scholarly journals Winners and Losers in the World Sugar Market due to Trade Liberalisation in the EU Sugar Sector

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Huan-Niemi ◽  
Leena Kerkelä
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Eu

The ongoing trade negotiations, unilateral trade concessions and obligations under the World Trade Organization (WTO) are pushing the EU sugar regime to undertake reforms. These reforms will alter the positions of developing countries in the global sugar markets. Gradual changes within the tariff rate quotas in the EU sugar regime would have a very marginal impact on the flow of sugar exports to the EU and world sugar markets as well. The simulation results showed that the scheduled changes in tariff rate quotas and transition period are stalling the impacts of tariff liberalisation granted by the Everything But Arms (EBA) concession. Small concessions will not threaten the EU internal market, but total liberalisation of sugar imports from the least developed countries (LDCs) will be a major threat to the EU sugar regime. Conversely, the EU would gain from the liberalisation scenarios in welfare terms due to cheaper imports of sugar. The current regime limits sugar imports from all developing countries or some efficient producers, if the cost data is a right estimate of the potential supply response from developing countries. The supply responses, which strongly affect the outcomes, are dependent on both the nature of substitution for sugar as well as on the efficiency of sugar production in different countries. The LDCs would be the major winners under the EBA concession supported by the unchanged EU sugar regime, but if the current regime is entirely liberalised, much of the gains are diluted due to the deterioration in the terms of trade and a few efficient sugar producers would be the winners. The multi-region and multi-sector general equilibrium framework (GTAP model) is used for this analysis.The full liberalisation of the EU sugar regime and the abolition of the preferential treatment in the EU sugar regime would change the position of the countries as winners or losers. The assumptions on the production and export possibilities of the sugar producing countries and the homogenous nature of sugar would create more losers than winners. For some of the losers, the loss of sugar exports could seriously damage their fragile economy. Therefore, the abolition or loss of preferential treatment is an important issue and hotly debated around the world.Trade preferences have the potential of helping developing countries to promote self-sustained economic development and can substitute transfers in the form of direct financial assistance from developed countries to poor developing countries. The EU has maintained this development perspective by granting preferential access to the highly protected and subsidised EU sugar market with prices significantly above the world market prices. In the short run, any sudden changes in the EU regime and trade policies may cause severe problems for the poor currently employed in the export-oriented sugar industry of the developing countries. Compensation is needed for these affected people because of the adjustment costs due to the changes in trade policies. In the long run, the sustainable export performance and economic development based on the comparative advantage of the developing countries should be the final objective. Though, the livelihood of the poor must be protected against sudden changes in trade policies in the effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.

scholarly journals Using fuzzy logic for evaluating the level of countries’ (regions’) economic development

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordan Stojic
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

There are several divisions of countries and regions in the world. Besides geo-political divisions, there also are economic divisions. The most common economic division is the that on developed countries and the poor ones. These divisions are a consequence of the level of: GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment rate, industrial growth, and so on. The question is how to define a mathematical model based on which the following will be assessed: who is rich and who is poor, or who is economically developed and who is not? How the boundaries of transition from one category to another can be defined? This paper presents a model for evaluating the level of economic development of countries and regions using "fuzzy" logic. The model was tested on a sample of 19 EU member countries and aspirants for membership.

ICT in Regional Development

2005 ◽  
pp. 387-392
Author(s):  
Saundarjya Borbora ◽  
Mrinal Kanti Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Internet Connections ◽  
The Developed Countries

