Chapter 14: Prevention: vaccines and immunoglobulins

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Pediatric Formulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization schedules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir rapid immunization schedules are also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is given with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of protection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98.7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccination uptake. Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. Both – FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

Chapter 14: Prevention: vaccines and immunoglobulins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Pöllabauer ◽  
Herwig Kollaritsch
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Pediatric Formulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao. All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization schedules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir rapid immunization schedules are also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is given with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of protection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98.7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccination uptake. Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. Both – FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

Chapter 14: Prevention – Vaccines + Immunoglobulins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Pöllabauer ◽  
Herwig Kollaritsch
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Pediatric Formulation ◽  
The One ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

• Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. • The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao • All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization sched-ules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir a rapid immunization schedules is also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is giv-en with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. • All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of pro-tection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. • Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. • An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98,7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccina-tion uptake. • Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. • Both - FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Mechanisms of Vaccination and Immunity

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Speiser ◽  
Martin F. Bachmann
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Management ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Public Life ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Pros And Cons

Vaccines are needed to protect from SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing COVID-19. Vaccines that induce large quantities of high affinity virus-neutralizing antibodies may optimally prevent infection and avoid unfavorable effects. Vaccination trials require precise clinical management, complemented with detailed evaluation of safety and immune responses. Here, we review the pros and cons of available vaccine platforms and options to accelerate vaccine development towards the safe immunization of the world’s population against SARS-CoV-2. Favorable vaccines, used in well-designed vaccination strategies, may be critical for limiting harm and promoting trust and a long-term return to normal public life and economy.

scholarly journals Safety and Immunogenicity of Heterologous and Homologous 2-Dose Regimens of Adenovirus Serotype 26– and Modified Vaccinia Ankara–Vectored Ebola Vaccines: A Randomized, Controlled Phase 1 Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Goldstein ◽  
Viki Bockstal ◽  
Stephan Bart ◽  
Kerstin Luhn ◽  
Cynthia Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Adenovirus Serotype ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Abstract Background This phase 1 placebo-controlled study assessed the safety and immunogenicity of 2-dose regimens of Ad26.ZEBOV (adenovirus serotype 26 [Ad26]) and MVA-BN-Filo (modified vaccinia Ankara [MVA]) vaccines with booster vaccination at day 360. Methods Healthy US adults (N = 164) randomized into 10 groups received saline placebo or standard or high doses of Ad26 or MVA in 2-dose regimens at 7-, 14-, 28-, or 56-day intervals; 8 groups received booster Ad26 or MVA vaccinations on day 360. Participants reported solicited and unsolicited reactogenicity; we measured immunoglobulin G binding, neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to Ebola virus glycoprotein. Results All regimens were well tolerated with no serious vaccine-related adverse events. Heterologous (Ad26,MVA [dose 1, dose 2] or MVA,Ad26) and homologous (Ad26,Ad26) regimens induced humoral and cellular immune responses 21 days after dose 2; responses were higher after heterologous regimens. Booster vaccination elicited anamnestic responses in all participants. Conclusions Both heterologous and homologous Ad26,MVA Ebola vaccine regimens are well tolerated in healthy adults, regardless of interval or dose level. Heterologous 2-dose Ad26,MVA regimens containing an Ebola virus insert induce strong, durable humoral and cellular immune responses. Immunological memory was rapidly recalled by booster vaccination, suggesting that Ad26 booster doses could be considered for individuals at risk of Ebola infection, who previously received the 2-dose regimen.

scholarly journals Differential T- and B-Cell Responses to Pertussis in Acellular Vaccine-Primed versus Whole-Cell Vaccine-Primed Children 2 Years after Preschool Acellular Booster Vaccination

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1388-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose-Minke Schure ◽  
Lotte H. Hendrikx ◽  
Lia G. H. de Rond ◽  
Kemal Öztürk ◽  
Elisabeth A. M. Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Whole Cell ◽  
Cell Responses

