scholarly journals Study on the Hepatoprotective Effect of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Florida) Against Paracetamol Induced Liver Damage in Wistar Albino Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afroza Khanam Sumy ◽  
Nasim Jahan ◽  
Nayma Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Pleurotus Florida ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group B

Background: Liver damage can be occurred due to prolonged use of higher doses of some drugs, exposure to some chemicals or infectious agents. But liver protective drugs are not available in modern medicine. Some hepatoprotective herbal medicines are often used in the treatment of liver damage. Objective: This experimental study was carried out to observe the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. A total number of 34 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups, control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B- mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group). Control group again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group). All groups of animals received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. Group A1 consisted of 10 rats, received propylene glycol (2 ml/kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group A2 consisted of 14 rats, received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group B consisted of 10 rats, received mushroom extract (200 mg/ kg bw, orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then blood and liver samples were collected. Initial body weight, final body weight and liver weight were measured. Then measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum and assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in liver tissue homogenate were done by using standard laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: The mean serum AST, ALT levels and in the liver tissue MDA concentration were significantly (p<0.001) higher in paracetamol treated group in comparison to those of baseline control group. Again, the mean serum AST (p<0.05), ALT (p<0.05) levels and in the liver tissue homogenate MDA concentration (p<0.001) were significantly lower in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to those of only paracetamol treated group (control). Conclusion: This study reveals that Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) which is excellently edible and nutritious, may have some hepatoprotective role. Key words: hepatoprotective; oyster mushroom; malondialdehyde; tissue homogenate DOI: 10.3329/jbsp.v5i2.6776J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2010 December; 5(2): 46-52

scholarly journals Effect of Oyster mushroom in Paracetamol Induced Toxicity of Liver in Wistar albino Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167
Author(s):  
Afroza Khanam Sumy ◽  
Nasim Jahan ◽  
Nayma Sultana ◽  
Abdul Mannan Sikder
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effect ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Pleurotus Florida ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group B

Backgroud: Liver is an important metabolic organ. It has wide range of functions including detoxification, storage of glycogen, vitamins A, D and B12, production of several coagulation factors, growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), angiotensinogen, and biochemicals necessary for digestion (bile). Its damage occurs due to its multidimensional functions, various xenobiotics and oxidative stress leading to distortion of all of its functions. Oyster mushroom which is excellently edible and nutritious has got free radical scavenging activity, and so may be considered as a hepatoprotective agent. Objective: To observe the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. Thirty four Wistar albino rats, aged 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were used for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups –– control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B, mushroom-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group). Control group was again subdivided into Group A1 (baseline control group) and Group A2 (paracetamol-treated control group). Animals of all groups received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. In addition, Group A1 rats received propylene glycol (2 mL/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day, Group A2 rats received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day and Group B rats received mushroom extract (200 mg/kg body weight orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/kg body weight orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then liver specimens were collected. Histology of liver was done by using standard laboratory procedure. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA test by using SPSS version 15.0. Result: In this study, histological examination of liver reveals abnormal histological findings in 100% of rats in paracetamol-treated group (Group A2), almost normal structure in 80% of rats and mild histological changes in 20% rats in mushroom-pretreated and paracetamol-treated group (Group B). Conclusion: The present study reveals the hepatoprotective effect of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida) against paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jemc.v4i3.20945 J Enam Med Col 2014; 4(3): 161-167

scholarly journals Effect of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) Root Extract Against Gentamicin Induced Changes of Serum Urea and Creatinine Levels in Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadia Choudhury Shimmi ◽  
Nasim Jahan ◽  
Nayma Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Kidney is an important excretory organ. Its damage can be occurred due to prolonged use and higher doses of drugs, exposure to some chemicals, toxins, or infectious agents. Herbal plants as Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) may have free radical scavenging activity thereby can be used for the prevention and treatment of kidney damage. Objective: To observe the nephroprotective effect of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2010 to 30th June 2011. A total number of 35 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 200 grams were included in this study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control, consisted of 10 rats) and group A2 (gentamicin treated control group, consisted of 10 rats). Again, experimental group (Group B- Ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group) consisted of 15 rats. All groups of animals received basal diet for 22 consecutive days. In addition to this, group A2 also received gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg /kg body weight/day) for the last eight (15th to 22nd day) consecutive days. Again, group B received ashwagandha root extract (500mg/kg body weight/ day; orally) for 22 consecutive days and gentamicin subcutaneously (100mg/kg body weight /day) for last eight (15th to 22nd day) days. All the animals were sacrificed on 23rd day. Then blood and kidney sample were collected. Estimation of serum urea, creatinine levels were done by using standard Laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Results: The mean serum urea, creatinine levels were significantly (p<0.001) higher in gentamicin treated control group in comparison to those of baseline control. Again, these levels were significantly (p<0.01) lower in ashwagandha pretreated and gentamicin treated group (experimental group) when compared to those of gentamicin treated group (control). Conclusion: Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root may have some nephroprotective effect against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v6i2.9756 JBSP 2011 6(2): 84-89