Economic development and information and communication technology (ICT) are found to move together in the present day era of globalization. ICT can contribute significantly in economic development of a region by providing adequate information at the minimum of time and cost, thereby enhancing productivity in different sectors of an economy. This fact is substantiated by several studies (Kraemer & Dedrick, 2001; Pohjola, 2001). Some country specific studies like that of Singapore (Wong, 2001) also highlighted similar results. ICT diffusion in the world has been quite rapid since the mid 1990s. While the developed countries have benefited substantially from the ICT growth, the developing countries could not reap similar benefits out of it which has resulted in emergence of a digital divide across the countries (Economist, 2000; Nkrumah, 2000; Norris, 2001). This divide is noticed not only across countries but also within a country and this is more prominent in developing economies like India. ICT diffusion is another area which needs more attention in India as it will lead to ICT access and application of ICT in real sectors to increase productivity and output. During the past one decade India has made rapid advances in ICT growth as reflected in the increase in the number of Internet connections and users. The growth of Internet connections and users in the country is shown in Table 1.

Forward planning: meeting the requirements. The world food and agricultural situation

1973 ◽  
Vol 267 (882) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Problem ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
World Food ◽  
Planning Meeting ◽  
The World ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Obvious Feature

The world food and agricultural situation in the 1980s must be looked at, as now, in terms of the division between developed and developing countries. While there will still be problems in the developed countries - such as surpluses - the great crisis will remain in the developing countries. The most obvious feature of the crisis is the balance between the increase in population and the increase in food production. In the 1960s, the balance was extremely precarious and, in the first two years of the 1970s, population actually grew faster than production. Hence, it is imperative to accelerate the increase in production in the developing countries. In order to achieve this, it is important to see to what extent the obstacles are due to lack of knowledge on how to obtain more from natural resources - primarily a technological problem - and to what extent they are due to the weaknesses of human institutions and of the political will for change. In addition, the prospects for a more rational and hopeful world food and agricultural situation in the 1980s will depend very largely on how the national agricultural production and trade policies of both developed and developing countries can be modified by practical steps towards international agricultural adjustment for the benefit of all.

A Study on the Economic Benefits of Globalization: Focusing on the Poverty and Inequality between the Rich and the Poor

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hyup Shin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Developed Countries

Globalization is now well recognized by many as an inescapable feature of the world today. In particular, in the middle of global economic crisis globalization is one of the hot issues drawing much attention from countries around the world. There are contradictory perspectives on globalization. There are many sweeping statements that assert that economic globalization is increasing global poverty and inequality between the rich and the poor in the world. There are also many others who insist that the poverty and inequality issues have been resolved in some sense through globalization. In order to find the answer to the question, firstly the meaning of globalization was fully explained. Based on the understanding of globalization, the questions such as how globalization has contributed to reduce the economic gap between the developed and the developing countries, and to reduce the poverty by analyzing the economic growth, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line and so on were analyzed. The reasons why globalization is a good opportunity for some countries while some other countries get not something from the globalization was also discussed in this research. We found that globalization has contributed to reduce global poverty and to increase the welfare of both the developed and developing countries. However globalization has impacted different groups differently. Some have benefited enormously, while others have borne more of the costs. The developed countries could get more economic benefits from the less developed countries through globalization. This means, inequality between the rich and the poor countries still remained as a serious threat in the global economy. And even among the developing countries globalization has impacted differently. The trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing countries There are two main reasons for the inequality existing between the developed and developing countries. The fist one is the difference of economic size and power between the developed countries and the developing countries started to exist from the late 18th century. The second one is the differences in the management skill in taking advantage of the globalization.

The Have Nots Have It: Triumph Of Developing Countries At The World Trade OrganizationMeeting In Geneva

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
RamMohan R. Yallapragada ◽  
Ron M. Sardessai ◽  
Madhu R. Paruchuri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
G 21 ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Farm Subsidies ◽  
The Eu

