scholarly journals Troops of the Vilna and Warsaw military districts of the Russian Empire in Belarus (1864–1914)

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Alexander В. Arlukevich
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article reflects the processes of concentration and territorial deployment of troops of the Russian Empire in Belarus during the existence of the Vilna and Warsaw military districts after the end of the uprising of 1863–1864. The analysis of the reasons for the concentration of formations and units of the Russian army in the region, taking into account the current military-political situation in Europe and socio-political processes that took place within the Belarusian provinces themselves, allowed the author to determine the goals and tasks of the troops that were solved by the latter in Belarus from the middle 1860s to the beginning of the World War I. This research is based on a wide range of sources that were first introduced into scientific circulation, identified by the author in the archives and book repositories of Russia and Belarus. The author identifies the causes and preconditions of creation of system of territorial administration of the armed forces of the Russian Empire in Belarus. The process of creating organizational structures of the Vilna military district and the composition of the military contingent stationed in Belarus and the locations of individual parts and units of the Russian army within the borders of Belarusian provinces are discovered. The author identifies the causes of changes in the composition and the scheme of territorial deployment of troops during the period of military districts.On the basis of a comparison of the results obtained in the study of the above aspects of the subject, the author tried to give an overall assessment of the role and place of Belarusian lands in the system of ensuring military-strategic interests of the Russian Empire, as well as the role of the army in political life of Belarus in the second half of the 1860s until the outbreak of the World War I.

scholarly journals On the Pathway to Independence: The Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front (1917)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

When the World War I began Lithuania was on the vanguards of the military operations. Around 60,000 Lithuanians were recruited in the Russian Army and employed on the operational fronts of the war. However, they were not blind performers of Tsarist ambitions, but, as The Amber Declaration showed, nurtured political ambitions of their own. The document issued on 4/17 August 1914 was signed, inter alia, by the patriarch of national credo, Jonas Basanavičius , and clearly affirmed the Lithuanian ideals, i.e. the aim of unifying Lithuania with Lithuania Minor then in German hands and the awarding of an autonomous status to a united Lithuania within the Russian Empire. This article tackles an enticing moment in the process of national rebirth, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front held in Bender (Tighina), in southern Bessarabia, on 1-3 November 1917, calling for the creation of a Lithuanian national state. How this congress and the proclamation it issued fitted into the general frame of self-determination movements and Lithuanian national revival of 1917-1918, which led to the rebirth of the Lithuanian state? Who were the conveners and the participants to this congress? What arguments did they put forward in their national-building claims? What role did it play on the pathway to Lithuanian independence? Overlooked in most of the Lithuanian historical treatises, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front in Bender City had in fact of greater significance than it allows to be understood when counting solely the relatively lower visibility of its leaders or the direct institutional lineage to the proclamation of independence.

FORMING OF PSYCHIATRIC CARE FOR MENTALLY ILL SOLDIERS DURING THE WORLD WAR I

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-172
Author(s):  
P.P. SHCHERBININ ◽  
◽  
S.V. BUKALOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Psychiatric Care ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Supreme Council ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article reconstructs the system of care for mental-ly ill war victims that developed in the Russian Empire during the World War I. It is shown that the system expanded its coverage from soldiers evacuated from the front to other categories of victims: refugees, garri-son soldiers, etc. The mechanism of interaction be-tween the Russian Red Cross Society, the Zemstvo Union and the Union of Cities, individual provincial zemstvos and city local self-governments, as well as a Special Commission of the Supreme Council for the support of families of persons called up for war, fami-lies of wounded and fallen soldiers in helping mentally ill victims of war is revealed. The main problematic and conflicting moments of this interaction are identified. Еstablished, that the need to provide psychiatric care to victims of war posed the tasks of fundamentally expanding the scale of psychiatric care in the Russian Empire. The article was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research within the framework of the grant №19-09-00494.

scholarly journals The The remains of the “Battle of Kraków”, fought during World War I, as exemplified by site Sadowie-Kielnik 1, Kraków district

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Michał Niebylski
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article presents the archaeological remains of World War I that were discovered in 2016 at the multicultural site Sadowie-Kielnik 1, Kraków district. The fights that broke out there were part of the Battle of Kraków, which took place between November 16-25, 1914. The parties to the conflict were the armies of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the Russian Empire. The consequence of this battle was the halting of the attack of the Russian Army towards the west, which resulted in pushing them out of Galicia. A collection of 145 artefacts related to both armies was analysed. Additionally, archaeological features – field fortifications – were interpreted as well. This helped to explain their strategic function and to determine which of the two armies built them. It was also possible to determine the date of their construction and the time during which these fortifications were occupied by the army.

scholarly journals Русины і їх путь до Чехословакії (1918-1919)

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 161-184
Author(s):  
Peter Švorc
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
World War ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Russian Empire

