scholarly journals Organic contaminants in distilled sugar cane spirits produced by column and copper alembic distillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e930974879
Author(s):  
Leonardo Milani Avelar Rodrigues ◽  
Maria das Graças Cardoso ◽  
Wilder Douglas Santiago ◽  
Richard Bispo Barbosa ◽  
Juliana de Andrade Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Ethyl Carbamate ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Southern Central

The present work aimed to characterize and quantify four contaminants (ethyl carbamate, 2,3-butanedione, furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural) present in still and industrial cachaça. The four contaminants ethyl carbamate, 2,3-butanedione, furfural (FU) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) were analyzed in spirits produced by alembic and column distillation. Forty-four samples of cachaça were collected in the southern, central-western, and southeastern regions of the state of Minas Gerais and in the state of São Paulo. The samples were subjected to chromatographic analysis. Ethyl carbamate, 2,3-butanedione, furfural and 5-HMF were characterized and quantified by HPLC. Two samples of spirits were found to contain concentrations of ethyl carbamate that were greater than the legal limits, ranging from 245.31 to 235.53 μg L-1. None of the alembic samples had concentrations higher than the legal limit. The spirits obtained by column disitllation contained higher concentrations of the 2,3-butanedione than the alembic liquors. An analytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of furfural and 5-HMF, and the spirits obtained by column distillation contained concentrations higher than the limit established by legislation.

scholarly journals The state of Spanish /s/ variation in Concepción, Chile: Linguistic and social trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-153
Author(s):  
Brandon M. A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Central City ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed Effects Model ◽  
Proportional Odds ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Social Demographics

AbstractThe current study examines /s/ variation in the southern-central city of Concepción, Chile and its relation to a variety of linguistic and social factors. A proportional-odds mixed effects model, with the random factor of “speaker”, was used to treat the categorically coded data on a continuum of acoustical variation ([s] > [h] > ∅). The results presented show that contrary to the previous assertions, heavy sibilant reduction, especially elision, in Concepción, Chile is the rule, rather than the exception, to the extent that it is no longer a marker of certain social demographics as has been reported previously. Furthermore, based on the trends reported, it is likely that this has been the case for several decades. Finally, the overall observed trends are indicative that the rates of /s/ elision will continue to increase across social demographics and different phonetic and phonological contexts in Concepción, Chile.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products consumed in the State of São Paulo/Brazil from 1995 to 1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrna Sabino ◽  
Thais Valéria Milanez ◽  
Leda Conceição Antonia Lamardo ◽  
Emiko Ikejiri Inomata ◽  
Maria Ângela Pompeu Zorzetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Inspection Service

One hundred and thirty seven samples of peanuts and peanut containing foods were collected in markets in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between January 1995 an December 1997. Most of the samples were collected by the Inspection Service of São Paulo Secretary of Health. The foods included raw peanuts, peanut candies ("paçoca" and "pé de moleque"), peanut butter, fried/roasted salted peanuts, "torrone", chocolate coated peanuts and salt-coated peanuts. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins using a thin-layer chromatographic method. About 45% of the samples were positive for aflatoxins and 27% exceeded the limits of the Brazilian legislation (30.0 µg.kg-1 for aflatoxins B1+G1). The aflatoxins were confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The 90th percentile was 110.0 in 1995, 60.0 in 1996 and 118.0 µg.kg-1 in 1997. The aflatoxins concentration in the raw peanut samples ranged from 5.0 to 382.0 µg.kg-1 and 27.1% were above the legal limits. Contamination in peanut candies was above the limit in 32.8% of the samples and the aflatoxins levels ranged from 6.0 to 494.0 µg.kg-1. Contamination of salty peanuts was less frequent, around 10% of the samples and the toxin levels were usually below 10 µg.kg-1. The maximum level of contamination, 536.0 µg.kg-1, was found in a sample of peanut with a salty coat ("amendoim japonês"). Results of previous studies in peanuts and peanut products in the city of São Paulo from 1980-1987 had 68.75% of the samples with levels greater than the limit 30.0 µg.kg-1 and the 90th percentile ranged from 42.0 to 333.0 µg.kg-1. In 1994, 36.0% of the samples showed results above the limit and the 90th percentile was 489 µg.kg-1. The results show that aflatoxins contamination in peanuts is decreasing but it is still a serious problem in Brazil, a country where the climate, the agricultural practices and storage conditions favour fungal growth.

scholarly journals Análisis crítico de los NeuroDerechos Humanos al libre albedrío y al acceso equitativo a tecnologías de mejora.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-161
Author(s):  
Diego Alejandro Borbón Rodríguez ◽  
◽  
Luisa Fernanda Borbón Rodríguez ◽  
Jeniffer Laverde Pinzón
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Free Will ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Equitable Access ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Legal Limits