scholarly journals Effect of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Florida) on Paracetamol Induced Changes of serum bilirubin level and liver tissue protein in Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Afroza Khanam Sumy ◽  
Nasim Jahan ◽  
Nayma Sultana ◽  
SM Ruhul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Total Bilirubin ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum Total Bilirubin ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Liver Tissue Homogenate

Backgroud: Liver is continuously exposed to a variety of toxic agents like drugs and chemicals that may interfere with hepatic function and may cause hepatic damage. Oyster mushroom is excellently edible, nutritious and has got free radical scavenging activity, thereby may be considered as hepatoprotective agent. Objective: To observe the effect of Oyster mushroom on paracetamol induced changes in serum bilirubin and liver tissue protein in rats. Method: This experimental study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College (SSMC), Dhaka from 1st July 2009 to 30th June 2010. A total number of 34 Wistar albino rats, age ranged from 90 to 120 days, weighing between 150 to 210 grams were selected for the study. After acclimatization for 14 days, they were divided into two groups, control group (Group A) and experimental group (Group B- mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group). Control group was again subdivided into group A1 (baseline control) and group A2 (paracetamol treated control group). All groups of animals received basal diet for 30 consecutive days. Group A1 consisted of 10 rats, received propylene glycol (2 ml/kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group A2 consisted of 14 rats, received single dose of paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. Group B consisted of 10 rats, received mushroom extract (200 mg/ kg bw, orally) for 30 consecutive days and paracetamol suspension (750 mg/ kg bw, orally) only on 30th day. All the animals were sacrificed on 31st day. Then blood and liver sample were collected. Estimation of serum total bilirubin level and assessment of protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate were done by using standard laboratory kits. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and Bonferroni test as applicable. Result: The mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p< 0.001) higher in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, the mean serum total bilirubin was significantly (p<0.001) lower in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). The protein concentration in liver tissue homogenate was significantly (p<0.01) lower in paracetamol treated group in comparison to that of baseline control group. Again, in the liver tissue homogenate protein concentration was significantly (p<0.001) higher in mushroom pretreated and paracetamol treated group (experimental group) when compared to that of paracetamol treated group (control). Conclusion: The present study revealed that Oyster mushroom can protect liver tissue against paracetamol induced liver damage. Key words: Hepatoprotective; Oyster mushroom; Tissue homogenate DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v6i1.8060 J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2011 June; 6(1): 10-15

scholarly journals Ameliorating Effect of L-arginine and Insulin on Streptozotocin-induced Adrenal Gland Injury in Albino Rats

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Yasmeen Mahar ◽  
Alisha Qamar ◽  
lnayatullah ◽  
Sarwath Fatimee ◽  
Mohammad Fawad Saeeduddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Group B

Background:Use of dietary supplements to treat illnesses has increasedtremendously in recentyears.Adrenal gland is one ofthemost commonly damaged endocrine gland in the body, not only by chemical or radiation injuries, but also as a result of differenttypes of stress.Search is underway for use ofnatural foods for protection of adrenal gland from different types ofinsults.Objective: To determine the protective effects of L-arginine on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced adrenal gland injury in albino rats,andto compare its efficacy to insulin.Material and Methods: This prospective experimental study was done at BMSI, JPMC, Karachi. Forty male, healthy albino rats,90-120 days old were segregated into 4 groups. Group A was marked as control, group B was administered STZ, group C and Dwere treated with STZ along with insulin and L-arginine respectively. At the end of study period, i.e., 6 weeks, animals weresacrificed under ether anaesthesia. Tissue from the left adrenal gland was processed for frozen sectioning to observe fat content ofthe adrenal cortex by applying OilRed O stain.Results: Oil Red-0 stained frozen sections revealed closely aggregated fat globules in adrenal cortex of STZ treated group B ascompared to control. Moderate betterment was seen in group C and in group D Oil Red O stained frozen sections as compared toSTZ treated group B.Conclusion: The results ofthe study demonstrated adrenal cortex injury by STZ which ameliorated with concomitant use of insulinandL-arginine. The protection was more pronounced with L-arginine as comparedto insulin.Keywords:STZ, adrenal gland,insulin,L-arginine

