ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION, SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND IMAGE INTERPRETATION OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER IN URBAN CITY ROAD SIDES, MYSORE (KARNATKA) INDIA

The study was carried out using vacuum air pump sampler to collect particulate matter in the urban city roadsides. Elemental composition, size distribution and image interpretation of particles was analyzed using the methods of Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), respectively. Irwin road, the highly dense traffic area in Mysore city, has been selected for study purpose due to its high vehicular emissions. EDX analysis found that roadside particulate matter was dominated by black carbon (C) about 56% affected mostly by tail end pipe emissions. The samples were also rich in crustal elements like silicon (Si), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), aluminium (Al), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) either in single elements or as chemical compounds. The results from DLS and SEM image interpretation showed that almost 90% of ambient particulate matter collected in the sampling site was in the size of fine particles (PM2.5) and around 74% of them have degree of roundness or circularity above 0.75.

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Characterization of Chemical Composition in Fine Particles (PM2.5) from Industrial Site in Malaysia

Sustainability in Environment ◽

10.22158/se.v2n2p104 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Syabiha Shith ◽

Noor Faizah Fitri Md Yusof ◽

Nor Azam Ramli ◽

Maher Elbayoumi

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Wind Speed ◽

Source Apportionment ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

This research aims to investigate variations of fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and chemical composition in an industrialized area. Concentration levels of fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) were continuously monitored at three sampling site S1, S2 and S3. The variations of PM2.5 concentration were analysed using descriptive statistics, time series plot, diurnal plot and correlation. Source apportionment and factor analysis were carried out using the chemical composition data from ICP-OES. Meteorological effects on PM2.5 concentration were used to investigate the effects on PM2.5 concentration. The results showed that, the average PM2.5 concentration was 19.75 ± 12, 46.68 ± 27, and 20.55 ± 9 μg m-3 at sites in a S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The highest PM2.5 concentration was recorded in S2 (115 μg m-3). The PM2.5 concentration in the diurnal plot exhibited an inversed unimodal pattern during morning (7:00 to 9:00) and evening (16:00 to 18:00). PM2.5 concentration in S2 on weekends was 36% lower than that on weekdays. PM2.5 was found to exhibit an inversed relation with wind speed and temperature. Although wind speed had a negative association with PM2.5 in S1 and S2, a positive correlation was observed at S3. Source apportionment from factor analysis distinguished three groups of possible sources; crustal materials (Al, K, Sr, Ti and Na), vehicles emission (Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn and Ni) and industrial activities (Ca, Mg and Pb).

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Regulatory T Cells Protect Fine Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/869148 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Wen-cai Zhang ◽

Yan-ge Wang ◽

Zheng-feng Zhu ◽

Fang-qin Wu ◽

Yu-dong Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Endothelial Cells ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Umbilical Vein ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Objective. To investigate the role of CD4+CD25+T cells (Tregs) in protecting fine particulate matter (PM-) induced inflammatory responses, and its potential mechanisms.Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with graded concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µg/cm2) of suspension of fine particles for 24h. For coculture experiment, HUVECs were incubated alone, with CD4+CD25−T cells (Teff), or with Tregs in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies for 48 hours, and then were stimulated with or without suspension of fine particles for 24 hours. The expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines was examined.Results. Adhesion molecules, including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL-) 6 and IL-8, were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, the adhesion of human acute monocytic leukemia cells (THP-1) to endothelial cells was increased and NF-κB activity was upregulated in HUVECs after treatment with fine particles. However, after Tregs treatment, fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation were significantly alleviated. Transwell experiments showed that Treg-mediated suppression of HUVECs inflammatory responses impaired by fine particles required cell contact and soluble factors.Conclusions. Tregs could attenuate fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF-κB activation in HUVECs.

