 3–7) and the female worms measured 21–28 cm in length. Six out of 9 female worms harbored uterine microfilariae: 5 were classified as gravid; 1 showed a “discontinuous gradient”; and 3 were non-gravid. Conclusions The present data show that heartworm infection is already prevalent in wolves that have recolonized the known heartworm-endemic area. Based on “embryogram” results, wolves were shown suitable heartworm hosts. Interestingly, investigated wolves appeared similarly exposed to heartworm infection as sympatric unprotected dogs (owned dogs that have never received any heartworm prevention treatment) sampled at the beginning of the wolf return process.

scholarly journals Evaluation of different immunization protocols with P. brasiliensis antigens in Guinea pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Amélia Kamegasawa ◽  
Maria Tereza Rezkallah Iwasso ◽  
Rosa Viero ◽  
Marcello Franco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Migration Inhibition ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Particulate Antigen ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Macrophage Migration Inhibition

The objective of the present study was to develop an efficient and reproducible protocol of immunization of guinea pigs with P. brasiliensis antigens as an animal model for future studies of protective immunity mechanisms. We tested three different antigens (particulate, soluble and combined) and six protocols in the presence and absence of Freund's complete adjuvant and with different numbers of immunizing doses and variable lenght of time between the last immunizing dose and challenge. The efficacy of the immunizing protocol was evaluated by measuring the humoral and cellular anti-P. brasiliensis immune response of the animals, using immuno-diffusion, skin test and macrophage migration inhibition test. It was observed that: 1. Three immunizing doses of the antigens induced a more marked response than two doses; 2. The highest immune response was obtained with the use of Freund's complete adjuvant; 3. Animals challenged a long time (week 6) after the last immunizing dose showed good anti-P. brasiliensis immune response; 4. The particulate antigen induced the lowest immune response. The soluble and the combined antigens were equally efficient in raising good humoral and cellular anti-P. brasiliensis immune response

The life history of the rat lung-worm, Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae).

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Mackerras ◽  
DF Sandars
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right

Adult Angiostrongylus cantonensis live in the pulmonary arteries. Unsegmented ova are discharged into the blood stream, and lodge as emboli in the smaller vessels. First-stage larvae break through into the respiratory tract, migrate up the trachea, and eventually pass out of the body in the faeces. Slugs (Agriolimax laevis) act as intermediate hosts. Two moults occur in the slug, and third-stage larvae appear about the 17th day. The larvae remain within the two cast skins until freed in the stomach of the rat by digestion. They then pass quickly along the small intestine as far as the lower ileum, where they leave the gut and become blood-borne. They congregate in the central nervous system, and have been found there 17 hr after ingestion. The anterior portion of the cerebrum is the most favoured site, and here the third moult takes place on the sixth or seventh day and the final one between the 11th and 13th days. Young adults emerge on the surface of the brain from the 12th to 14th day, and spend the next 2 weeks in the subarachnoid space. From the 28th to 31st days they migrate to the lungs via the venous system, passing through the right side of the heart to their definitive site in the pulmonary arteries. The prepatent period in the rat usually lies between 42 and 45 days.

scholarly journals Co-infection with Angiostrongylus chabaudi and Dirofilaria immitis in a wildcat, Felis silvestris from Romania – a case report

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-306
Author(s):  
Călin Mircea Gherman ◽  
Angela Monica Ionică ◽  
Georgiana Deak ◽  
Gabriel Bogdan Chișamera ◽  
Andrei Daniel Mihalca
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Felis Silvestris ◽  
Accession Number ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Angiostrongylus Chabaudi ◽  
The Right ◽  
Southern European Countries

Dirofilaria immitis is a worldwide spread nematode affecting the pulmonary artery and the heart of dogs (rarely reported in cats), especially in areas where the dogs show a high prevalence of infection. Angiostrongylus chabaudi is, in turn, a cardiopulmonary nematode of felids identified in several southern European countries and Germany. Co-infections of Dirofilaria immitis and Angiostrongylus spp. are known only in canids. We report a case of D. immitis and A. chabaudi co-infection in a road-killed wildcat originating from Southeastern Romania. Overall, 17 nematodes were collected from the pulmonary arteries of the wildcat and were morphologically identified as A. chabaudi (2 males and 15 females). Another nematode was collected from the right ventricle and identified as adult male D. immitis. Genomic DNA was extracted from one nematode of each of the two species and a fragment of the cox1 gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences obtained from the nematodes showed 100% similarity to a sequence of A. chabaudi isolated from Romania (Accession number KU521521) and to various D. immitis sequences from Europe, Asia and Australia (e.g. KT716014, EU159111, AJ537512). This is the first report of A. chabaudi and D. immitis co-infection in a felid, revealing the possibility of similar situations in domestic cats. This requires a more in-depth clinical and laboratory examination of animals with respiratory and cardiac symptoms.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF THE SEVERITY OF INFLAMMATION IN RATS WITH A PRIMARY REACTION AND SECONDARY IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTION TO AN INJECTION OF FREUND’S COMPLETE ADJUVANT

