scholarly journals Reduced susceptibility to fluroquinolone and molecular analysis of ciprofloxacine resistance in salmonella typhi in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABM Sarwer-E-Alom Sarker ◽  
Samir K Saha ◽  
Maksuda Islam ◽  
MA Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Fragment Analysis ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Infection Susceptibility ◽  
Gyrase A ◽  
Strip Test ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Level Analysis

The study of the trend of infection, susceptibility to antibiotics and molecular level analysis of the cause of reduced susceptibility of Salmonella typhi isolates from the patients in Bangladesh were studied. Out of 9040 blood cultures obtained during the study period, 1266 (14.0%) showed significant growth. Nearly three?fourths of the positive blood cultures were due to S. typhi and rests were mostly of S. paratyphi A. The prevalence was highest between the age group 25 and 60 months. Male showed slightly higher rate of infection than female. Among all 943 S. typhi isolates, 42.6, 42 and 41.4% were sensitive to ampicillin, cotrimoxazol and chloramphenicol, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxon and ceftazidim; 9 isolates were ciprofloxacin resistant, others were moderate to highly sensitive; whereas, only 2.2% isolates were sensitive and almost all (97.8%) were found resistant to nalidixic acid. The E?strip test among 411 isolates showed the MIC value of 53 isolates nearer to the very sensitive (< 0.125 μg/ml), 252 isolates between 0.125 and 0.5 μg/ml, 95 isolates between 0.5 and 2.0 μg/ml and rest other 11 isolates showed from > 2.0 μg/ml to very highly resistant (512 μg/ml). VNTR pattern of all ciprofloxacine resistant S. typhi was also same. Restriction fragment analysis of gyrase?A gene indicated point mutations in different loci that bear the cause of being resistant to ciprofloxacin.    Key words: Reduced susceptibility; Typhoid fever; Salmonella typhi; Fluoroquinolone DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v19i2.8955 DUJBS 2010; 19(2): 137-144

scholarly journals Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolone in Salmonella typhi and Some Molecular Characteristics of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Indigenous Isolates

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Sayeed M Mahmud ◽  
M Nuruddin Mahmud ◽  
M Abdul Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Product ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Gyrase A ◽  
Strip Test

Typhoid fever and Salmonella typhi bacteremia among the patients were evaluated at Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Popular Diagnostic Center, Kumudiny Hospital and other sites throughout Bangladesh. Among the 943 Salmonella typhi isolates studied, 57.4% showed resistance to ampicillin (MIC > 256 mg/ml), 58 % to cotrimoxazole (MIC > 32 mg/ ml) and 58.6% to chloramphenicol (MIC > 256 mg/ml). Significant resistance (97.8%) was observed against first generation quinolone, nalidixic acid (MIC > 256 mg/ml) whereas only 11 isolates (1.1%) were resistant to second generation fluoroquinolone, ciprofloxacin. Among 943 isolates E-strip test of 411 isolates for ciprofloxacin showed that 53 isolates were very sensitive (MIC < 0.125 mg/ml), 252 were sensitive (MIC between 0.125 mg/ ml and 0.5 mg/ ml), 95 were moderately sensitive (MIC between 0.5 mg/ml and 2.0 mg/ml) and the rest were resistant (MIC >2.0 ìg/ml) or very highly resistant (MIC 512 mg/ml). However, all isolates including ciprofloxacin resistant S. typhi were found sensitive to a third generation cephalosporin ceftazidime. All the isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin were found to be identical by API 20 E (Analytical Profile Index) score (4404552) and VNTR typing. Digestion of PCR product (195 bp gyrase A) of ciprofloxacin resistant strain with Hind l did not make any change, compared to the undigested product of the same strains in the electrophoresis banding pattern, indicating the presence of mutations at both the ser-83 and asp-87 sites of the genome Gyr A. In contrast, the PCR product from nalidixic acid susceptible control strain cleaved at both sites, ser-83 and asp-87. Key words: VNTR; Antibiotic resistance; Quinolone; Salmonella DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v27i2.9169 BJM 2010; 27(2): 38-41

scholarly journals TYPHOID FEVER

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (04) ◽  
pp. 620-626
Author(s):  
MAQSOOD AHMAD ◽  
Badar Bashir ◽  
MUHAMMAD SAEED AKHTAR ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
MUHAMMAD AMER ADIL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Study Setting ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