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Effect of modes of transportation on commuters' exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Chennai, India

Environmental Engineering Research ◽

10.4491/eer.2019.380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 898-907 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. Gokul Raj ◽

S. Karthikeyan

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Nitrogen Dioxide ◽

Urban Community ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Exposure Concentration ◽

Ambient Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

The Mean ◽

Maximum Exposure ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

Daily commuting increases level of contaminants inhaled by urban community and it is influenced by mode and time of commuting. In this study, the commuters’ exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was assessed during three modes of travel in six different road stretches of Chennai. The mean distance of road stretches was 25 km and the exposure to pollutants was assessed during peak hours and off-peak hours. The average travel duration was in the range of 39 to 91 min in motorbike, 83 to 140 min in car and 110 to 161 min in bus. Though there was variation on exposure to concentration in modes of transportation, the maximum exposure concentration of PM2.5 was observed as 709 μg/m3 in bus and the minimum exposure concentration was 29 μg/m3 in closed car. Similarly, the maximum exposure concentration of NO2 was observed to be 312 μg/m3 in bus and the minimum exposure concentration was 21 μg/m3 in car. The concentration of elements in PM2.5 was in the order of Si > Na > Ca > Al ≥ K > S ≥ Cd, with Si and Cd concentration as 60% and < 1% of the PM2.5 concentration.

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Occupational Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter (PM4 and PM2.5) during Hand-Made Cookware Operation: Personal, Indoor and Outdoor Levels

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17207522 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (20) ◽

pp. 7522

Author(s):

Busisiwe Shezi ◽

Angela Mathee ◽

Nokulunga Cele ◽

Sipho Ndabandaba ◽

Renee A. Street

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Occupational Exposure ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Chemical Characterization ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Targeted Prevention ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Indoor And Outdoor

(1) Exposure of informal artisanal cookware makers to fine particles has not yet been characterized. The aim of this study was to characterize occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM4 and PM2.5) levels and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) elemental components; (2) Artisanal cookware makers were recruited from five cookware making sites. Exposure to fine particulate matter was measured for 17 male participants. SidePak personal aerosol monitors (AM520) were used to measure personal exposure to PM4, while a DustTrak monitor and an E-sampler were used to assess indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels, respectively. A questionnaire was administered to capture information on demographic characteristics. The chemical characterization of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 filter mass was conducted using Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence. Time series record of 15-min averages for indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels were assessed; (3) The median (range) was 124 µg/m3 (23−100,000), 64 µg/m3 (1−6097) and 12 µg/m3 (4−1178), respectively, for personal PM4, indoor and outdoor PM2.5. The highest levels for many of the elemental components of PM2.5 were found in the outdoor PM2.5 filter mass and (4). The information generated during this study may assist in extending occupational health and safety strategies to artisanal cookware makers and developing targeted prevention initiatives.

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Elemental composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Skopje, FYR of Macedonia

X-Ray Spectrometry ◽

10.1002/xrs.1337 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 280-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Borka Kovacevik ◽

Annemarie Wagner ◽

Johan Boman ◽

Jens Laursen ◽

Jan B. C. Pettersson

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particulate

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The Physics of Fine-Particle Movement Through Permeable Aquifers

Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal ◽

10.2118/2946-pa ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 11 (04) ◽

pp. 367-373 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jerry B.F. Champlin

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particles ◽

Fine Particulate Matter ◽

Petroleum Industry ◽

Engineering Practice ◽

Nuclear Explosions ◽

Waste Storage ◽

Fine Particulate ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Subsurface Reservoir

Abstract The movement of fine particles through porous, permeable materials is closely interwoven with the migration of soluble ions. Since either the particles orthe ions can represent an economic mineral accumulation as a consequence ofgeochemical concentration, it is of great importance to mineral explorationefforts to be able to establish the parameters that influence particulatemigration through aquifers. Not only are economically interesting depositsformed by such migration, but they also may be ruined, as in the case of manyoil fields where standard secondary recovery methods have caused plugging ofthe productive formations. Recent experimental work has shown close alliance between the relative movement of both trace ions and particles and the over-all concentration of common salts dissolved in ground water. Most importantly, the spacial stability of fineparticles such as the sesquioxides and the clays in formations is dependent onthe nature of the anionic portion of the dominant salt in solution. These results have great potential, applied in exploration or exploitation programs for minerals. Not only do they provide answers for particulate migration problems in the oil fields and ore concentration mechanisms in the uranium deposits, but also they explain the untoward migration of certain radioisotopes from waste storage ponds or cribs at the national reactor-fuel reprocessing plants. By careful development and engineering practice, fine particles tagged with almost any radioactive or activatable ions may become one of the most useful tools in tracing subsurface movement of fluids. Introduction Considerable concern has been expressed by several industries during the past several decades about the effects of fine-particulate matter suspended in water passing through permeable rock. An early concern of the petroleum industry included the problem of subsurface reservoir plugging by fine particles during secondary production operations. More recently, the atomic energy industry has been concerned with particulate migration because of the movement of radioactive ions. Even the interest in applications of nuclear explosions underground has included concern over the effects of the fine-particulate matter that makes up large portions of the rubble produced by the explosion.

