scholarly journals Distribution of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococci

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 734-740
Author(s):  
Dharma Nagarkoti ◽  
Krishna Prajapati ◽  
Ajay Narayan Sharma ◽  
Aarogya Gyawali ◽  
Sarita Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Increasing Trend

Background: Staphylococci are posing threat due to increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance particularly methicillin. Macrolide lincosamide streptogramin B (MLSB) family of antibiotics is commonly used to treat such infections. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance and observation of erm and msr genes among Staphylococci isolated from tertiary care hospital of Nepal during July 2017 to March 2018.Methods: Staphylococci from different clinical specimens were identified and antibiotic susceptibility profile was assessed following Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The double disc diffusion or D-zone test as outlined in CLSI document M100-S24 was performed to examine inducible clindamycin resistant isolates. Multiplex PCR was performed for detection of erm and msr gene in isolates using specific primers for ermA, ermB, ermC, msrA and msrB genes.Results: Of the 60 Staphylococci isolates, 39 (65%) were S. aureus and 21 (35%) were coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) with 25 (64%) and 15 (71%) representing methicillin resistant S. aureus and CNS respectively. Constitutive and inducible MLSB phenotype was observed among 24 (40%) and 14 (23%) isolates respectively by D test. The most prevalent resistant gene was ermC (37%) followed by msrB (12%), ermB (10%) and msrA (10%). None of the isolates were found to possess ermA gene. Conclusions: The presence of constitutive and inducible MLSB as well as resistant genes among Staphylococci necessitates detection of such isolates to minimize treatment failure. The result from this study may help elucidate the predominant resistant characteristics in clinical Staphylococci isolated from tertiary care hospital of Nepal.Keywords: D test; erm gene; MLSB; msr gene; staphylococci.

scholarly journals Distribution of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B antibiotics resistance genes in clinical isolates of Staphylococci

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharma Nagarkoti ◽  
Krishna Prajapati ◽  
Ajay Narayan Sharma ◽  
Arrogya Gyawali ◽  
Sarita Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Resistant Genes

Abstract Background Staphylococci are the most commonly isolated pathogen from clinical specimen. These isolates are posing threat due to increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance particularly methicillin. Macrolide-lincosamide streptogramin B family of antibiotics is commonly used to treat such infections. This study was aimed to detect the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance and observation of erm and msr genes among Staphylococci isolated from tertiary care hospital of Nepal.Methods Staphylococci from different clinical specimen were identified and antibiotic susceptibility profile were determined following Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The double disc diffusion or D-zone test as outlined in CLSI document M100-S24 was performed to examine inducible clindamycin resistance isolates. Multiplex PCR was performed for detection of erm and msr gene in isolates using specific primers for ermA , ermB, ermC, msrA and msrB genes.Results Of the 60 Staphylococci isolates, 39 (65%) were Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) and 21 (35%) were coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) with 25 (64%) and 15 (71%) representing methicillin resistant S. aureus and CNS respectively. Constitutive and inducible MLS B phenotype was observed among 24 (40%) and 14 (23%) isolates respectively by D test. The most prevalent resistant gene was ermC gene (37%) followed by msr B (12%), erm B (10%) and msr A (10%). None of the isolates were found to possess erm A gene.Conclusions The resistant genes were detected more among CNS than S. aureus. The presence of constitutive and inducible MLS B as well as resistant genes among Staphylococci necessitates detection of such isolates to minimize treatment failure. The presence of resistant characteristic varies with hospital settings, geographical locations, patients’ demography etc. The result from this study may help elucidate the predominant resistant characteristics in clinical Staphylococci isolated from tertiary care hospital of Nepal.

scholarly journals “ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LACTOSE AND NON- LACTOSE FERMENTING BACTERIA FROM TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST”

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Kumud Bala ◽  
Ridhima Wadhwa ◽  
Rachana Bohra
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Fermenting Bacteria ◽  
Vitek 2

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to identify the fermenting and non-fermenting gram negative bacteria from the tertiary care hospital.Methods: The conventional method of identification by biochemical analysis and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Furthermore, analysis of microbes was done by Vitek-2.Results: 424strains of lactose fermenting and non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli were isolated from 3097 clinical samples. From the total lactose fermenting bacteria Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate accounting for 50.94% specimens, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia 27.59% and Enterobacter 0.47%. From the total non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant isolate accounting for 12.73% specimens followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa 6.13%, other isolates were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1.17% , Burkholderia cepacia 0.94%. In the present study male were more infected than female. The study also showed that lactose fermenting bacteria were more infectious than non lactose-fermenting bacteria and isolates were from urine samples.Conclusion: Both Non-Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli and Lactose Fermenting Gram Negative Bacilli were found to be major contaminants, and are important pathogenic bacteria causing wide range of infections in the tertiary care hospital.Keywords: Lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria, Vitek-2, Tertiary Care Hospital, Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion, Lactose non-fermenting gram negative bacteria  