In July 2004, 147 World Trade Organization (WTO) member countries met in Geneva where the developed countries agreed to cut back and eventually eliminate an estimated $350 billion of their farm and export subsidies. The accord was hammered out by five WTO members including India and Brazil and submitted to the WTOs plenary session where it was finally ratified on July 31, 2004. The Fifth Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization held in Cancun in September 2003 collapsed from inside as internal squabbles and irreconcilable philosophical differences developed between the developed countries and the developing countries. The WTO, which started with noble objectives of raising the global standards of living through international trade agreements and cooperation among the WTO member countries, appeared to be teetering on the verge of a complete collapse. Over the past decade, through five ministerial conferences, the WTO member countries gradually got polarized into two main blocks, the haves and the have nots, the developed countries and the still developing countries respectively. One of the important items of contention was the issue of reduction and elimination of the huge farm subsidies in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US). At the 2003 WTO conference in Cancun, 21 of the developing countries formed a group, known as G-21 initiated under the leadership of Brazil and India, and insisted on discussions for elimination of the farm subsidies of the EU-US combine. The EU and US governments give billions of dollars worth of agricultural and export subsidies annually to their farmers that allow them to have a competitive advantage in international markets in effect preventing agricultural producers in developing countries from having access to global markets. The EU delegates insisted that the four Singapore issues must be dealt with first before including any discussions on the issues of farm subsidies on the agenda. The G-21 over night swelled into G-70. The developing countries refused to be pushed into a corner and have proved that they are now a force to reckon with. The WTO Cancun conference came to a dramatic end without any agreement, leaving the negotiations in a deadlock. At the historic July 2004 WTO negotiations in Geneva, an accord has been reached under which the developed countries agreed to reduce and eventually eliminate their export and farm subsidies. The developing countries also agreed to lower their tariffs on imports from EU-US and other developed countries. The accord is expected to pave the way for the resumption of the WTO Doha Round of multilateral negotiations to liberalize world trade.

scholarly journals Improving the effectiveness of the special and differential treatment of the World Trade Organization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fitria Anindhita H. Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Differential Treatment ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Way

<p>This paper deals with the subject of Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) of the World Trade Organization (WTO), a special right that allows developing countries preferential treatment by other member countries, particularly developed countries. The paper more specifically discusses the ineffectiveness of the SDT owing to its structure and formulation, and explores the factors that have caused such ineffectiveness. It touches upon the provisions and the ways in which they are formulated and implemented, which deemed to have lead to the ineffectiveness. An observation of the way that negotiations are conducted and the underlying interests that direct those negotiations also contribute to the slow progress of introducing changes to the provisions. Furthermore, this paper analyses and identifies steps that may be taken to improve the concept, formulation, and implementation of SDT, inter alia through amendments of the provisions and conduct of negotiations. The paper also looks at several dispute cases which highlight the ineffectiveness of the existing provisions in advancing the interests of developing countries in particular and in fulfilling its purpose in general.</p>

ICT in Regional Development

2008 ◽  
pp. 351-358
Author(s):  
Saundarjya Borbora ◽  
Mrinal Kanti Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Internet Connections ◽  
The Developed Countries

Economic development and information and communication technology (ICT) are found to move together in the present day era of globalization. ICT can contribute significantly in economic development of a region by providing adequate information at the minimum of time and cost, thereby enhancing productivity in different sectors of an economy. This fact is substantiated by several studies (Kraemer & Dedrick, 2001; Pohjola, 2001). Some country specific studies like that of Singapore (Wong, 2001) also highlighted similar results. ICT diffusion in the world has been quite rapid since the mid 1990s. While the developed countries have benefited substantially from the ICT growth, the developing countries could not reap similar benefits out of it which has resulted in emergence of a digital divide across the countries (Economist, 2000; Nkrumah, 2000; Norris, 2001). This divide is noticed not only across countries but also within a country and this is more prominent in developing economies like India. ICT diffusion is another area which needs more attention in India as it will lead to ICT access and application of ICT in real sectors to increase productivity and output. During the past one decade India has made rapid advances in ICT growth as reflected in the increase in the number of Internet connections and users. The growth of Internet connections and users in the country is shown in Table 1.

scholarly journals Can It Be Both Economically and Morally Rewarding to Invest in Developing Countries?