Objectives: To find out the efficacy and safety of Levofloxacinin patients suffering from typhoid fever. Design: Non-comparative and prospective study. Setting: Medical Units ofAllied & DHQ Hospital (PMC) Faisalabad. Period: From May 2002 to July 2004. Material & Methods: All suspectedfebrile patients were examined and provisionally diagnosed to have typhoid fever were admitted for the purpose ofstudy till they were satisfactorily discharged. Results: This clinical study was conducted on 70 patients of Enteric Fever.Fifty-two patients were male and 18 were female. The mean age for male patients in the study sample was 37.58± 8.13while the mean age of females was 21.92± 4.73 years. Fever as a symptom was present in all 70(100%) of thepatients. Anorexia was there in 61(85.5%)patients and abdominal pain in 49(70%) patients. Twenty-seven (38.5%)patients had constipation along with other features. Diarrhea was present in 6 (8.5%) patients. Relative bradycardiawas present in 20(28.5%) patients. Hepatomegaly was there in 31(44.3%) and Splenomegaly in 24(34.3%). Elevatedliver enzymes were found in 29 (41.4%) of the patients and blood cultures positive for Salmonella typhi was seen in19(27.1%) patients. Widal test was positive at dilution of 1:160 in almost all of the cases and at 1:320 dilution in 18%of cases in current study. The success rate of Levofloxacin in our study was 100% in the form of settlement of feverand other symptoms and signs. The side effects were seen in 17(24.2%) patients. Conclusions: In conclusionlevofloxacin is effective in treatment of typhoid fever and its use in this indication is safe.

Studies on antibacterial potential and phytochemical screening of different extract of Achyranthes aspera

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 5138
Author(s):  
Shyamji Shukla* ◽  
Priyanka Soni ◽  
Harish K. Kewat
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Antibacterial Compounds ◽  
Achyranthes Aspera ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Antibacterial Potential

There is an alarming increase in the problem of resistance towards antibiotics amongst most of the pathogenic bacterial strains in recent years. This has drawn the attention of researchers around the world to search for novel and eco-friendly antibacterial compounds. Several biological sources have been explored in this respect but medicinal plants have taken a centre stage out of all. Plants have been known as a reservoir of number of bioactive compounds specially the antibacterial ones since time immemorial. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to analyze the antibacterial potential of the medicinal plant Achyranthes aspera. This study revealed that highest antibacterial activity was observed in the methanolic extract of stem against almost all test Bacteria. It showed maximum activity against E.coli (30 mm), followed by S. aureus (28 mm), Enterococcus sp.(25mm), Salmonella typhi ( 20 mm) and least activity was recorded in same extract against K.pneumoniae (6 mm). Four phytochemicals were screened in various solvent extracts. They are alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins and tannins.

scholarly journals The two C-terminal tyrosines stabilize occluded Na/K pump conformations containing Na or K ions

2010 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascia Vedovato ◽  
David C. Gadsby
Keyword(s):  
Point Mutations ◽  
Pump Current ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Apparent Affinity ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Na Ions ◽  
Almost All

Interactions of the three transported Na ions with the Na/K pump remain incompletely understood. Na/K pump crystal structures show that the extended C terminus of the Na,K–adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) α subunit directly contacts transmembrane helices. Deletion of the last five residues (KETYY in almost all Na/K pumps) markedly lowered the apparent affinity for Na activation of pump phosphorylation from ATP, a reflection of cytoplasmic Na affinity for forming the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation. ATPase assays further suggested that C-terminal truncations also interfere with low affinity Na interactions, which are attributable to extracellular effects. Because extracellular Na ions traverse part of the membrane’s electric field to reach their binding sites in the Na/K pump, their movements generate currents that can be monitored with high resolution. We report here electrical measurements to examine how Na/K pump interactions with extracellular Na ions are influenced by C-terminal truncations. We deleted the last two (YY) or five (KESYY) residues in Xenopus laevis α1 Na/K pumps made ouabain resistant by either of two kinds of point mutations and measured their currents as 10-mM ouabain–sensitive currents in Xenopus oocytes after silencing endogenous Xenopus Na/K pumps with 1 µM ouabain. We found the low affinity inhibitory influence of extracellular Na on outward Na/K pump current at negative voltages to be impaired in all of the C-terminally truncated pumps. Correspondingly, voltage jump–induced transient charge movements that reflect pump interactions with extracellular Na ions were strongly shifted to more negative potentials; this signals a several-fold reduction of the apparent affinity for extracellular Na in the truncated pumps. Parallel lowering of Na affinity on both sides of the membrane argues that the C-terminal contacts provide important stabilization of the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation, regardless of the route of Na ion entry into the binding pocket. Gating measurements of palytoxin-opened Na/K pump channels additionally imply that the C-terminal contacts also help stabilize pump conformations with occluded K ions.

scholarly journals The pivot point arginines identified in the β-pinwheel structure of C-terminal domain from Salmonella Typhi DNA Gyrase A subunit

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Sachdeva ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur ◽  
Pragya Tiwari ◽  
Deepali Gupta ◽  
Tej P. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Pivot Point ◽  
Terminal Domain ◽  
Gyrase A ◽  
A Subunit

scholarly journals The number of bacilli harboured by enteric carriers

1954 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Enrichment Medium ◽  
Mental Hospitals ◽  
Culture Plate ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Paratyphi B ◽  
Almost All

Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi B were found in very large numbers in the faeces of enteric carriers. Of twenty-four carriers, four were found negative by the fullest examination. Of the twenty found positive almost all harboured many millions of bacilli per gram of faeces.A minute inoculum of one drop (1/50 ml.) of a 1:1000 dilution of faeces on a culture plate only rarely failed to reveal all the positives without the use of an ‘enrichment’ medium and the result of such a procedure was a culture plate with virtually a pure culture of the pathogen.I am grateful to the Medical Superintendents of the Mental Hospitals at Cardiff, Bridgend and Denbigh, and the Medical Officer of Health for Brecon for submitting specimens for examination.

scholarly journals Utility of A Single Widal Test in The Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABM Shahidul Alam ◽  
Fahim Ahmed Rupam ◽  
Farhana Chaiti
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Definitive Diagnosis ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Agglutinin Titer

Background & objectives: The clinical diagnosis of typhoid fever is difficult, as the presenting symptoms are often diverse and similar to those observed with other febrile illnesses. The definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever requires the isolation of Salmonella typhi or paratyphi from the patient concerned. Since patients often receive antibiotics prior to a confirmatory diagnosis, there is uncertainty that bacteria can be isolated from the blood cultures. Besides this, the facilities for blood culture are not always available or feasible. All these limitations have made Widal test the most utilized diagnostic test for typhoid fever. Many studies have produced data which had cast serious doubts on the value of the Widal Test and thus reappraisal of the role of a single Widal test is needed.Methods & materials: This study was carried out to determine the changes in clinical pattern of enteric fever. A total of 153 children, aged 0 to 14 years, diagnosed as typhoid fever (either positive blood culture for Salmonella typhi or paratyphi) were induced in the study. Of them, 86 children were with a definitive diagnosis of typhoid or paratyphoid fever as indicated by the isolation of S. typhi or S. paratyphi from the blood and 17 had negative blood culture but were clinically suspected of having typhoid fever. The control group was comprised of 50 children with non-typhoidal fevers The Widal test was carried out using rapid slide agglutination method and its accuracy was assessed by comparing the findings with that obtained through blood culture.Result: The mean age of the patients was 5.2 ± 2.8 years and the youngest and oldest patients were 0.7 and 14 years respectively and male to female ratio was roughly 1:1. Nearly one-quarter (24.6%) of the patients had been suffering from the disease for >10 days and the mean duration of illness was 8.2 ± 3.3 days. Widal Test result showed that an ‘O’ agglutinin titer of cut-off value e”1:40 gave a sensitivity of 87.2%, a specificity of 47.1%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 89.2% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 42.1%. The sensitivity and NPV decreased with the increase in titer levels and were 56.9% and 31.5% at cut-off value of e” 1:320, while the specificity and PPV increased with the increase in titer levels from 47.1% and 89.2% respectively at a titer of e”1:40 to 100% at a titer of e” 1:320. The ‘titer behaved in the same way as did the ‘O’ agglutinin titer. Similarly when H’ agglutinin was used the sensitivity and NPV decreased from 65% and 31.7% at a titer of e”1:40 to only 25% and 20% respectively at a titer of > 1:320, while specificity and PPV increased from 76.4% and 81.1% at >1:40 to 94.1% and 95.6% respectively at e” 1:320. When either ‘O’ or ‘H’ antibody titer of e”1:160 was used, a good sensitivity (71%), specificity (70.6%) and PPV (92.4%) resulted, though NPV decreased to 32.4%.Conclusion: The Widal test can be of diagnostic value when blood cultures are not available nor practically feasible.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjch.v35i2.10377  Bangladesh J Child Health 2011; Vol 35 (2): 53-58

scholarly journals Bimodal code-mixing: Dutch spoken language elements in NGT discourse

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICHARD BANK ◽  
ONNO CRASBORN ◽  
ROELAND VAN HOUT
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Mixing Models ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Language Discourse ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Manual Signs ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Level Analysis

Mouthings, the spoken language elements in sign language discourse, are typically analysed as having a redundant, one-on-one relationship with manual signs, both semantically and temporally. We explore exceptions to this presupposed semantic and temporal congruency in a corpus of spontaneous signed conversation by deaf users of Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). We identify specifying mouthings (words with a different meaning than the co-occurring sign), solo mouthings (uttered while the hands are inactive) and added mouthings (words added to a signing stream without their corresponding sign), and make a sentence-level analysis of their occurrences. These non-redundant mouthings occurred in 12% of all utterances, and were made by almost all signers. We argue for the presence of a code-blending continuum for NGT, where NGT is the matrix language and spoken Dutch is blended in, in various degrees. We suggest expansion of existing code-mixing models, to allow for description of bimodal mixing.

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