Insolation And Covid‑19: Protection From The Aggressor

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Yuri B. Popovskiy ◽  
Nikolay I. Shchepetkov
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Density Regulation ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Regulator ◽  
Solar Rays

The article reviews the importance of insolation as a factor of prevention and containment of infectious diseases and epidemics. The authors consider insolation not as a mean of curing the Сoronavirus Disease (WHO fairly calls such possibility “a myth”) but as a means to lower the risks of dissemination of the infection, to reduce viability of the virus in the environment, to support human protective immune mechanisms affecting susceptibility of the population as a whole, severity and recovery time, i.e. both sanitary and hygienic and prevention factors of the COVID‑19 epidemic containment. Apart from the germicidal and virucidal sanitising effects of solar rays, the article reviews anti-epidemic capabilities of insolation as a microclimate factor and a psychological and physiological regulator of human protective capabilities as well as the insolation standards as a mechanism of development density regulation. It is impossible to efficiently combat massive dissemination of highly contagious infections without concerted utilisation of all available means and measures: both medical and preventive and organisational. The unprecedented mobilisation of healthcare systems and large-scale restrictive quarantine measures are under special attention of the society. This article reviews the importance of insolation as a universal natural anti-epidemic factor which is undeservedly placed in the end of the list of effective infection combating measures.

Analysis of the tendency of development of biosensors based on GaN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.I. Agasieva ◽  
E.A. Smetanin ◽  
A.R. Vechkanov ◽  
A.V. Gubanov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Molecular Diagnostic ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Local Healthcare

Statement of the problem of this article - one of the most important problems is protection from especially dangerous infectious diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical trials will significantly reduce the time for obtaining the results of analyzes, thereby speeding up the appointment of treatment to patients. The purpose of the article is to present modern designs of biosensors based on gallium nitride, the possibilities of their application and characteristics. Consider the principles of operation, areas of application and characteristics. As a result, the design of modern biosensors and modern trends in their use from various sources of literature in recent years are shown. Biosensors, principles of their action, areas of application and characteristics are considered, which will reduce the possible socio-economic damage from temporary disability for sick citizens due to the rapid and timely implementation of anti-epidemic measures. Practical value: the proposed biosensors are of interest as devices for detecting diseases. The use of biosensors in clinical disease research has several potential advantages over other clinical analysis methods, including increased analysis speed and flexibility, multipurpose analysis capability, automation, reduced diagnostic testing costs, and the ability to integrate molecular diagnostic tests into local healthcare systems.

Implementing post-trial access plans for HIV prevention research

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Paul ◽  
Maria W Merritt ◽  
Jeremy Sugarman
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
System Level ◽  
Planning Under Uncertainty ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Prevention Trials ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
Post Trial ◽  
Local Healthcare

Ethics guidance increasingly recognises that researchers and sponsors have obligations to consider provisions for post-trial access (PTA) to interventions that are found to be beneficial in research. Yet, there is little information regarding whether and how such plans can actually be implemented. Understanding practical experiences of developing and implementing these plans is critical to both optimising their implementation and informing conceptual work related to PTA. This viewpoint is informed by experiences with developing and implementing PTA plans for six large-scale multicentre HIV prevention trials supported by the HIV Prevention Trials Network. These experiences suggest that planning and implementing PTA often involve challenges of planning under uncertainty and confronting practical barriers to accessing healthcare systems. Even in relatively favourable circumstances where a tested intervention medication is approved and available in the local healthcare system, system-level barriers can threaten the viability of PTA plans. The aggregate experience across these HIV prevention trials suggests that simply referring participants to local healthcare systems for PTA will not necessarily result in continued access to beneficial interventions for trial participants. Serious commitments to PTA will require additional efforts to learn from future approaches, measuring the success of PTA plans with dedicated follow-up and further developing normative guidance to help research stakeholders navigate the complex practical challenges of realising PTA.

scholarly journals O Ensino da Antibioterapia: Estado da arte

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Maria José Saavedraa ◽  
João Carlos Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
World Health ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Paul Ehrlich ◽  
Alexander Fleming