Advances in neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence have led to an innovative proposal to establish ethical and legal limits to the development of technologies: Human NeuroRights. In this sense, the article addresses, first, some advances in neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence, as well as their ethical implications. Second, the state of the art on the innovative proposal of Human NeuroRights is exposed, specifically, the proposal of the NeuroRights Initiative of Columbia University. Third, the proposal for the rights of free will and equitable access to augmentation technologies is critically analyzed to conclude that, although it is necessary to propose new regulations for neurotechnologies and artificial intelligence, the debate is still very premature as if to try to incorporate a new category of human rights that may be inconvenient or unnecessary. Finally, some considerations on how to regulate new technologies are explained and the conclusions of the work are presented.

scholarly journals Simulation model for Cutting, Loading and Transportation of sugar cane - a case study in the State of Rio de Janeiro

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
João José de Assis Rangel ◽  
Leonardo do Espírito Santo Francisco ◽  
Viviane Palmeira Nogueira ◽  
Dalessandro Soares Vianna ◽  
Edwin Benito Mitacc Meza
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State

scholarly journals Lidar observation campaign of sugar cane fires and industrial emissions in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Landulfo ◽  
Maria Paulete M. P. Jorge ◽  
Gerhard Held ◽  
Roberto Guardani ◽  
Juliana Steffens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Lidar Observation

scholarly journals Cultural cooperation between Russia and Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik. R. Magdeev ◽  
Alina A. Khaliullina
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Joint Development

It is necessary to conduct an analysis of relations between Japan and Russia to determine the main trends and prospects for joint development. The purpose of the article is to study and disclose the stages of development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan and determine its features, highlight the most pressing problems of relations and identify possible ways to build strong interstate relations. The methodological basis of the study is the analytical method, for a comprehensive analysis of the changes that occurred during the development of cultural relations between Japan and Russia. Also a prerequisite is compliance with the principles of historicism and objectivity. In the course of studying used the method of study and systematization of literature. As a result of studying the problem, we can evaluate the historical development of cultural relations between Russia and Japan. Assess the state of relations between Russia and Japan and uncover limitations and growth points to strengthen relations between Japan and Russia. The results of this study can be useful as Japanologists and to specialists dealing with the problems of Asia-Pacific as a whole.

scholarly journals Associations between fish assemblage and riparian vegetation in the Corumbataí River Basin (SP)

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cetra ◽  
M. Petrere JR.
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Fish Assemblage ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
The State ◽  
Multivariate Techniques

This work intends to examine if there are associations between fish species and the state of conservation of the riparian forest in the Corumbataí River Basin. Four main rivers were chosen for this study with three sites on each. Collections were carried out from March to June and from September to December 2001. Multivariate techniques were applied to determine the correlation between species richness and the order of the rivers, preservation level of the riparian forest, shade level, presence or absence of Eucalyptus, sugar cane and pastures, and surrounding declivity stability of the sites. Species richness was highest at locations with greater vegetation cover and preserved riparian forest.

The Role of Reason in Dealing with the Prophetic Sunna in Relation to the Chain of Narrators, Text and Indication

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-106
Author(s):  
Abdeljabbar Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Rules And Principles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Logical Rules

Abstract This article addresses the problem represented by the state of imbalance in looking at the nature of the relationship between reason and the Prophetic Sunna. This relationship should be balanced between accepting the role of reason in dealing with the sunna according to many logical rules and principles or completely rejecting its role. Hence, this article aims to clarify the role of reason in dealing with the sunna: chain of narrators, text, and indication. It also aims to reach a state of balance in the relationship between reason and narrations in general, and the sunna in particular according to scientific methodologies. The article first explained the role of reason in dealing with sunna in relation to Isnād, therefore, it explained the role of reason in the science of ḥadīth proving that this science is based on logic, and that reason plays a role in proving whether the ḥadīth is continuous (muṭṭaṣil) or sectioned (munqaṭiʿ). Secondly, the article discussed the role of reason in dealing with the text of the ḥadīth (matn) in the followings: how to harmonize between contradictory ḥadīths, weighing between the texts, considering the implications of texts and deduction from them. Lastly, the author adopted the deductive approach, as he decided the rule or theory and then inferred from the texts and sources what it proves and indicates its validity. Moreover, he used the historical analytical method based on the analysis of texts from their sources and their use in arriving at specific results which are apparent in this article.

Biogenic nanomaterials for photocatalytic degradation and water disinfection: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3195-3213
Author(s):  
Erick R. Bandala ◽  
Danijela Stanisic ◽  
Ljubica Tasic
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Disinfection

This paper provides a review of the state-of-the-art processes to generate biogenic NMs and their characterization, and an analysis of their use in the photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants and inactivation of pathogens in water.

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