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Diacerein in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Arsalan Uqaili ◽  
Samia Siddiqui ◽  
Roomi Aijaz ◽  
Yar Muhammad Nizammani ◽  
Navaid Kazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Objective: To determine the anti-hyperglycemic effects of interleukin-1 inhibitor (diacerein) in alloxan induced diabetic albino wistar rats. This experimental study was performed at the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam within 6 months from April 2016 to September 2016. Total of 160 adult Albino Wistar Rats having an average of 200 to 300 grams body weights were selected. Animals were categorized into 4 groups as; Group A (n=15): Control rats – receive 0.9% normal saline as placebo Experimental Groups Group B (n=15): Experimental Control (Diabetic rats) - Alloxan50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal. Group C (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (30 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Group D (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (50 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Animals were kept and treated as per the NIH Guideline for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 milligram/kg alloxan monohydrated dissolved in aseptic 0.9% saline. After 72 hours, blood specimens were taken from the caudal vein of the rats and glucose level>200 mg/dL was taken as diabetes. Experimental rats were given diacerein approximately 30 and 50 mg orally for 6 weeks. At the completion of experiment the body weight was measured of each animal by electronic measuring balance and blood sample was taken from each animal of all groups to assess the blood glucose level and HbA1c level. Data were recorded via self-made proforma and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: Average body weight of Diabetic control (Group B) was 193.33±22.50 grams, which was lower in contrast to Diacerein treated group C 202.47±25.70 grams and significantly lower as compared to Diacerein treated group D as  212.6±23.43 grams. A significant increase in blood glucose levels 182.07±10.63 mg/dl was noted in the Diabetic control (Group B) compared to Diacerein treated group C (110.13± 8.54 mg/dl) and group D (85.87±8.41 mg/dl) (P=0.001). HbA1c was markedly raised in the Group B- diabetic controls, while diacerein treated diabetic rats (groups C and D) showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (P=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Diacerein achieves the Euglycemic state by reducing the levels of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Alloxan-Induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats.

scholarly journals Teratogenic Potential of Solenstemma Argel Extract in Wistar Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazik M.E. Mustafa ◽  
Nafisa A. Osman ◽  
Shahenaz Satti ◽  
Ahmed A.Gameel ◽  
Tarig M. El-hadiyah
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
P Value ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
Teratogenic Potential ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract Background: The majority of people in Africa receive their basic healthcare through herbal treatments. Herbal medicine may negatively impact fetal development irreparably. Methods: This study examined teratogenic potential of Solenstemma argel extract in pregnant rats. pregnant rats were treated with Solenstemma argel from 7th to 16th day of gestation. Dosage used was 500g/kg, intraperitoneal.Results: Solenstemma argel extract treated group showed fetal abnormalities appeared as body clots, limbs abnormalities and Resorption of fetuses that appears in 25% of the fetuses (P-value = 0.01) which is significantly differ from control group. furthermore, Histopathological findings of liver sections from fetuses of Solenstemma argel - treated mothers showed loose liver texture and hepatocyte hemorrhage.Conclusions: In this study we explore the teratogenic potential of S. argel extract during the organogenesis period in pregnant rats.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Wound Healing Activity of Propolis in Albino Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.Timucin ATAYOGLU ◽  
Sibel SILICI
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wound Model ◽  
In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Background: Infection can lead to delayed wound healing. Recently it has been shown that propolis which is used in complementary medicine has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this study is to determine whether propolis may contribute to wound healing. Material and Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group1 and Group 2 were topically treated with propolis ointment and Thiocillin® oinment, respectively while Group 3 was the control group. On incision wound model, Thiocillin® and propolis ointments were applied on wound sites once daily for 30 days and the mean epidermal thickness (MET) at the 30th day was compared while antimicrobial activity of propolis was studied against different pathogens as well. Results: Propolis exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. It is observed that the MET in the groups of Propolis ointment and Thiocillin® ointment were significantly greater than that of the control group, while the MET in the group of propolis ointment was significantly greater than that of Thiocillin® ointment treated group. Conclusion: Propolis is effective in wound healing. Further study in-depth is necessary to probe into clinical correlation.

