scholarly journals Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome (PIMS) – Potential role for cytokines such Is IL-6

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
L Lacina ◽  
J Brábek ◽  
Š Fingerhutová ◽  
J Zeman ◽  
K Smetana

COVID-19 is a transmissible respiratory disease caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is similar to SARS or MERS. Its increased severity was noted in aged patients usually over 65 years of age. Children and young people have an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease. Unfortunately, the number of children with problems after mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 recovery is increasing and their troubles resemble Kawasaki disease, although the laboratory findings seem to be different. This condition is called pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), and it is a new disease seen in children directly influenced by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The literature reports that PIMS typically follows 2–4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The clinical symptoms of the affected children are extremely complex, ranging from gastrointestinal to cardiovascular problems with frequent skin and mucosal manifestations, and without intensive treatment they can be fatal. The exact causes of PIMS are recently unknown, however, it is explained as hyperactivation of immunity. In this minireview, we summarize data on the prominent role of the IL-6–IL-6R–STAT3 axis in PIMS aetiopathogenesis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-6 or IL-6 receptor could be an approach to the treatment of children with severe PIMS.

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Huxtable

This paper explores the implications of a model that works from the premise that all children may be capable of what is currently considered to be exceptional performance, in one or more areas of skill, talent or endeavour. In this scenario the role of the educator is to develop their pedagogical understanding and practice so that an increasing number of children have the opportunity to give expression to their exceptional ability during their life time. The paper goes on to introduce a framework I have been developing to enable me to reflect on and progress a learning environment which provides the experiences and support that will enable children and young people to develop the attitudes, attributes, understandings and skills of thought full and thoughtful learners, with informed aspirations, and the confidence, competence and understanding of themselves, necessary to realise them, to their own and society's benefit.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
Astra Zviedre ◽  
Arnis Engelis ◽  
Mohit Kakar ◽  
Aigars Pētersons

Potential Role of Cytokines in Children with Acute Appendicitis and Acute Mesenteric Lymphadenitis Although, AAP and AML have different etiological factors, clinical symptoms are very much similar but treatment tactics in both the disease differ a lot. In case of AML, treatment is more conservative and does not require hospitalization while in case of AAP immediate hospitalization and maybe further surgery can be mandatory. With the identification of group of cytokines serum inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-10, IL-12[p70], IL-17, TNF-a and MCP-1, it is believed early and proper diagnosis of AAP in the near future. Research of cytokines-serum inflammatory mediators has opened new opportunities for an early detection and differentiation of these two diseases in children.


Author(s):  
Anna Gabriel Copeland

This article examines participatory rights as human rights and considers their importance to the lives of children and young people. It argues that a broad definition of participation needs to be used which takes us from 'round tables' to understanding that young people participate in many different ways. It points out that failure to recognise and respect the many varied ways that children and young people choose to participate results in a breach of their human rights. It shows how our socio-legal system operates to permit and support these breaches of the rights of children and young people, resulting in their alienation from civic society.


Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Luiza Oswald

This paper intends to show, based on the contributions of Latin American Cultural Studies, that the difficulty children and young people have with the organization of written texts, such as that found in books, is determined by the impact that the technology of images exercises over the ways in which they learn to read the world. An analysis of the first interviews with young people, conducted as part of an institutional project in progress, point to the role played by the language of television cartoons in their development as readers. El presente trabajo trae el análisis de las primeras entrevistas realizadas en el ámbito de una investigación institucional en curso interesada en investigar los sentidos/lecturas que niños y jóvenes realizan acerca de los productos de la cultura pop japonesa –mangás (historias en cuadritos), animes (dibujos animados) e videojuegos– basada en la orientación de los Estudios Culturales latinoamericanos (Jesús Martín-Barbero, Néstor García Canclini, Guillermo Orozco Gomes, entre otros autores). Ellos proponen que la recepción de los productos mediáticos sea analizada a partir de un desplazamiento teórico-metodológico que, reorientando el foco de los medios/mensaje para las mediaciones, permite identificar los receptores no como «dóciles audiencias», sino como productores activos de sentidos. Se pretende, con eso, intentar contribuir para la superación de la tensión entre la escuela y las culturas infantil y juvenil, tensión que tiene como uno de sus pilares el conflicto entre la cultura letrada y la cultura de la imagen. El estudio, que supone la opción por un abordaje cualitativo de carácter etnográfico, viene siendo realizado a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas individuales con consumidores del trípode de la poderosa industria de entretenimiento nipónica, que se viene constituyendo como fenómeno mundial de comunicación de masa. Los discursos de los primeros entrevistados –cuatro jóvenes fanáticos de animes y mangas, cuya edad oscila entre 17 y 22 años– destacaron la influencia que el lenguaje de la TV ejerce sobre el extrañamiento que mantiene con el texto impreso tal como él se organiza en el libro. No obstante, la presencia en lo cotidiano de esos sujetos de un cúmulo de estímulos sonoros y visuales, no es raro depararnos con la existencia de una crisis de lectura que afecta niños y jóvenes, influenciando su desempeño en la escuela. Delante de los relatos, el grupo de investigación se formula algunas cuestiones: ¿la alusión a la crisis no sería, en el fondo, una incapacidad de las generaciones que fueron educadas y escolarizadas en los moldes de la cultura letrada?; entender que «el pretencioso gesto universal del libro» (W. Benjamin) ya no resuena entre las nuevas generaciones que ya nacieron bajo el impacto que la tecnología del sonido y de la imagen ejercen sobre la escritura? No sería, entonces, posible suponer que, si hay una crisis de la lectura, ¿es por las generaciones pasadas que está sendo vivenciada? Frente a esto, ¿no sería más adecuado, en vez de quedarnos repitiendo que existe una crisis de lectura que afecta la escolarización de niños y jóvenes y de permanecer buscando soluciones milagrosas para ese conflicto, asumir que estamos delante no de una crisis, sino de un contexto histórico del cual precisamos aproximarnos para no perder el tren de la historia? Esas fueron algunas de las preguntas que el examen de las cuatro primeras entrevistas con los jóvenes permitió sacar a luz de los fundamentos de los Estudios Culturales latinoamericanos, y es sobre ellas que ese texto se vuelca, no con la intención de responderlas, sino con el objetivo de constituirlas como un mapa que puede revelarnos caminos «para pasar de las respuestas que fracasaron a las preguntas que renuevan las ciencias sociales y las políticas libertadoras» (Néstor Canclini).


Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Ueno

Objective: Circulating platelet-neutrophil aggregates play a crucial role in amplifying acute inflammation and could promote adverse effects involving vascular injury. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of platelet-neutrophil aggregates in patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods: We analyzed 40 patients with KD (30 intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG] responders and 10 IVIG non-responders), 7 febrile patients with bacterial infections, and 9 normal volunteers. Thirty-three patients with KD were treated with IVIG alone, and remaining seven were treated with IVIG plus prednisolone. We evaluated the rate of platelet-neutrophil aggregates and measured the platelet factor 4 (PF4) and β-thromboglobulin (β-TG) levels in patients with KD. Results: The rate of platelet-neutrophil aggregates was significantly higher in patients with KD than in both patients with bacterial infection and normal volunteers. There was a trend toward increased rate of platelet-neutrophil aggregates within 2 or 3 days after IVIG than before IVIG. The rate of platelet-neutrophil aggregates was significantly higher in patients who showed coronary artery abnormalities (CAA) than in those who showed without CAA and was correlated with PF4 and β-TG levels in patients with KD. Comparing time course analysis, the rate of platelet-neutrophil aggregates was significantly decreased in patients treated with IVIG plus prednisolone than in those treated with IVIG alone. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that platelet-neutrophil aggregates play a crucial role in regulating vasculitis, and are involved in the development of CAA. Additional prednisolone treatment in the acute phase of KD might have a potential role in inhibiting amplified reciprocal inflammatory activation by suppressing platelet-neutrophil aggregates.


Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Ok Jun ◽  
Eun Kyung Cho ◽  
Jeong Jin Yu ◽  
So Yeon Kang ◽  
Chang Deok Seo ◽  
...  

Introduction: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis(HLH) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by uncontrolled histiocytic proliferation, hemophagocytosis and up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, both HLH and Kawasaki disease(KD) are characterized by prolonged fever, and are diagnosed by a clinical and laboratory scoring system, concurrent manifestation of HLH and KD has been described in the literature. We describe two cases of children who diagnosed as KD initially, but after intravenous gamma globulin(IVIG) failed to produce clinical response, were found to have HLH. Case report: A 3-year-old boy who had previous KD history 5 months ago was admitted for 9day fever and skin rash. His symptoms were fulfilled KD criteria, and echocardiography showed dilated right coronary artery of 4.2mm. He was treated with 2 cycles of IVIG until fever subsided. However, 2 days later, he got fever again and cytopenia(Hb<9.0), hypertriglyceridemia, high level of ferritin was shown and had splenomegaly on physical examination. In the suspicion of HLH, bone marrow biopsy was done and revealed hemophagocytosis, consistent with HLH. A second case of 11-month-old boy admitted for 8-day fever with Kawasaki feature. Although, he showed incomplete feature(fever, skin rash, conjunctival injection, cervical lymphadenopathy), echocardiography showed dilated left main coronary artery(3.5mm) and treated with IVIG. However, 2days after IVIG administration, he was still pyrexial. The laboratory findings fulfilled 5 diagnostic criteria of HLH; bicytopenia(anemia, thrombocytopenia), hypofibrinogenemia, hyperferritinemia, hemophagocytosis in bone marrow, raised level of soluble IL-2 receptor. In both cases, the patients treated according to the HLH protocol 2004, and after that clinical symptoms and laboratory findings were improved. Several causes of febrile illness, EBV, CMV, rubella, parvo-viral infection, for example, were excluded. Comment: There is considerable overlap between the clinical syndromes of KD and HLH and early recognition and treatment of these two disease entity is imperative to avoid fatal outcomes in severe cases. Thus, these should both be considered and excluded in any child with unremitting fever and rash.


2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Forde ◽  
Shirley Martin

This article explores the impacts of participation in local and national child and youth councils in the Republic of Ireland. It is based on an original research study for which 300 young people were asked about their experience of participating in youth councils. The research indicates that while youth councils have succeeded in offering children and young people opportunities to acquire skills and to influence decision-making at the local level, the institutional and societal impacts of their participation are less apparent. The research provides evidence that youth participation impacts positively on young people’s active citizenship and on-going engagement with democratic institutions after their participatory experiences have ended. It also indicates a growing awareness and recognition of the role of children and young people in the community. The article concludes that participatory structures such as youth councils should be underpinned by statutory guidelines and legislation so that children and young people’s participation is meaningful and gains from their participation are not lost.


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