ABSTRACTThis study investigated long-term cellular and humoral immunity against pertussis after booster vaccination of 4-year-old children who had been vaccinated at 2, 3, 4, and 11 months of age with either whole-cell pertussis (wP) or acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. Immune responses were evaluated until 2 years after the preschool booster aP vaccination. In a cross-sectional study (registered trial no. ISRCTN65428640), blood samples were taken from wP- and aP-primed children prebooster and 1 month and 2 years postbooster. Pertussis vaccine antigen-specific IgG levels, antibody avidities, and IgG subclasses, as well as T-cell cytokine levels, were measured by fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassays. The numbers of pertussis-specific memory B cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T cells were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Even 2 years after booster vaccination, memory B cells were still present and higher levels of pertussis-specific antibodies than prebooster were found in aP-primed children and, to a lesser degree, also in wP-primed children. The antibodies consisted mainly of the IgG1 subclass but also showed an increased IgG4 portion, primarily in the aP-primed children. The antibody avidity indices for pertussis toxin and pertactin in aP-primed children were already high prebooster and remained stable at 2 years, whereas those in wP-primed children increased. All measured prebooster T-cell responses in aP-primed children were already high and remained at similar levels or even decreased during the 2 years after booster vaccination, whereas those in wP-primed children increased. Since the Dutch wP vaccine has been replaced by aP vaccines, the induction of B-cell and T-cell memory immune responses has been enhanced, but antibody levels still wane after five aP vaccinations. Based on these long-term immune responses, the Dutch pertussis vaccination schedule can be optimized, and we discuss here several options.

scholarly journals Systems biological assessment of human immunity to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bali Pulendran ◽  
Prabhu S Arunachalam
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Innate Response ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Inflammatory Monocytes

Abstract The emergency use authorization of two COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in less than a year since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, represents a landmark in vaccinology1,2. Yet, how mRNA vaccines stimulate the immune system to elicit protective immune responses is unknown. Here we used a systems biological approach to comprehensively profile the innate and adaptive immune responses in 56 healthy volunteers vaccinated with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Vaccination resulted in robust production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against the parent strain and the variant of concern, B.1.351, but no induction of autoantibodies, and significant increases in antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4 and CD8 T cells after the second dose. The innate response induced within the first 2 days of booster vaccination was profoundly increased, relative to the response at corresponding times after priming. Thus, there was a striking increase in the: (i) frequency of CD14+CD16+ inflammatory monocytes; (ii) concentration of IFN-y in the plasma, which correlated with enhanced pSTAT3 and pSTAT1 levels in monocytes and T cells; and (iii) transcriptional signatures of innate responses characteristic of antiviral vaccine responses against pandemic influenza, HIV and Ebola, within 2 days following booster vaccination compared to primary vaccination. Consistent with these observations, single-cell transcriptomics analysis of 242,479 leukocytes demonstrated a ~100-fold increase in the frequency of a myeloid cluster, enriched in a signature of interferon-response transcription factors (TFs) and reduced in AP-1 TFs, one day after secondary immunization, at day 21. Finally, we delineated distinct molecular pathways of innate activation that correlate with CD8 T cell and nAb responses and identified an early monocyte-related signature that was associated with the breadth of the nAb response against the B1.351 variant strain. Collectively, these data provide insights into the immune responses induced by mRNA vaccines and demonstrate their capacity to stimulate an enhanced innate response following booster immunization.

scholarly journals A combination of two human neutralizing antibodies prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. Cobb ◽  
Joseph Nkolola ◽  
Pavlo Gilchuk ◽  
Abishek Chandrashekar ◽  
Robert V. House ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Human Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Human Mabs ◽  
Viral Neutralization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Human Primate

Human monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatments are promising for COVID-19 prevention, post-exposure prophylaxis, or therapy. However, the titer of neutralizing antibodies required for protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly characterized. We previously described two potently neutralizing mAbs COV2-2130 and COV2-2381 targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Here, we engineered the Fc-region of these mAbs with mutations to extend their persistence in humans and reduce interactions with Fc gamma receptors. Passive transfer of individual or combinations of the two antibodies (designated ADM03820) given prophylactically by intravenous or intramuscular route conferred virological protection in a non-human primate (NHP) model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and ADM03820 potently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vitro. We defined 6,000 as a protective serum neutralizing antibody titer in NHPs against infection for passively transferred human mAbs that acted by direct viral neutralization, which corresponded to a concentration of 20 microgram/mL of circulating mAb.

scholarly journals The Route of Administration of Rabies Vaccines: Comparing the Data

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Deborah J. Briggs ◽  
Susan M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Anamnestic Response ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Cost