Biomeditsina ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
A. I. Matyushkin ◽  
E. A. Ivanova ◽  
S. V. Alekseeva ◽  
K. S. Kachalov ◽  
T. A. Voronina
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunological Reaction ◽  
Primary Reaction ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Ankle Joints ◽  
The Right

The model of chronic immune inflammation caused by the administration of Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA) into a hind paw of rats is used as a model of rheumatoid arthritis. Under this condition, the joints of other limbs, along with those subject to the action of CFA, are damaged. The aim of this study was to compare the severity of the inflammatory process in rats with a primary reaction (edema of the left hind paw) and a secondary immunological inflammatory response (edema of the right hind paw) towards a sub-plantar injection of CFA in the left hind paw of the experimental animals.Inflammation was induced by the sub-plantar administration of 0.1 ml of CFA into the left hind paw of outbred rats. Such indicators as the edema of the metatarsus and the ankle joints of the hind paws, the weight of the animals and the skin temperature of the paws were recorded on the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of the experiment. The pain threshold was recorded using a plantar test on the 15th day. Hematological parameters were assessed on the 14th and 28th day.Both a primary reaction and a secondary immunological reaction was developed on the 7th day of the experiment in 11 out of 20 animals having received CFA, while the rest of the rats demonstrated inflammation exclusively in the left hind paw. On the 7th day of the experiment, the animals with inflammation showed a higher skin temperature in the hind paws compared to the control group. The maximum edema in the rats with a primary reaction and secondary immunological inflammatory response was recorded on the 14th day of the experiment. On the 14th day, the rats with induced inflammation showed an increase in a number of hematological parameters, with the elevation being more pronounced in the animals with generalized inflammation. As a result of inflammation, pain sensitivity increased in both groups of animals with induced inflammation. In these groups, both a decrease in the edema of the paws and the normalization of hematological parameters were observed on the 28th day of the experiment. It is concluded that the most pronounced inflammatory reaction has developed by the 14th day following CFA administration, with its intensity having reduced by the 28th day. These results might be useful when assessing the pharmacological activity of various compounds using this model. 

Development of sporozoite vaccines

1984 ◽  
Vol 307 (1131) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Protein Carriers ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
Peptide Antibodies

Protective immunity against m alaria has been achieved in hosts ranging from birds to man by repeated inoculation of irradiated sporozoites. The main antigens involved in protective immunity to sporozoites are the circumsporozoite (CS) proteins, which are part of a family of proteins, covering the whole surface mem brane of the parasite, and which have similar physico-chemical and antigenic properties. M onovalent fragments of monoclonal antibodies to CS proteins neutralize sporozoite infectivity. All monoclonal antibodies recognize a single im m unodom inant region within the various CS proteins, and this region contains repetitive epitopes. The recurrent im m unodom inant epitope of the CS protein of P. knowlesi has been identified, and shown to consist of 12 tandemly repeated subunits of 12 amino acids. The dimer of the dodecapeptide was coupled to protein carriers, emulsified in Freund’s complete adjuvant, and injected into rodents and monkeys. All animals made anti-peptide antibodies, and most of the antisera reacted with P. knowlesi CS protein.

Studies of the effect of contralateral versus ipselateral challenge of rats primed on one side with Strongyloides ratti

1987 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Priming Dose ◽  
Left Flank ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACTThe initial pathway of skin penetrating larvae of Strongyloides ratti inside the host is not systemic and could well involve local components of the lymphatic system. The experiments described were an attempt to detect an effect on immunity depending on whether larvae of a challenge infection were committed to a pathway through heavily primed or lightly primed lymph nodes. Female rats were immunised by subcutaneous injection into the right forearm of 1000 heat killed, or 1000 live, third stage larvae of S. ratti. Animals given living parasites were placed on a diet containing 0·1 or 0·2% thiabendazole 48h or 36h after ifection. Challenge infections of <100 larvae (‘exact’ doses) were applied on day 21 to either the right or left flank and, similarly, to controls that had received the anthelmintic but not the priming infection. Heat killed parasites elicited no response at all. Priming with live larvae stimulated a significant immunity (16% and 37% depression in 2 experiments), but there was no difference between rats whose challenge was on the same side as the priming dose and those which had the contralateral treatment. The significance of these results to theories of pathfinding in general, and to practical immunology, is discussed.

scholarly journals Differential diagnosis of Dirofilaria immitis nematodes (Nematoda, Onchocercidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 642-648
Author(s):  
D. Kryvoruchenko ◽  
Y. Prykhodko ◽  
O. Mazannyі ◽  
O. Titarenko ◽  
I. Reva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Pulmonary Arteries ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Nerve Ring ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Heartworm Disease ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right

