Cerebrolysin – mechanism of action and application in psychiatry and neurology

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bliźniewska-Kowalska ◽  
Maria Łukasik ◽  
Piotr Gałecki
Keyword(s):  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Lipid Mixture ◽  
Current State ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Enzymatic Proteolysis

Cerebrolysin is a medication, which has been used in psychiatry and neurology for over 50 years. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge on cerebrolysin. It is a non-lipid mixture of free L-amino acids and neuropeptides of low molecular weight that are purified via enzymatic proteolysis from brains of young pigs. It also contains magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and selenium. Cerebrolysin passes the blood-brain barrier. It was proved that it supports endogenous regeneration processes, mimics the behaviour of neurotrophic factors and modifies their level, affects the Sonic Hedgehog protein’s signalling pathway, protects from the pathological events and cascades which stem from an injury or a neurodegenerative disease, reduces amounts of free radicals as well as pro-apoptotic enzymes, modulates inflammatory response and also affects neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. Because of these characteristics, cerebrolysin is used in treatment of patients suffering from strokes, traumatic brain injuries, patients with cognitive disorders, including Alzheimer’s dementia and vascular dementia. The standard route of administration is via injections; however, some research was conducted on oral administration as well. The commonly reported adverse effects of cerebrolysin are transient and of mild severity. Results of research on the effectiveness and safety of cerebrolysin seem to be encouraging. They confirm high safety level and theoretical legitimacy of its use. The treatment of patients with organic, metabolic and neurodegenerative syndromes is difficult and often ineffective. Therefore, every available method of treatment needs to be taken under consideration.

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation in Post-Stroke Cognitive Rehabilitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Convento ◽  
Cristina Russo ◽  
Luca Zigiotto ◽  
Nadia Bolognini
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Spatial Neglect ◽  
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Neuropsychological Disorders ◽  
Current State ◽  
Stimulation Technique

Abstract. Cognitive rehabilitation is an important area of neurological rehabilitation, which aims at the treatment of cognitive disorders due to acquired brain damage of different etiology, including stroke. Although the importance of cognitive rehabilitation for stroke survivors is well recognized, available cognitive treatments for neuropsychological disorders, such as spatial neglect, hemianopia, apraxia, and working memory, are overall still unsatisfactory. The growing body of evidence supporting the potential of the transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) as tool for interacting with neuroplasticity in the human brain, in turn for enhancing perceptual and cognitive functions, has obvious implications for the translation of this noninvasive brain stimulation technique into clinical settings, in particular for the development of tES as adjuvant tool for cognitive rehabilitation. The present review aims at presenting the current state of art concerning the use of tES for the improvement of post-stroke visual and cognitive deficits (except for aphasia and memory disorders), showing the therapeutic promises of this technique and offering some suggestions for the design of future clinical trials. Although this line of research is still in infancy, as compared to the progresses made in the last years in other neurorehabilitation domains, current findings appear very encouraging, supporting the development of tES for the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairments.

Role of Nitric Oxide in Prevention of Cognitive Disorders in Neurodegenerative Brain Injuries in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Manukhina ◽  
M. G. Pshennikova ◽  
A. V. Goryacheva ◽  
I. P. Khomenko ◽  
S. Yu. Mashina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Cognitive Disorders

scholarly journals Cyanobacterial Siderophores—Physiology, Structure, Biosynthesis, and Applications

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erland Årstøl ◽  
Martin F. Hohmann-Marriott
Keyword(s):  
Metal Binding ◽  
Iron Uptake ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Metal Chelators ◽  
Binding Properties ◽  
Current State ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
Cyanobacterial Species ◽  
Allelopathic Effects ◽  
Ecological Importance

Siderophores are low-molecular-weight metal chelators that function in microbial iron uptake. As iron limits primary productivity in many environments, siderophores are of great ecological importance. Additionally, their metal binding properties have attracted interest for uses in medicine and bioremediation. Here, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the siderophores produced by cyanobacteria. We give an overview of all cyanobacterial species with known siderophore production, finding siderophores produced in all but the most basal clades, and in a wide variety of environments. We explore what is known about the structure, biosynthesis, and cycling of the cyanobacterial siderophores that have been characterized: Synechobactin, schizokinen and anachelin. We also highlight alternative siderophore functionality and technological potential, finding allelopathic effects on competing phytoplankton and likely roles in limiting heavy-metal toxicity. Methodological improvements in siderophore characterization and detection are briefly described. Since most known cyanobacterial siderophores have not been structurally characterized, the application of mass spectrometry techniques will likely reveal a breadth of variation within these important molecules.

scholarly journals Current Cognition Tests, Potential Virtual Reality Applications, and Serious Games in Cognitive Assessment and Non-Pharmacological Therapy for Neurocognitive Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3287
Author(s):  
Roger Jin ◽  
Alexander Pilozzi ◽  
Xudong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Current State ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Visuospatial Reasoning ◽  
Global Population

As the global population ages, the incidence of major neurocognitive disorders (major NCDs), such as the most common geriatric major NCD, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has grown. Thus, the need for more definitive cognitive assessment or even effective non-pharmacological intervention for age-related NCDs is becoming more and more pressing given that no definitive diagnostics or efficacious therapeutics are currently unavailable for them. We evaluate the current state of the art of cognitive assessment for major NCDs, and then briefly glance ahead at potential application of virtual reality (VR) technologies in major NCD assessment and in cognition training of visuospatial reasoning in a 3D environment, as well as in the alleviation of depression and other symptoms of cognitive disorders. We believe that VR-based technologies have tremendous potentials in cognitive assessment and non-pharmacological therapy for major NCDs.