Resumo A elevada mortalidade pelas doenças infecciosas, sobretudo epidémicas, mobilizou os cientistas na pesquisa de compostos naturais e produtos de síntese química dotados de propriedades antimicrobianas. Fazendo um pouco de história, referimos Paul Ehrlich, que utilizou o primeiro agente quimioterapêutico -Salvarsan, mais tarde Gerhard Domagk, que utilizou um pro-fármaco percursor de uma sulfamida. Em 1928, Alexander Fleming, descobriu de forma “casual” a penicilina, o primeiro antibiótico. Posteriormente em 1941 Howard Florey e Ernest Chain isolam e purificam a penicilina o que permitiu a sua utilização em larga escala -Era dos Antibióticos. A utilização dos antibióticos (AB) no tratamento das doenças infecciosas constituiu um dos maiores avanços da Medicina no séc. XX. No entanto a sua utilização em larga escala promoveu o aumento da incidência de estirpes multiresistentes aos AB, sobretudo em ambiente hospitalar. Adicionalmente verifica-se uma ocorrência cada vez mais elevada de estirpes resistentes na comunidade–humanos, animais e ambiente. O conhecimento dos mecanismos de ação e da ineficácia dos diferentes grupos farmacológicos de antibióticos é vital para o desenvolvimento de futuros microbianos, estando a ser estudados microrganismos do solo com a finalidade de encontrara novos fármacos. De realçar que a OMS preconiza que caminhamos rumo a uma "era pós-antibiótico”. Se não houver um plano de ação global para o "uso racional de antibióticos" a OMS prevê que em 2050 a resistência aos antibióticos, poderá matar mais de 10 milhões de pessoas.Palavras-chave: antibioterapia; resistência; antibióticos Abstract The current research on infectious diseases, especially with epidemic potential, has mobilized the scientific community to research on the natural substance and chemical probing products with antimicrobial properties. In a brief history of antibiotics, we refer to Paul Ehrlich, who used the first chemotherapeutic agent - Salvarsan, later Gerhard Domagk, who used a sulfamide precursor prodrug. In 1928 Alexander Fleming "casually" discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic. Later in 1941 Howard Florey and Ernest Chain isolate and purify penicillin that can be used on a large scale - Antibiotics Era. The use of antibiotics (AB) in the treatment of infectious diseases is one of the greatest advances of medicine in the 19th century. However, its large-scale use has increased the incidence of multidrug-resistant processes in AB, especially in a hospital setting. Besides, there is an increasing occurrence of resistant strains in different communities - humans, animals and in the environment. Understand the mechanisms of action and the ineffectiveness of the diverse pharmacological groups of antibiotics is crucial to provide further new antibiotic therapies in the near future. Recent studies have highlighted the soil-derived microorganisms as a novel approach to identify new drug substances. In this context, it is noteworthy that the World Health Organization (WHO) considers that we are moving towards a “post-antibiotic era”. If there is no global action plan for “rational use of antibiotics” WHO predicts that in 2050 the global impacts of antibiotic resistance on human heath will be catastrophic, killing more than 10 million people worldwide. Keywords: antibiotic therapy; resistence; antibiotics

scholarly journals Development of a pandemic of African Swine Fever

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (02) ◽  
pp. 6186-2019
Author(s):  
ZYGMUNT PEJSAK ◽  
MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI ◽  
KAZIMIERZ TARASIUKL
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Veterinary Epidemiology

In the introduction of this paper the increasingly accepted nomenclature of basic expressions used in veterinary epidemiology is presented. This is in accordance with the 2018 Edition of Wiley-Blackwell Veterinary Epidemiology, by Michael Thrusfield. Pandemia and not Panzootia is used for large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases also in relation to animals characterizing significantly increased morbidity and mortatlity over a wide geographic area, including countries, continents or even the whole globe and causing significant economic, social and even political disruption. It is underlined that the pandemics of infectious diseases of animals will continue to increase because of the growing transboundary trade and transportation of animals and animal products and increasing international contacts of humans. In the control of pandemics of humans, particularly, for example of influenza of the years 1918-1919, and also in 1968, but also pandemics of other ethiology occurring in humans the World Health Organisation (WHO) took the leading position. In case of avian and swine influenza as well as in pandemics occurring in animals, the leading position in prevention, control and eradication belongs to World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) supported by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The main part of this paper is devoted to the characterization of the pandemic of African Swine Fever (ASF) which started in 2007 in Georgia, transmitted from Africa. Countries, where ASF virus (ASFV) was confirmed by laboratory tests are mentioned in the text of this paper. They are located in Eurasia. Among them are countries, being members of the European Union (EU). The routs of spreading of the ASFV in wild boar and swine are given, the methods of ASF control in EU were presented. The main vector of the ASF spread in EU, is the wild boar and the humans. Future distribution of the pandemia spread of ASFV is difficult to predict. Veterinary services of many countries, practitioners and scientists are working intensively to understand epidemiology of ASF and to stop the spread of ASFV.

scholarly journals New, Emerging, Re-Emerging Tropical Infectious and Non-Communicable Diseases Persistent to the Climate, Landscape, and Environmental Changes on the Grounds of the Urbanizations, Industrializations, and Globalisation

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Masimalai Palaniyandi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Environmental Transitions ◽  
Vector Borne