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Size Distribution and Water Soluble Ions of Ambient Particulate Matter on Episode and Non-episode Days in Southern Taiwan

Aerosol and Air Quality Research ◽

10.4209/aaqr.2011.10.0167 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 263-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jiun-Horng Tsai ◽

Jian-Hung Lin ◽

Yung-Chen Yao ◽

Hung-Lung Chiang

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Ambient Particulate Matter ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Water Soluble Ions ◽

Southern Taiwan

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Developing a Relative Humidity Correction for Low-Cost Sensors Measuring Ambient Particulate Matter

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18092790 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 2790 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Andrea Di Antonio ◽

Olalekan Popoola ◽

Bin Ouyang ◽

John Saffell ◽

Roderic Jones

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Low Cost ◽

Monitoring Networks ◽

Ambient Particulate Matter ◽

Correction Algorithm ◽

Ambient Conditions

There is increasing concern about the health impacts of ambient Particulate Matter (PM) exposure. Traditional monitoring networks, because of their sparseness, cannot provide sufficient spatial-temporal measurements characteristic of ambient PM. Recent studies have shown portable low-cost devices (e.g., optical particle counters, OPCs) can help address this issue; however, their application under ambient conditions can be affected by high relative humidity (RH) conditions. Here, we show how, by exploiting the measured particle size distribution information rather than PM as has been suggested elsewhere, a correction can be derived which not only significantly improves sensor performance but which also retains fundamental information on particle composition. A particle size distribution–based correction algorithm, founded on κ -Köhler theory, was developed to account for the influence of RH on sensor measurements. The application of the correction algorithm, which assumed physically reasonable κ values, resulted in a significant improvement, with the overestimation of PM measurements reduced from a factor of ~5 before correction to 1.05 after correction. We conclude that a correction based on particle size distribution, rather than PM mass, is required to properly account for RH effects and enable low cost optical PM sensors to provide reliable ambient PM measurements.

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Nearfield development of the negatively buoyant Rhône River inflow into Lake Geneva as an interflow: suspended particulate matter and associated fluxes.

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8890 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Violaine Piton ◽

Frédéric Soulignac ◽

Ulrich Lemmin ◽

Graf Benjamin ◽

Htet Kyi Wynn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Suspended Particulate Matter ◽

Fine Particles ◽

River Plume ◽

Lake Geneva ◽

Suspended Particulate ◽

Negatively Buoyant

River inflows have a major influence on lake water quality through their input of sediments, nutrients and contaminants. It is therefore essential to determine their pathways, their mixing with ambient waters and the amount and type of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) they carry. Two field campaigns during the stratified period took place in Lake Geneva, Switzerland, in the vicinity of the Rh&#244;ne River plume, at high and intermediate river discharge. Currents, water and sediment fluxes, temperature, turbidity and particle size distribution were measured along three circular transects located at 400, 800 and 1500 m in front of the river mouth. During the surveys, the lake was thermally stratified, the negatively buoyant Rh&#244;ne River plume plunged and intruded into the metalimnion as an interflow and flowed out in the streamwise direction. Along the pathway, interflow core velocities, SPM concentrations and volumes of particles progressively decreased with the distance from the mouth (by 2-3 times), while interflow cross sections and plume volume increased by 2-3 times due to entrainment of ambient water. The characteristics of the river outflow determined the characteristics of the interflows: i.e. interflow fluxes and concentrations were the highest at high discharge. Both sediment settling and interflow dilution contributed to the observed decrease of sediment discharge with distance from the mouth. The particle size distribution of the interflow was dominated by fine particles (<32 &#956;m), which were transported up to 1500 m away from the mouth and most likely beyond, while large particles (>62 &#956;m) have almost completely settled out before reaching 1500 m.&#160;

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