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Responsible Investment ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Case ◽  
Development Objectives

This paper argues that investing in developing countries can be both economically and morally very rewarding. It firstly shows that historically capital invested in developing countries has obtained higher returns than invested in developed countries. It secondly argues that there is also a moral case for investing in developing countries. It would accelerate economic development in the poorer areas of the world, thereby promoting global development. It finally suggests that the socially responsible investment (SRI)initiative could be broadened to incorporate development objectives more explicitly, thereby serving as a conduit to more investment to the developing world.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT DEBT ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF COUNTRY

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-36
Author(s):  
Taras MARSHALOK ◽  
Ivanna MOROZ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

Introduction. An increase in public debt may have a negative, neutral or positive impact on the country's economic development. A big loan does not mean big growth; it all depends on how the public money is spent. The same amount of money spent by governments from dif­ferent countries has a different meaning for domestic development and the dynamics of public debt. The reasons are differences in the size of GDP, the structure of government borrowings, the shadow economy. Purpose. The objective of this paper is to deepen the theoretical backgrounds and applied aspects of influence of the public debt on the economic development of the country. Methods. In the research process, a set of research methods and approaches were used: systemic, structural-functional, comparisons and others. Results. The problem of a high level of public debt is acute in many countries throughout the world, including Ukraine. Nobody can say for sure whether a high public debt holds back the country's economic development. Theoretically, economically weaker countries, having regard to the financial constraints and economic needs, should have a higher level of public debt in relation to GDP than countries with high levels of development. However, comparing the data on the ratio of public debt and GDP in the EU, it can be noted the following: the higher indicators in the more developed countries of the EU. The latter, in fact, are the largest lenders of the world economy and at the same time have the largest volumes of the public debt both in absolute terms and in relation to GDP. As a result of the unsatisfactory financial state of the public sector, household saving goes to the repayment of the higher-level commitments, and not for the financing of the development of companies. This is especially problematic if we look at the situation of future generations – they will have less capital at their disposal. Public debt is a reduction in future revenues; hence, it is an intergenerational problem. Conclusions. It is possible to make proposals that will have a significant impact on the growth of the economy and the reduction of the public debt: – internal borrowing but not the external loans are economically justified. In this case, the debts do not increase the money base and the turnover of funds is carried out within the state; – entrepreneurship requires the systematic and consistent support that will stimulate the economic development, which needs stable business conditions in the long run.

scholarly journals Development trends of the current global economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Viktoriia DERHACHOVA ◽  
Viktoriia HOLIUK ◽  
Oleksandr ZGHUROVSKYI
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World

Nowadays modern economics is going through a lot of changes, that makes Ukrainian businessmen track its all current trends to support the necessary level of competitiveness on the world market. The purpose of the paper is to research the current trends of the global economy and identify its prospects. The study has brought the following results. The authors identified that among the most significant trends that determine the future of the global economy are the following: economic convergence, globalization, changes in the ranking of economic growth leaders in favor of Asian countries, the growth of cryptocurrency markets, constant growth of the global debt, changes in the demographic map in favor of African countries. China, which has been considered to be the major driver of global economic development for the last decade, will gradually lose its positions to India. The article points out that today we can observe a phenomenon of economic convergence, which approximates level of economic development of different countries through faster growth rates of gross domestic products in developing countries compared to developed countries. The main causes of economic convergence include globalization, which has contributed to the spread of know-how, decline in the working-age population in developed countries compared to the rest of the world, increase in labor productivity in developing countries, and redistribution of the labor force of these countries toward higher productivity sectors. The study identifies the prospects for modifying the economic map of the world based on the following factors: increase in the rate of development of Asian economies, population growth and urbanization of certain countries in Asia and Africa, slowdown in the economic development of developed countries and the aging of European nations. The article identifies that all of these trends take place in the framework of the fourth industrial revolution, which largely determines these changes, shaping the sectoral and geographical structure of the global economic development and employment.

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