Heartworm disease is a widespread anthropozoonotic disease of carnivorous animals, as well as humans. It is caused by nematodes belonging to the suborder Filariata, family Onchocercidae, genus Dirofilaria. There are about 26 species of heartworms in nature, the most common and pathogenic species in dogs and cats in most countries is Dirofilaria immitis Leidy, 1856. Mature helminths parasitize in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries, large veins of animals and cause heart and vascular disorders, and death. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the features of morphological and metric structure of adult nematodes of D. immitis isolated from the heart of dogs. Morphological studies have shown that in males the most characteristic differential features are the presence of two unequal spicules, specifically positioned relative to each other, as well as well-defined preanal and less pronounced adanal and postanal papillae. In female heartworms, the characteristic morphological features are the shape and location of the vulva. There is a difference in the structure of the esophagus in males and females. In females, the anterior and posterior parts of the esophagus are well expressed, with enlargements, in males these divisions are not pronounced. To increase the efficiency of species identification of D. immitis nematodes, it is proposed to use metric parameters that characterize the overall body size, body and width of esophagus in different areas, length of esophagus, and the location of the nerve ring. In males, 11 indicators are also suggested that characterize the size of the spicules and the location of the cloaca. In females, seven additional parameters are pointed out that characterize the location of the vulva, anus and body width in these areas. The obtained data expand the already existing data on the peculiarities of the morphological structure of parasitic nematodes of the species D. immitis and their identification.

Oesophagostomum columbianum: gamma-irradiated third-stage larvae for immunization in lambs

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Sharma ◽  
D. N. Dhar
Keyword(s):  
Control Groups ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Gamma Irradiated ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Degree

Abstract40-kR /-irradiated third-stage larvae of Oesophagostomum columbianum were used for the immunization of Kashmir Merino lambs. Male lambs (aged from 8 to 12 weeks) were immunized in two separate experiments by two doses of irradiated larvae, given 21 days apart, and subsequently challenged with normal larvae. Judging by the establishment of worms resulting from the challenge infections in the immunized and control groups of lambs in the two experiments, a high degree of immunity was shown to develop in young lambs vaccinated with 500, followed 21 days later with 2000, 40-kR irradiated larvae. Lambs from the immunized groups showed more nodules in the intestine, a high percentage of which were positive for histotrophic stages of O. columbianum, than did controls. The importance of this finding in relation to the possible use of a vaccine for the immuno-prophylaxis of oesophagostomiasis in sheep and other animals is discussed.

Experimental onchocerciasis in chimpanzees: cellular responses and antigen recognition after immunization and challenge with Onchocerca volvulus infective third-stage larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. K. Lüder ◽  
P. T. Soboslay ◽  
A. M. Prince ◽  
B. M. Greene ◽  
R. Lucius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Challenge Infection ◽  
Onchocerca Volvulus ◽  
Subsequent Challenge ◽  
Acanthocheilonema Viteae ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Circulating Antibodies ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Control

summaryImmunization of chimpanzees with radiation-attenuated infective 3rd-stage larvae (L3) of Onchocerca volvulus did not induce strong protective immunity against a subsequent challenge infection; only 1 out of 4 immunized animals remained non-patent (i.e. microfilariae-negative) after challenge, and may have been protected. However, during immunization and before challenge, a broad range of adult O. volvulus-derived antigens (OvAg) and also uterus-derived OvAg were recognized by circulating antibodies; moreover, the repertory of antigens recognized increased further in subsequently patent animals after challenge, particularly in the range of Mr 12–42 kDa. In the immunized and non-patent chimpanzee, by contrast, serological recognition of uterus-derived OvAg with Mr 14 kDa and 105 kDa disappeared by 19 months post-challenge (p.c.). During immunization, Acanthocheilonema viteae L3 antigens of Mr 11–12 kDa were strongly recognized only by the non-patent animal, suggesting that recognition of these antigens may have supported resistance to the subsequent challenge infection. In immunized chimpanzees, a substantial increase in the cellular reactivity to OvAg was induced; this, however, declined by 19 months p.c. to levels similar to those seen prior to immunization. At that time, 3 out of 4 immunized animals were patently infected. The effect of exogenous cytokines on in vitro-reactivity of PBMC to OvAg was examined. Addition of exogenous IL-2 alone, IFN-γ alone, and IFN-γ in combination with IL-2, did not augment net cellular responses to OvAg by PBMC from infected and control chimpanzees. In the presence of IL-4 alone, IL-6 alone, IL-2 with IL-4, IL-2 with IL-4 and IFN-γ, or IL-2 with IL-4 and IL-6, the net cellular reactivity to OvAg increased significantly in patent chimpanzees and reached levels similar to non-patent animals. Thus, non-patent chimpanzees maintain high cellular reactivity to OvAg and in vitro cellular unresponsiveness to OvAg on the part of patent chimpanzees is reversible after addition of several cytokines which act individually or synergistically.

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