Cell culture rabies vaccines were initially licensed in the 1980s and are essential in the prevention of human rabies. The first post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccination regimen recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) was administered intramuscularly over a lengthy three-month period. In efforts to reduce the cost of PEP without impinging on safety, additional research on two strategies was encouraged by the WHO including the development of less expensive production methods for CCVs and the administration of reduced volumes of CCVs via the intradermal (ID) route. Numerous clinical trials have provided sufficient data to support a reduction in the number of doses, a shorter timeline required for PEP, and the approval of the intradermal route of administration for PEP and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP). However, the plethora of data that have been published since the development of CCVs can be overwhelming for public health officials wishing to review and make a decision as to the most appropriate PEP and PreP regimen for their region. In this review, we examine three critical benchmarks that can serve as guidance for health officials when reviewing data to implement new PEP and PreP regimens for their region including: evidence of immunogenicity after vaccination; proof of efficacy against development of disease; and confirmation that the regimen being considered elicits a rapid anamnestic response after booster vaccination.

scholarly journals Interdependencies between cellular and humoral immune responses in heterologous and homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz M Hollstein ◽  
Lennart Muensterkoetter ◽  
Michael P Schoen ◽  
Armin Bergmann ◽  
Thea M Husar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Antibody Avidity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cellular Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Immune

Background: Homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV-2-vaccinations yield different spike protein-directed humoral and cellular immune responses. However, their interdependencies remain elusive. Methods: COV-ADAPT is a prospective, observational cohort study of 417 healthcare workers who received homologous vaccination with Astra (ChAdOx1-S; AstraZeneca) or BNT (BNT162b2; Biontech/Pfizer) or heterologous vaccination with Astra/BNT. We assessed the humoral (anti-spike-RBD-IgG, neutralizing antibodies, antibody avidity) and cellular (spike-induced T cell interferon-y release) immune response in blood samples up to 2 weeks before (T1) and 2 to 12 weeks following secondary immunization (T2). Findings: Initial vaccination with Astra resulted in lower anti-spike-RBD-IgG responses compared to BNT (70+/-114 vs. 226+/-279 BAU/ml, p<0.01) at T1, whereas T cell activation did not differ significantly. Booster vaccination with BNT proved superior to Astra at T2 (anti-spike-RBD-IgG: Astra/BNT 2387+/-1627 and BNT/BNT 3202+/-2184 vs. Astra/Astra 413+/-461 BAU/ml, both p<0.001; spike-induced T cell interferon-y; release: Astra/BNT 5069+/-6733 and BNT/BNT 4880+/-7570 vs. Astra/Astra 1152+/-2243 mIU/ml, both p<0.001). No significant differences were detected between BNT-boostered groups at T2. For Astra, we observed no booster effect on T cell activation. We found associations between anti-spike-RBD-IgG levels (Astra/BNT and BNT/BNT) and T cell responses (Astra/Astra and Astra/BNT) from T1 to T2. There were also links between levels of anti-spike-RBD-IgG and T cell at both time points (all groups combined). All regimes yielded neutralizing antibodies and increased antibody avidity at T2. Interpretation: Interdependencies between humoral and cellular immune responses differ between common SARS-CoV-2 vaccination regimes. T cell activation is unlikely to compensate for poor humoral responses. Funding: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), ER723/3-1

scholarly journals Vaccines against Coronavirus Disease: Target Proteins, Immune Responses, and Status of Ongoing Clinical Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 2253-2263
Author(s):  
Rike Syahniar ◽  
Maria Berlina Purba ◽  
Heri Setiyo Bekti ◽  
Mardhia Mardhia
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Rapid Transmission ◽  
Adequate Dosage ◽  
Immunogenic Response ◽  
Selection Of

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 26 million individuals and caused 871,166 deaths globally. Various countries are racing against time to find a vaccine for controlling the rapid transmission of infection. The selection of antigen targets to trigger an immune response is crucial for vaccine development strategies. The receptor binding domain of the subunit of spike 1 protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate because of its ability to prevent attachment and infection of host cells by stimulating neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine is expected to mount a sufficient immunogenic response to eliminate the virus and store antigenic information in memory cells for long-term protection. Here, we review the ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the immune responses in patients administered an adequate dosage to prevent COVID-19.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document