scholarly journals Verruca: Need to Know about Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubna Khondker ◽  
Md Obaidur Rahman Shah ◽  
Md Shirajul Shirajul Islam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Malignant Potential ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Common Warts ◽  
History Of

Verruca or warts are common significant cause of cosmetic concern and frustration of the patient. Social activities may  be affected. Verruca are formed by benign proliferations of the skin and mucosa that are caused by infection with  Human papilloma virus (HPV). These viruses do not produce acute signs or symptoms but induce a slow, focal expansion of epithelial cells. There are 100 types of Human papilloma virus (HPV). The natural history of common warts is for most of them to spontaneously resolve. But lesions are sometime uncomfortable. Warts typically continue to increase in size and distribution and may become more resistant to treatment over time. A significant  proportion of women with genital HPV infection develops  low-grade cervical lesions. Most of these low-grade lesions regress spontaneously; one study suggests that  approximately 15 percent progress to high-grade cervical  lesions within two years. High-grade cervical lesions have  a strong malignant potential; one study found that about one-third of high-grade lesions progress to cancer within ten years. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v30i3.12465 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2012; 30: 151-158

scholarly journals Etiology and pathogenesis of precancerous lesions and invasive cervical carcinoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 364-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milana Panjkovic ◽  
Tatjana Ivkovic-Kapicl
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Precancerous Lesions ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Punch Biopsy ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Gynecological Malignancy

Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy in the world. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is the leading ethiologic agent in the development of premalignant and malignant cervical diseases. HPV is a member of the Papovaviridae family and until now over 100 types have been recognized. There are two types of viral infection: latent and productive. Virus induced oncogenesis is the result of interaction between virus oncoproteins E6 and E7 and tumor supresor host genes p53 and Rb. Many cofactors such as immunosuppression, early sexual relationship, multiple sexual partners, other sexualy transsmited infections and smooking are contributing factors of the precancerous and invasive cervical lesions. According to the oncogenic potential HPV are divided into three groups: low, intermediate and high oncogenic risk viruses. Molecular technics which are used for the virus detection are: In situ hibridisation,, Hybrid capture test and polymerasa chain reaction. Human papilloma virus testing has an important role in the follow up and treatment of women with 'atypical squamous cells of unknown significant' changes in cervical smears and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, changes in punch biopsy.

Cytokines of Cervical Mucosa and Human Papilloma Virus Infection of the Cervix: A Descriptive Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Daniilidis ◽  
John Koutsos ◽  
Zinon Oikonomou ◽  
Maria Nasioutziki ◽  
Katerina Hatziparadisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Dna Test ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Cytokine Levels

Objective: The production of cytokines by various cervical cells can be triggered by antigenic stimuli, including human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate differences in cytokine levels between various intraepithelial cervical lesions. Study Design: A total of 97 women participated in this descriptive study. Within our study population, 27 subjects presented with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), 48 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and 22 with a normal smear. Colposcopy and directed biopsy were performed as needed. To confirm the presence of HPV, an HPV-DNA test was performed using polymerase chain reaction. Using flow cytometry to ThinPrep cervical samples, we assessed the family of interleukins (ILs), including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF-β and transforming growth factor-β1. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows; version 20.0). Results: Significantly lower levels of IL-1α, IL-2, IL-4 and TNF-α were detected in cervical samples obtained from the LSIL group when compared to samples obtained from the HSIL group. Conclusion: Significant differences in tissue cytokine levels exist between intraepithelial cervical lesions obtained from patients presenting with HSIL versus LSIL.

The Role of Early Colposcopy in the Management of Females with First Episode Anogenital Warts

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 343-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
K A Ward ◽  
J R Houston ◽  
B E Lowry ◽  
R D Maw ◽  
W W Dinsmore
Keyword(s):  
Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Cytology ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Anogenital Warts ◽  
Cervical Smear ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Increased Risk

212 females attending a genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic with first episode anogenital warts were screened by cervical cytology and colposcopy/histology for the presence of cervical epithelial abnormalities in keeping with infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV infection) and/or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The prevalence of cervical epithelial abnormalities detected by cervical cytology alone was 32%, rising to 56% after colposcopic examination. However, the majority of cervical lesions detected by colposcopy alone were of low grade (HPV infection and/or CIN I). Histologically confirmed high grade cervical lesions (CIN II or CIN III) were detected more frequently in those females in whom cervical cytological examination indicated dyskaryosis in keeping with any grade of CIN, compared to females without dyskaryotic changes on cervical smear ( P<0.05, chi-squared test with Yates' correction). Early colposcopy is indicated for females with anogenital warts in the presence of a cervical smear showing dyskaryosis in keeping with any grade of CIN, because of the statistically significant increased risk of detecting a potentially progressive high grade cervical lesion. In females without dyskaryotic changes on cervical smear, the value of early colposcopy is uncertain and warrants larger more long-term trials.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Main Stakeholders towards Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Vaccination in Mombasa and Tana-River Counties in Kenya: A Qualitative Study

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
Diana Wangeshi Njuguna ◽  
Nour Mahrouseh ◽  
Osarugue Victory Isowamwen ◽  
Orsolya Varga
Keyword(s):  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus Infection ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Tana River

Following a successful Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination pilot in 2013–2015 in Kitui county, Kenya introduced the HPV vaccine in October 2019 with a goal to immunize approximately 800,000 girls annually against HPV. Our study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of affected groups towards HPV infection and vaccination in two counties of Kenya. Semi-structured interviews from children aged between nine and thirteen years and key informants comprising of parents, head teachers, community leaders and health workers involved in HPV vaccination in health facilities from Mombasa and Tana-River counties were conducted. Content was analyzed thematically and coded for emerging themes using the QRS Nvivo 12 Plus software package. From our findings, a significant proportion of participants, especially children, have limited knowledge of the subject. Vaccination of boys was opposed by most participants. Parents and the community members are not in favor of HPV vaccination, as compared to the other groups. A similar pattern of inadequate knowledge and strongly opposed attitudes was observed in Tana-River and Mombasa. Active community involvement in primary prevention strategies may promote the uptake of the vaccine which can be achieved by robust awareness, modifying the negative beliefs about HPV vaccine and encouraging the perceptibility of HPV vaccination.