Rusyns and Their Way to CzechoslovakiaThe first great military conflict of the 20th century in Europe, World War I, also affected the area of north‑ eastern Slovakia and present‑day Transcarpathia and, to a great extent, those villages where Rusyns lived. These Rusyns were later, after the Russian army retreated, accused of supporting it and many were, thus, persecuted and victimised by the Hungarian government. That, later, played a considerable role in the way Rusyns thought of the future position of the territory they lived in. When the war ended, Rusyns considered several ways of changing their position in Central Europe. From their viewpoint, there were the following options: 1) Subcarpathian Rus as an autonomous part of historical Hungary, or Hungarian Republic; 2) Subcarpathian Rus as part of the Russian Empire; 3) Subcarpathian Rus΄ as part of a united Ukraine; 4) Subcarpathian Rus as an independent state; 5) Subcarpathian Rus as part of the Czechoslovak state. What came to pass was the fifth alternative. Based on the Treaty of Saint‑Germain from September 10th, 1919, the area of Subcarpathian Rus became part of Czechoslovakia with autonomous status.

Soldiers’ children as a successful project of the Russian army recruitment reserve formation in the first half of the 19th century

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nevzorov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

We describe the features of the reserve replenishment formation of the Russian army at the expense of soldiers’ children in the 19th century. We reveal the historical and legal aspects of the social and class status of the “military class” representatives descendants: soldiers’ children, recruits of soldiers’ children. Born in the recruits families and lower ranks during the service period in the Russian army, either retired, soldiers on indefinite leave and disabled veterans, the soldiers’ children had a special social and legal position in the class structure of Russian society, which are specifically regulated, as the legislative and enforcement practices in the capitals and provinces in the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The involvement of a fairly wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed to conduct the reconstruction of both the existing legal regulation and the actual social parameters of the “military offspring” in the armed forces. We also reveal the aspects of education of military cantonists in special military educational insti-tutions and similar military units (military orphan units, training battalions and companies, carabinieri regiments) reflected in the primary archival documents and legislative acts, social and legal, class and everyday conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military chil-dren”. We clarify statistical errors in the calculation of the military class representatives – soldiers’ children – in the Russian province. We give a detailed historiographical study assessment of the legal status of cantonists and recruits of soldiers’ children, as well as identifying research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians. We made conclusions about the prospects of the sci-entific problems study by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival docu-ments that need to be introduced into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “sol-diers’ children” was the most important component of the Russian armed forces combat capability formation, allowing to prepare a significant reserve. We also show the prospects of the cantonists transformation into professional soldiers, as well as their role in the military history of the Russian Empire in the considered chronological period.

A Bulgarian Student in Early XX Century Ukraine: Study, Lifestyle and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-411
Author(s):  
Аndrii Chutkyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Town

The paper discusses the life of Konstantin Nikolov, a Bulgarian from the town of Gorna Oryahovitsa, during his study at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce (1909 – 1915). The very “insignificance” of this person allows for some wider generalizations, given the fact that precisely such people best reflect the society as a whole. For this reason, the study of ordinary people’s biographies has become an important focus of modern historiography. Nikolov’s student years illustrate some aspects of contemporary Bulgarian history and exemplify the experience of Bulgarian students in the Russian Empire before and during the World War I. The present study is based on archive materials previously untapped by scholars. It also involves some documents relative to Svitozar Drahomanov, who was of Ukrainian origin but spent his childhood in Bulgaria and studied at the Kyiv Institute of Commerce along with Nikolov, as well as documents regarding a trip to Bulgaria by Czesław Madej, another student of the same institute. The study demonstrates that archives of different Kyiv-based higher educational institutions should be explored for more valuable materials regarding Bulgarian born students, which may help draw a fuller picture of Bulgarian-Ukrainian relations in the field of education and culture. This, in turn, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the history of Ukrainian higher education in the early 20th century. It will also provide a wider perspective on the phenomenon of Bulgarians studying abroad before and during the World War I, including the life situations of the students during this period which proved crucial for the whole European civilization.

scholarly journals Labor assistance to the families of soldiers of the Central Black Earth region during the World War I

2020 ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Svetlana Vladimirovna Bukalova
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Impact

The author examines the system of labor assistance to the families of soldiers during the World War I. The object of this research is the problem of decline in living standards of the families which members were called up to the army. Along with government ration, labor assistance was intended to compensate for the impact of this factor. The phenomenon of labor assistance that established during war in the Russian Empire was multi-component, including charitable initiatives, their encouragement by the government, as well as participation of the local structures of self-governance. The article summarizes the information on labor assistance in the agricultural Central Black Earth region. The author determines the differences in the types and designation of labor assistance in cities and rural areas. Labor assistance in rural areas, provided in the form of communal mutual aid, agronomic and technical assistance, work of student labor squads, was oriented towards supporting the potential of peasant economy. Labor assistance in cities consisted the distribution of orders for sewing of linens and establishment of sewing workshops, which was a form of social support for wives of the soldiers. It is demonstrated that creation of the system of labor assistance can be viewed as a vector of state policy of the Russian Empire in the social sphere.

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