scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones in the Human Body: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
A. N. Rajalakshmi ◽  
Farghana Begam
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Iodide Uptake ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Brain

Thyroid gland is an essential endocrine gland that is present in the human body.  This review highlights the production, regulation and disease conditions of the thyroid hormones.  The thyroid gland is controlled with the help of hypothalamus and the pituitary gland that is present in the brain.  The production of thyroid hormones involves five main steps such synthesis of thyroglobulin (TG), iodide uptake, iodination of thyroglobulin, storage and release.  The two important hormones produced by the thyroid gland are Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3). These two hormones are iodine containing derivatives. Deficiency of iodine in the body results in the reduction of T3 and T4 production. Excess and deficiency of these two hormones result in the major diseases like Hyper and Hypothyroidism.  The synthetic forms of Thyroxine(T4) and Triiodothyronine(T3) used in the Pharmaceutical field are Levothyroxine and Liothyronine.  Women are most commonly prone to these thyroid diseases comparatively to men.  Undiagnosed disease conditions may become fatal. Levothyroxine therapy is commonly used for thyroidism which is a similar synthetic thyroid hormone.  Also natural thyroid hormones that are obtained from the dried thyroid glands of animals are available.  Thyroid function test and the measurement of T3, T4 plasma level becomes essential for the identification and regular maintenance of thyroid hormones in the body and human well-being.  

scholarly journals Goitre or Iodine deficiency disorder – there is more than meets the eye

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Shariq R Masoodi
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorder

THIS ARTICLE HAS NO ABSTRACT (FIRST 100 WORDS OF THE ARTICLE ARE DISPLAYED): Iodine deficiency is the world's most widespread, yet easily preventable, cause of brain damage. Iodine is an essential element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which are essential for the normal growth and development, and well being of all humans. Iodine was discovered by Courtois in 1811 as a violet vapor arising from seaweed ash while manufacturing gunpowder for Napoleon's army. Gay-Lussac identified it as a new element, and named it iodine, from the Greek for “violet.” Iodine was found in the thyroid gland by 1 Baumann in 1895. The body does. JMS 2012;15(1):1-3.

THYROID DYSFUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE: THE STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND THE WAYS OF SOLVING

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Volkova ◽  
O. D. Dygun ◽  
B. G. Lukichev ◽  
S. V. Dora ◽  
O. V. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Low T3 ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Disturbance of the thyroid function is often detected in patients with different profiles. A special feature of patients with chronic kidney  disease is the higher incidence of various thyroid function  disturbances, especially hypothyroidism. It is known that in patients  with chronic kidney disease (CKD) iodine excretion from the body is  violated, since normally 90% of iodine is excreted in urine.  Accumulation of high concentrations of inorganic iodine leads to the  formation of the Wolf-Chaikoff effect: suppression of iodine  organization in the thyroid gland and disruption of the thyroid  hormones synthesis. Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is  also disturbed, namely, deiodinase type I activity is suppressed and  peripheral conversion of T4 into T3 is inhibited (so-called low T3  syndrome). Therefore, patients with CKD are often diagnosed with  hypothyroidism, and the origin of hypothyroidism is not always  associated with the outcome of autoimmune thyroiditis. The article  presents an overview of a large number of population studies of  thyroid gland dysfunction in patients with CKD, as well as  experimental data specifying the pathogenetic mechanisms of  thyroid dysfunction in patients with CKD. Therapeutic tactics are still  not regulated. However, in a number of studies, replacement therapy with thyroid hormones in patients with CKD had some advantages.

scholarly journals EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF DIET LINE PROVISIONS OF CHARAKA SAMHITA: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 115-117
Author(s):  
Raju Kumar ◽  
Vijay Shankar Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Spiritual Well Being