scholarly journals The Immune Microenvironment in Human Papilloma Virus-Induced Cervical Lesions—Evidence for Estrogen as an Immunomodulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayshree R. S.
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Cancer Immunoediting ◽  
Immunosuppressive Cells

Globally, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is a common sexually transmitted disease. However, most of the HPV infections eventually resolve aided by the body’s efficient cell-mediated immune responses. In the vast majority of the small group of patients who develop overt disease too, it is the immune response that culminates in regression of lesions. It is therefore a rarity that persistent infection by high-risk genotypes of HPV compounded by other risk factors progresses through precancer (various grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia—CIN) to cervical cancer (CxCa). Hence, although CxCa is a rare culmination of HPV infection, the latter is nevertheless causally linked to &gt;90% of cancer. The three ‘Es’ of cancer immunoediting viz. elimination, equilibrium, and escape come into vogue during the gradual evolution of CIN 1 to CxCa. Both cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms operate to eliminate virally infected cells: cell-extrinsic players are anti-tumor/antiviral effectors like Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, Natural Killer cells, etc. and pro-tumorigenic/immunosuppressive cells like regulatory T cells (Tregs), Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), type 2 macrophages, etc. And accordingly, when immunosuppressive cells overpower the effectors e.g., in high-grade lesions like CIN 2 or 3, the scale is tilted towards immune escape and the disease progresses to cancer. Estradiol has long been considered as a co-factor in cervical carcinogenesis. In addition to the gonads, the Peyer’s patches in the gut synthesize estradiol. Over and above local production of the hormone in the tissues, estradiol metabolism by the gut microbiome: estrobolome versus tryptophan non-metabolizing microbiome, regulates free estradiol levels in the intestine and extraintestinal mucosal sites. Elevated tissue levels of the hormone serve more than one purpose: besides a direct growth-promoting action on cervical epithelial cells, estradiol acting genomically via Estrogen Receptor-α also boosts the function of the stromal and infiltrating immunosuppressive cells viz. Tregs, MDSCs, and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. Hence as a corollary, therapeutic repurposing of Selective Estrogen Receptor Disruptors or aromatase inhibitors could be useful for modulating immune function in cervical precancer/cancer. The immunomodulatory role of estradiol in HPV-mediated cervical lesions is reviewed.

scholarly journals Individual detection of 14 high risk human papilloma virus genotypes by the PapType test for the prediction of high grade cervical lesions

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Cuzick ◽  
Linda Ho ◽  
George Terry ◽  
Michelle Kleeman ◽  
Michael Giddings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Virus Genotypes

scholarly journals Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (05) ◽  
pp. 347-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Svidler López ◽  
Luciana La Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus Infection ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anal Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions ◽  
Intraepithelial Lesions

AbstractThis article addresses the natural history of the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions, and onto squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. This article provides overviews of the virology, pathophysiology, nomenclature, classification, historical terms, risk factors, clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of HPV infection and its sequelae.

scholarly journals Distinction between vaginal and cervical microbiota in high-risk human papilloma virus infected women in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Zhang ◽  
Ting Li ◽  
Dai Zhang ◽  
Xiaonan Zong ◽  
Huihui Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Human Papilloma Virus ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Papilloma Virus ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Technology

Abstract Background: High-risk human papilloma virus (hrHPV) is regarded as the main causal factor of cervical precancer and cancer when persistent infection is left untreated. Previous researches have confirmed that the vaginal microbiota was associated with HPV infection and the development of cervical lesions. A very recent study has revealed the microbiota at different parts of the female genital tract was closely related but different from each other. To analyze the distinction between vaginal and cervical microbiota of hrHPV(+) women in China, one hundred subjects were recruited including 20 healthy controls without HPV infection, 32 with other hrHPV(+), 38 with HPV16/18(+) and 10 with cervical carcinoma. Vaginal and cervical microbiota were separately tested through next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) targeting the variable region (V3-V4) of bacterial ribosome 16S rRNA gene. Results: HrHPV(+) subjects tend to be accustomed to vaginal douching (p =0.001), show more frequent usage of sanitary pads (p =0.007), have more sex partners (p =0.047), be more sexually active (p =0.025) and more diversed in ways of contraception (p =0.001). Alpha diversity of cervical microbiota was higher than that of vagina. Cervical microbiota consisted a lower percentage of Firmicutes and a higher percentage of Proteobacteria compared to the vagina at the phylm level. Sphingomonas of α-Proteobacteria was almost below detection limit in the vagina whereas accounted for five to ten percent at hrHPV(-) cervix (P＜0.001) and reversely associated with hrHPV infection (P＜0.05). Pseudomonas of γ-Proteobacteria could hardly be seen in the normal vagina and shared a little bit percentage in the normal cervix, but significantly higher in the HPV16/18 infected (P＜0.001) and cancerous cervix (P＜0.05). BV associated anaerobes like Gardnerella, Prevotella, Atopobium and Sneathia did not exhibit cervical specificity.Conclusions: Cervical microbiota has its uniqueness from that of vagina in bacterial communities presenting a higher proportion of Proteobacteria, of which Pseudomonas is positively while Sphingomonas was negatively associated with hrHPV infection and cervical cancer. It is of great improtance to deeply explore the cervical microbiota of hrHPV infected women.

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