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF CHROM AGAR MEDIUM AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Nilima R Patil
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Conventional Methods

Background:- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are responsible for hospital and community acquired infections. There are many laboratory methods for detection of MRSA. Chromogenic media have been used for the last few years for the quick detection of MRSA. Objective:- Aim of this study was to compare the performance of   conventional methods and chromogenic media for the detection of MRSA in a tertiary care hospital. Material and method: - 200 consecutive isolates of S. aureus confirmed by conventional methods, collected in a tertiary care hospital were used for this study. Cefoxitin and oxacillin disc diffusion test used as conventional methods and Chromogenic media i.e. oxacillin resistant screen agar base (ORSAB) was used for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. All confirmed MRSA were checked by gold standard mecA base PCR method. Result: - Out of 200 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 50,52 and 47 strains were MRSA by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method, oxacillin disc diffusion method and oxacillin resistant screen agar base (ORSAB)  method respectively. Specificity was 100%, 98.66%, 98.66% by Cefoxitin disc diffusion, oxacillin disc diffusion and ORSAB method respectively. Conclusion: - In conclusion, cefoxitin disc diffusion was the best for the phenotypic detection of MRSA because their sensitivity and specificity were better than oxacillin and ORSAB.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Changing Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Priyanka Pradhan Sneha Mohan ◽  
Tarana Sarwat Dalip Kakru
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is major cause of nosocomial and community infections. Its prevalence varies with country and with hospitals within a country. Therefore, it is important for continuous surveillance in hospitals and other healthcare facilities in order to limit the spread of infections caused by MRSA. To determine the antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital and to determine the change in trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus. To determine the prevalence of MRSA in a tertiary care hospital. This cross- sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, SMSR, Sharda University and Hospital. A total of 100 strains identified by morphological and biochemical characteristics were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among the isolates. 100 out of 13,639 isolates clinical comprising samples were obtained Pus (78.6%), Blood (7%), Swab (4.1%), Sputum (4.1%), Urine (4.1%), Semen (2%). Maximum MRSA were obtained from pus samples (81%). However, out of total 7 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from blood 4 were MRSA and 3 were MSSA. The prevalence of MRSA that is (40%) infections was a high in our setup and is comparable to studies done earlier. This trend is particularly alarming for Staphylococcus aureus because of the severity and diversity of disease caused by this uniquely versatile pathogen.

Phenotypic Detection of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Bharatpur Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Sharma Regmi ◽  
Sujan Khadka ◽  
Sanjeep Sapkota ◽  
Swekshya Thapa Magar ◽  
Sanjib Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance

Background: Clindamycin is regarded as a reserve drug in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. Among few therapeutic alternatives available for treatment of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections, clindamycin has several advantages but major limitation in its use is the development of resistance resulting in treatment failure. Routine clindamycin susceptibility test may fail to detect such inducible resistance which can be detected by Double disc diffusion test (D-test). The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence of inducible clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of S. aureus in a tertiary care hospital in central Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the patients visiting Bharatpur Hospital from September to November 2019. A total of 1279 clinical samples were examined for the identification of S. aureus by standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of the isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and all the erythromycin-resistant isolates were subjected to D-test for the phenotypic detection of inducible clindamycin resistance according to CLSI guidelines (2016). Results: S. aureus was recovered from 4.5% (58/1279) samples of which 35 isolates were Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 23 were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Tetracycline was found to be the most effective antibiotic whereas erythromycin was the least effective. D-test revealed that 39.7% isolates showed iMLSB phenotype, 3.5% showed cMLSB phenotype and 56.8% showed MS phenotype. The percentage of inducible and constitutive resistance was seen higher amongst MRSA isolates compared to Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates. Incidence of S. aureus was found higher among females and in the age group 20-30 years and in pus samples (p<0.01). Conclusions: Routine testing of inducible clindamycin resistance is suggested among the clinical isolates of erythromycin-resistant Staphylococci to avoid treatment failure.  

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