Ahara is the foremost factor among all which sustain the life and maintain the normal physiological functioning of the human body and comprises the basic most cause of life. Provide longevity, complexion, satisfaction, strength, nourishment, growth and development also imparts mental as well as spiritual well-being. That is why in Ayurveda it is considered that healthy nutrition nourishes the body, mind and soul, through which a person can afford to perform all the activities which lead to happiness, heaven and salvation. But without knowing the proper dietary guidelines one cannot gain adequate nutrition and hence optimum benefits from the food. That is why it is important to awake people about the importance of dietary discipline. Otherwise from the beginning, it has to be seen that the dietary unconcern comprises the susceptibility to several diseases. Hence in Ayurveda, there are many guidelines related to diet and its contents are given which govern the adequate nutritional profile for a healthy life. Such diet line provisions are more precisely prescribed in Charka Samhita Vimana Sthana called the Ahara Vidhi Vidhana.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chertow ◽  
Sydney Stein ◽  
Sabrina Ramelli ◽  
Alison Grazioli ◽  
Joon-Yong Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Clearance ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract COVID-19 is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 in acute infection, with prolonged symptoms experienced by some patients, termed Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)4-5. However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance is not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. We performed complete autopsies on 44 patients with COVID-19 to map and quantify SARS-CoV-2 distribution, replication, and cell-type specificity across the human body, including brain, from acute infection through over seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, even among patients who died with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple extrapulmonary tissues early in infection. Further, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including regions throughout the brain, for up to 230 days following symptom onset. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the body, we observed a paucity of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside of the lungs. Our data prove that SARS-CoV-2 causes systemic infection and can persist in the body for months.

scholarly journals A Case of Hydatid Cyst of Thyroid Gland

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpan Kumar Dey ◽  
Pijush Kanti Mandal ◽  
Agnibha Dutta ◽  
Subhraprakash Pramanik ◽  
Saurabh Maji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Hydatid Cyst ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multinodular Goitre ◽  
Primary Hydatid Cyst ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Thyroid Lesions

Hydatid cyst may be found in almost any part of the body, but most often in the liver and the lungs. Other organs affected occasionally include the brain, muscle, kidney, heart, pancreas, adrenal, and thyroid gland. Hydatidosis located in the thyroid is an infrequent finding, even in endemic regions. This report documents a rare case with a cystic nodule in the thyroid detected by ultrasonography. The patient was a 30-year-old woman with an euthyroid multinodular goitre. Ultrasonography revealed a cystic nodule, and the ultrasonic appearance of the cyst liquid showed multiple echoes, suggesting that the nodule could be a hydatid cyst. The histopathologic examinations confirmed this to be a primary hydatid cyst of thyroid. During the differential diagnosis of the cystic thyroid lesions, hydatid disease of the thyroid gland should be considered in endemic areas. Chemotherapy is necessary to avoid recurrence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8830 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 143-145

LINGUAL AND SUBLINGUAL THYROID GLANDS IN EUTHYROID CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-651
Author(s):  
Wellington Hung ◽  
Judson G. Randolph ◽  
Domenic Sabatini ◽  
Theodore Winship
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Physical Examination ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Ectopic Thyroid ◽  
Lingual Thyroid ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
Careful Physical Examination

Five clinically euthyroid children with lingual or sublingual thyroid glands were seen during a 12-month period. Certain recommendations have been formulated based upon our experience with these patients. A careful physical examination should be performed to demonstrate the presence of a normally located thyroid gland in all children presenting with midline masses in the lingual or sublingual areas. When the thyroid gland cannot be palpated with certainty in these children, a scintiscan with I-131 should be carried out to determine if the mass is an ectopic thyroid gland and if a normally located thyroid gland is present. All children with lingual on sublingual thyroid glands should have a trial of full replacement thyroid hormone therapy before excision is contemplated. Thyroid therapy will prevent further hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Surgical intervention should be reserved for those children in whom there is dysphagia, dysphonia, ulceration, or hemorrhage due to a lingual thyroid gland or if the ectopic thyroid gland fails to decrease in size following a course of treatment with thyroid hormones.

The Thyroid Gland: Physiology and Pathophysiology

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Kirsten
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
The Body ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Follicular Cells ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Radiologic Findings

The thyroid gland contains many follicular cells that store the thyroid hormones within the thyroglobulin molecule until they are needed by the body. The thyroid hormones, often referred to as the major metabolic hormones, affect virtually every cell in the body. Synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones depend on the presence of iodine and tyrosine as well as maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Interruption of this development, as occurs with premature delivery, results in inadequate production of thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine, leading to a variety of physiologic conditions. Pathologic conditions occur in the presence of insufficient thyroid production or a defect in the thyroid gland. Laboratory tests are important in diagnosing conditions of the thyroid gland. A thorough history in combination with clinical manifestations and radiologic findings are also useful in diagnosing specific thyroid conditions. Nurses play an important role in identifying and managing thyroid disorders and in providing supportive care to infants and their families.