scholarly journals Teratogenic Potential of Solenstemma Argel Extract in Wistar Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazik M.E. Mustafa ◽  
Shahenaz Satti ◽  
Nafisa A. Osman ◽  
Ahmed A.Gameel ◽  
Tarig M. El-hadiyah
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Development ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
P Value ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Liver Histopathology ◽  
Teratogenic Potential ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Abstract The majority of people in Africa receive their basic health care through herbal treatments. Herbal medicine may negatively impact fetal development irreparably. This study examined the teratogenic potential of Solenstemma argel extract in pregnant rats. Pregnant rats were treated with Solenstemma argel from 7th to 16th day of gestation. The dosage used was 250 mg/kg, intraperitoneal.Solenstemma argel extract treated group showed fetal abnormalities appeared as body hemorrhage, limbs abnormalities and resorption of fetuses. These appears in 25% of the fetuses (P-value = 0.01) which is significantly differed from control group. Furthermore, histopathological findings of liver sections from fetuses of Solenstemma argel - treated mothers showed loose liver texture and hepatocytes hemorrhage.In this study, we conclude that the use Solenstemma argel extract during the organogenesis period in pregnant rats has the potential to cause teratogenic effects, as well as abnormalities in liver histopathology.

scholarly journals CELECOXIB

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Sadia Sundus ◽  
Nazia Qamar ◽  
Raheela Adil ◽  
Muhammad Faisal Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
General Architecture

Objective: To observe the absolute, relative weight of kidney and body weightof albino rats on celecoxib induced kidney with protection by lycopene. Study Design:Experimental study. Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted in BMSI (Anatomydepartment), JPMC, Karachi, from 4th May 2015 to 3rd June 2015. Materials and Methods: Fortyhealthy adult, male Albino rats, 90-120 days old, weighing 200-220gm was taken for the study.The rats were divided into 4 groups, Group A was control group, Group B receive Celecoxib 50mg/kg body weight orally, Group C receive Celecoxib 50 mg/kg body weight orally along withlycopene50 mg/kg body weight orally and Group D receive lycopene 50 mg/kg body weightorally for 30 days. At the end of study rats were sacrificed and renal tissue sections were stainedwith hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Markedly decreased weight was observed in rats takingcelecoxib. Slides which were stained with hematoxylin and eosinshowed general architecture ofrenal parenchyma, shape and arrangement of epithelial cells. Apoptosis, hemorrhage, necrosisand vacuolation seen in Celecoxib group, whereas renal architecture were ameliorated andreverted back in celecoxib along with lycopene receiving group. Conclusion: This studyconcludes that lycopene restored the body weight, absolute and relative kidney weight incelecoxib treated group.

scholarly journals Wound Healing Study of Panchavalkal Ointment in Wistar Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Vaikhari Dhurve ◽  
Pravin Jawanjal ◽  
Mukesh Naria ◽  
Tukaram Dudhamal ◽  
Minal Kalambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wound Area ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Wound Healing Activity

Introduction: Panchavalkal is a well-known Ayurvedic poly-herbal formulation that has been reported to be used against inflammation, to clean ulcer, wound. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the wound healing activity of Panchavalkal ointment. Materials and Methods: Wistar strain albino rats of either sex weighing 200±20 g were used for the experiments divided in four groups each consisted of six rats.  Statistical Analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean values of quantitative variables among the groups followed by Dunnett’s multiple ‘t’ test Observations & Results: Sesame oil and Panchvalkal ointment showed almost similar wound healing effects in comparison to control group. Discussion: Panchavalkal ointment showed statistically highly significant percentage of contraction of excision wound area compared to the normal control. Epithelization period was significantly decreased in oil and Panchavalkal ointment treated group. Conclusion: Panchavalkal ointment decreased the pain, tenderness, redness and swelling that helps to control infection and enhanced the rate of wound healing in albino rats.

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