Functional cognitive disorders: update on diagnostic status

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
AJ Larner
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Neurological Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Category ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Symptoms ◽  
Functional Disorders ◽  
Current State ◽  
Language Discourse ◽  
Clinical Profiles

Many patients referred to cognitive disorders clinics are not found to have evidence of any neurological disorder(s) to account for their symptoms. Many demonstrate incongruence between their subjective cognitive symptoms and preserved social and occupational functions. The term ‘functional cognitive disorders’ (FCD) has been used to denote this diagnostic category. This article aims to review the current state of knowledge regarding FCD. Studies of FCD are in their infancy, but available evidence suggests positive diagnosis may be made based on typical clinical profiles, including language discourse and simple clinical signs. Concurrent mood disorder and sleep disturbance are common, as well as other functional disorders. Pathogenesis is yet to be determined, but a disorder of metamemory has been suggested.

scholarly journals Cognitive-Communication Interventions for Youth with Traumatic Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Laane ◽  
Lori G. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pediatric Tbi ◽  
Communication Interventions

AbstractTraumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are relatively common in the pediatric population, yielding several potential challenges across a wide range of skills and abilities. Cognitive-communication disorders are particularly prevalent, with implications for long-term academic and social outcomes. While considerable evidence exists for identifying and characterizing the effects of cognitive-communication deficits, evidence informing effective interventions is still emerging. This review includes discussion of individual factors that affect treatment needs and outcomes as well as evidence that supports cognitive-communication intervention approaches at both a fundamental/discrete and integrated level. Also addressed is the need for modifying contextual factors that may be barriers as well as augmenting facilitators of successful communication and participation, including collaboration with everyday communication partners and identification and use of appropriate accommodations. Overall, research suggests a growing trend toward interventions that are individualized, dynamic, and combine multiple approaches for cognitive-communication treatment after pediatric TBI.

scholarly journals Certain risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment in persons with epilepsy and new therapeutic options

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
N. V. Pizova ◽  
A. V. Pizov
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Epileptic Focus ◽  
Epilepsy Therapy ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
Structural Epilepsy ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disease. The problems of people with epilepsy go well beyond epileptic seizures. Comorbidities in epilepsy are very common and often cause more problems to the patients than the seizures themselves. Although seizures are the most prominent clinical presentation of epilepsy, people with epilepsy are exposed to risk of not only seizures, but also of many health problems. Both children and adults with epilepsy often complain of memory impairment. It is commonly believed that cognitive dysfunction in epilepsy is multifactorial. The components that deteriorate cognitive functions include active seizures and especially generalized tonic-clonic seizures, traumatic brain injuries, structural epilepsy, and drug therapy. Cognitive dysfunction is very often present as far back as during the onset of epilepsy. The cognitive dysfunction detected in patients with epilepsy depend on the localization of the epileptic focus, the frequency and type of epileptic seizures, and changes in the interictal electroencephalogram. Seizures can be controlled with antiepileptic drugs in most patients with epilepsy. Therapy of cognitive dysfunction in patients with epilepsy presents significant difficulties, as there is no evidence of the efficacy of various drugs in cognitive disorders. The article presents a new Russian antiepileptic drug based on phenosanic acid as part of combination therapy in patients with partial epileptic seizures with or without secondary generalization, which can improve cognitive functions in patients with epilepsy.

scholarly journals Emerging Roles of Sonic Hedgehog in Adult Neurological Diseases: Neurogenesis and Beyond

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shang-Der Chen ◽  
Jenq-Lin Yang ◽  
Wei-Chao Hwang ◽  
Ding-I Yang
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Aging Effect ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Age Related

Sonic hedgehog (Shh), a member of the hedgehog (Hh) family, was originally recognized as a morphogen possessing critical characters for neural development during embryogenesis. Recently, however, Shh has emerged as an important modulator in adult neural tissues through different mechanisms such as neurogenesis, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and autophagy. Therefore, Shh may potentially have clinical application in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. In this article, we present some examples, including ours, to show different aspects of Shh signaling and how Shh agonists or mimetics are used to alter the neuronal fates in various disease models, both in vitro and in vivo. Other potential mechanisms that are discussed include alteration of mitochondrial function and anti-aging effect; both are critical for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough understanding of the protective mechanisms elicited by Shh may provide a rationale to design innovative therapeutic regimens for various neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals How should multicomponent supramolecular gels be characterised?

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 3395-3405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Draper ◽  
Dave J. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Current State ◽  
Supramolecular Gels

We discuss the current state of characterising multicomponent low molecular weight gels across all length scales, and the effectiveness of the different techniques that have been used.

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