scholarly journals Endocrine factors in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in females: a review of the physiological roles and interactions of ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Somogyi ◽  
A. Gyorffy ◽  
T. J. Scalise ◽  
D. S. Kiss ◽  
G. Goszleth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Brain

Controlling energy homeostasis involves modulating the desire to eat and regulating energy expenditure. The controlling machinery includes a complex interplay of hormones secreted at various peripheral endocrine endpoints, such as the gastrointestinal tract, the adipose tissue, thyroid gland and thyroid hormone-exporting organs, the ovary and the pancreas, and, last but not least, the brain itself. The peripheral hormones that are the focus of the present review (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin) play integrated regulatory roles in and provide feedback information on the nutritional and energetic status of the body. As peripheral signals, these hormones modulate central pathways in the brain, including the hypothalamus, to influence food intake, energy expenditure and to maintain energy homeostasis. Since the growth of the literature on the role of various hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis shows a remarkable and dynamic expansion, it is now becoming increasingly difficult to understand the individual and interactive roles of hormonal mechanisms in their true complexity. Therefore, our goal is to review, in the context of general physiology, the roles of the five best-known peripheral trophic hormones (ghrelin, leptin, thyroid hormones, oestrogen and insulin, respectively) and discuss their interactions in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake.

The effect of maternal thyroidectomy prior to conception on foetal brain development in sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Potter ◽  
G. H. McIntosh ◽  
M. T. Mano ◽  
P. A. Baghurst ◽  
J. Chavadej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neonatal Brain ◽  
Foetal Brain ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Maternal Thyroid ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. Merino ewes were surgically thyroidectomized, and mated 6 weeks later when their plasma thyroxine (T4) levels were negligible. Their foetuses were delivered by hysterotomy at 52, 71, 84, 98, 125, 140 days gestation or at term (150 days). Despite the very low levels of T4 in maternal plasma, the concentrations of T4 in foetal plasma were not significantly different after 71 days gestation from those of foetuses of sham-operated (control) ewes. Foetal brain and body weights, however, were reduced from 71 days compared to those of foetuses of sham-operated ewes. The foetal brain weights but not the body weights were restored to normal from 125 days to term. In additon to the weights, cell number (DNA) and cell size (protein:DNA ratio) appeared to be normal in the neonatal brain at parturition and this was confirmed by histological examination of the brains. Thus lack of maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy may cause a reduction in brain and body growth in the foetus which, in the case of the brain, appears to be restored to normal after the onset of foetal thyroid function.

scholarly journals A human body as an energy source

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Yevgen Honcharov ◽  
Nataliya Kriukova ◽  
Vladislav Markov ◽  
Igor Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
The Brain

The article deals with the actual problems of using the energy released by the human body. The question arises how much energy can the human body generate? Is it possible to use this energy for domestic and industrial needs? In the 18th and 19th centuries, the first scientific works on this topic appeared. It turned out that the charge carriers in the proteins of a living organism are protons and electrons, which, together with the electron-hole conduction system, create a single conductivity inherent only in a living organism. The electrical activity of the brain is assessed by voltage pulses with an amplitude of 500 μV of various frequencies from 0.5 to 55 Hz. It is impossible to receive pulses with such a frequency and such an amplitude from only ionic-type charge carriers. Electrochemical current sources are inertial; therefore, this fact can be direct evidence of the presence of electronic movement of charge carriers in the brain and the nervous system as a whole. It is quite realistic to use the thermal energy of the human body. Currently, the central building of the Stockholm railway station has been turned into a kind of experimental testing ground. Every day about 250 thousand people pass through the station building, who emit up to 25 MW of thermal energy. Most of it in the form of heated air is collected in ventilation and through heat exchangers energy is transferred to heat water in the heating system of another building. According to rough estimates, the efficiency of such a system can save up to 25% of the energy spent on heating the building. Inside a person, electric currents of various frequencies are generated in 7 biological power plants: in the heart, in the brain and in the five sense organs. All the electricity that is generated inside the human body is absorbed by its own tissues. Not a single electron produced inside a living organism leaves the human body, and does not pass into the environment, but is absorbed by the skin. This is the reason for the closure of the human electrical system. The body itself absorbs all the electricity that it previously produced. The energy generated by the human body is divided into mechanical, thermal, and electrical. The thermal energy of the human body can be used most effectively. Mechanical energy can also be used, but with much less efficiency. The electrical energy of the human body at this stage in the development of science and technology is practically impossible to use. Its use is likely to become real in the very distant future

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document