Historical records evidenced of urban landscape changes, and environmental transitions brought by the improper growths and urban development’s of the urbanisation and industrialization in the developing countries, especially in India, significantly chaotic urban sprawl and industrial growths, and the development of its allied activities for the recent decades, invites new, emerging, re-emerging, and triggers the tropical infectious diseases including vector borne diseases (VBD) as well non-communicable diseases. Urban sprawl has a multiplier effect of growth of unplanned a crowded housing, and industrialization has an impact on the urban landscape with commercial and market development, and roads over large expanses of urban land while little concern for appropriate urban planning. The union government of India is launching to promote 100 mega smart city projects / metropolitan / urban agglomeration across the nation for betterment of the standard of living infrastructure facilities by 2030. The large scale urban landscape architectural changes, land use / land cover changes, environmental transitions, and micro climatic changes in the heart of the urban landscape, and its fringe areas on the consequence of built-up structures, construction of roads transport networks, drainages, commercial buildings, human dwellings, educational buildings, legal and medical health services, income tax professionals, small scale to large scale industries, etc., The census of India, reports highlighted that people mass movements / migration from rural to the urban, and small towns to mega cities are notably accelerating trends for the recent decades mainly for the purposes of occupation, education, trade and commerce, and professional services, generally reasons for male migration, and marriage is the absolute reason for female adults migration. The spatial and temporal aspects of malaria and dengue has been declining trends in rural settings, however, it has been accelerating trends in the urban settings due to the urban buoyant migrants. Urbanization and industrialization effect on urban landscape environment leads to breakdown of sanitations, water-borne diseases associated with inadequate  and unsafe drinking water supply, tendency to use metal, plastic, and mud pots water storage containers, discarded domestic waste misshapen to vector breeding habitats containers, urban heat island, garbage waste disposal, liquid waste from dwellings, and industries, air pollution (dust, pollen and spores suspended as particles, Sulphur Dioxide-SO2, nitrogen oxides-NO, Carbonate-CO3, depletion of Oxygen O2, Ozone-O3, Methane  Gas- CH₄, Lead- Pb,  Mercury- Hg etc.,), exonerated by the industries and urban transport emissions, modern transport / shipping goods and services, and collectively hazard to human health through erratic infectious diseases and vector borne diseases immediately.

scholarly journals Potential for community based surveillance of febrile diseases: Feasibility of self-administered rapid diagnostic tests in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0009307
Author(s):  
Amy C. Morrison ◽  
Julia Schwarz ◽  
Jennie L. Mckenney ◽  
Jhonny Cordova ◽  
Jennifer E. Rios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
At Home

Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) have the potential to identify infectious diseases quickly, minimize disease transmission, and could complement and improve surveillance and control of infectious and vector-borne diseases during outbreaks. The U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Joint Science and Technology Office (DTRA-JSTO) program set out to develop novel point-of-need RDTs for infectious diseases and deploy them for home use with no training. The aim of this formative study was to address two questions: 1) could community members in Iquitos, Peru and Phnom Penh, Cambodia competently use RDTs of different levels of complexity at home with visually based instructions provided, and 2) if an RDT were provided at no cost, would it be used at home if family members displayed febrile symptoms? Test kits with written and video (Peru only) instructions were provided to community members (Peru [n = 202]; Cambodia [n = 50]) or community health workers (Cambodia [n = 45]), and trained observers evaluated the competency level for each of the several steps required to successfully operate one of two multiplex RDTs on themselves or other consenting participant (i.e., family member). In Iquitos, >80% of residents were able to perform 11/12 steps and 7/15 steps for the two- and five-pathogen test, respectively. Competency in Phnom Penh never reached 80% for any of the 12 or 15 steps for either test; the percentage of participants able to perform a step ranged from 26–76% and 23–72%, for the two- and five-pathogen tests, respectively. Commercially available NS1 dengue rapid tests were distributed, at no cost, to households with confirmed exposure to dengue or Zika virus; of 14 febrile cases reported, six used the provided RDT. Our findings support the need for further implementation research on the appropriate level of instructions or training needed for diverse devices in different settings, as well as how to best integrate RDTs into existing local public health and disease surveillance programs at a large scale.

scholarly journals Insect Cecropins, Antimicrobial Peptides with Potential Therapeutic Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 5862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Brady ◽  
Alessandro Grapputo ◽  
Ottavia Romoli ◽  
Federica Sandrelli
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
The Cost

The alarming escalation of infectious diseases resistant to conventional antibiotics requires urgent global actions, including the development of new therapeutics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) represent potential alternatives in the treatment of multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections. Here, we focus on Cecropins (Cecs), a group of naturally occurring AMPs in insects, and on synthetic Cec-analogs. We describe their action mechanisms and antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria and other pathogens. We report several data suggesting that Cec and Cec-analog peptides are promising antibacterial therapeutic candidates, including their low toxicity against mammalian cells, and anti-inflammatory activity. We highlight limitations linked to the use of peptides as therapeutics and discuss methods overcoming these constraints, particularly regarding the introduction of nanotechnologies. New formulations based on natural Cecs would allow the development of drugs active against Gram-negative bacteria, and those based on Cec-analogs would give rise to therapeutics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Cecs and Cec-analogs might be also employed to coat biomaterials for medical devices as an approach to prevent biomaterial-associated infections. The cost of large-scale production is discussed in comparison with the economic and social burden resulting from the progressive diffusion of MDR infectious diseases.

Modeling Large-Scale Epidemics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Basu
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Basic Feature ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Critical Aspect ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Previous chapters ignored a critical aspect of modeling some major diseases: the infectious nature of many diseases. For infectious diseases, the risk of getting the disease is related to how many people are infectious at a given time: the more infectious people in the area, the higher the risk of infection among susceptible people. In a typical Markov model, we can’t account for this basic feature of infectious diseases because the risk of moving from one state (healthy) to another state (diseased) is assumed to be constant. In this chapter, the author introduces a simulation modeling framework that has been used for decades to simulate infectious disease epidemics.

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