W poszukiwaniu rusińskiego separatyzmu

In Search of Rusyn Separatism Separatism is both a social phenomenon and a political category employed in analysis of diverse types of phenomena by social sciences. Colloquially it is often used to label and deprecate emancipating aspirations of groups that strive for recognition. Whether such aspirations of a given ethnic/national group are, or are not, considered separatism depends on the accepted definition of the term as well as the vantage point assumed in description. This paper attempts to view the process of emancipation of Trans-Carpathian Rusyns from two perspectives: various ways in which this complex phenomenon is approached throughout social sciences as well as an intragroup perspective of the actual participants of the process: Rusyn activists in Trans-Carpathian Ruthenia.

Русинськый язык у Мадярщинї по 1989 рокови

The Rusyn Language in Hungary After 1989 The paper discusses the current situation of the language of Rusyns in Hungary. There are evidences of progressive disappearance of Rusyn dialects in villages of Komloska (Комловшка) and Mucsony (Мучонь); of language assimilation of the younger inhabitants of these places in North-Eastern Hungary in recent decades. The author also describes endeavors of Rusyns’ central and local, state subsidized self-government bodies to stop language assimilation and bring lessons of the Rusyn language to local schools in the two villages, as well as attempts of politicians and linguists to codify their variant of the literary Rusyn language (as Rusyns from the former Yugoslavia, Slovakia, and Poland did).

Carpatho-Rusyn Scholarship in America, 1988-2019

Karpackorusińskie badania naukowe w Ameryce, 1988-2019 Współczesne amerykańskie badania karpackorusińskie rozpoczęły się na początku lat siedemdziesiątych XX w. Począwszy od 1988 r. i kontynuując do 2019 r., badacze karpackorusińscy regularnie uczestniczyli w amerykańskim świecie naukowym, w tym w panelach i okrągłych stołach podczas corocznych konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiów Słowiańskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich (Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies) oraz Stowarzyszenia do Badań Narodowości (the Association for the Study of Nationalities). Niniejszy artykuł analizuje historię i rozwój badań karpackorusińskich w Stanach Zjednoczonych poprzez analizę prezentacji przedstawionych na tych konferencjach od 1988 roku. Ewolucja badań karpackorusińskich w ciągu ostatnich trzydziestu lat pokazuje rozwój tej dziedziny tak pod względem ilości, jak i specyfikacji naukowej: od ogólnych tematów w panelach organizowanych przez inne grupy etniczne, po szczegółowe prezentacje w panelach z konkretnymi tematami karpackorusińskimi, a ostatnio w prezentacjach, które stosują nowe perspektywy i metodologie badań w wieloetnicznych, multidyscyplinarnych panelach i okrągłych stołach. Do artykułu dołączono listę paneli i prezentacji na karpackorusińskie tematy, które przedstawiono na konferencji Stowarzyszenia Studiów Słowiańskich, Wschodnioeuropejskich i Eurazjatyckich w latach 1988-2019.

Полицентричне стандардизованє русинского язика

The Polycentric Standardization of the Rusyn Language Pursuant to the conclusions of the First Rusyn Language Congress held in Bardejovske Kupele (Slovakia) in 1992 Rusyn language planners are advised to follow the so-called Romansh model of the construction of a literary language (the Romansh language is spoken in five standardized idioms in South-Eastern Switzerland). This implies that each country inhabited by Rusyns should codify its own variant of the literary language based on the live local Rusyn language. Thus there emerge four variants of the Rusyn language: the Bačka-Srem variant (in Serbia and Croatia), the Prešov variant (in Slovakia), the Lemko variant (in Poland), and the Trans-Carpathian variant (in Ukraine; used in Romania and Hungary as well). The paper brings attention to the status and perspectives of the four variants of the Rusyn language. The Rusyn language codification process may be viewed as polycentric standardization.

Чым є література менша?

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Сучасна русиньска література по роцї 1989 на Словакії

Contemporary Rusyn Literature in Slovakia after 1989 The turbulent history of European nations in the 20th century culminates in 1989, the year of the Velvet Revolution, which has resulted in many positive changes for big as well as for small nations on the continent. In the history of Rusyn literature this period is called the Literature of the Third National Revival as it sees a significant increase in the number of writers, literary works and various publishing activities. The first part of the paper presents the socio-cultural situation of Rusyns in this period and possibilities of publishing literary texts in their language. The second part contains thematic and genre characteristics of the Rusyn literature in Slovakia after 1989. The last part is an interpretation of a poetry collection by Daniela Kapraľová which belongs to the most interesting works in the contemporary Rusyn literature in Slovakia.

Лемкiвскiй язык з перспектывы 30-лiтя

Lemko Language from a 30-Year Perspective From the very moment the Lemko Association was established in 1989, the promotion of Lemko language usage, primarily through schooling, has been one of its most important statutory goals. The publication of the grammar of the Lemko language in 2000, preceded by preliminary descriptions by Miros³awa Chomiak, and soon also the Lemko-Polish and Polish-Lemko dictionary by Jaros³aw Horoszczak is recognized as an act of codification of the modern Lemko language. The paper presents various forms of linguistic activity of the Lemkos in their mother tongue (primarily in the area of mass- and media-communication: publication of original literary works and translations, magazines, Internet sites, radio programs, audiobooks, etc.) that have shaped the modern Lemko language over the past 30 years and have necessitated relevant corrections in its codification. As part of the language revitalization program, the spelling rules are currently being clarified and the most comprehensive monolingual dictionary of the Lemko language so far is ready for publication.

Станути і стати ся зас. Ревіталізацийны процесы серед Лемків по 1989 р.

To Rise and Become Again: Revitalization Processes Among Lemkos After 1989 The paper aims to assess the nature and effects of the changes in socio-cultural life of Lemkos after 1989. It suggests three critical dates relevant to these changes, which are related to political transformations in Poland and the emerging ethnic policy in the country. The characteristics and assessment of the changes are presented in three parts, which discuss organizations and identity; language, literature, and culture; research and education. Each part substantiates multidirectional quality of the changes, various antinomies and ambivalences in their assessment, and their close relationship with inconsistencies in Polish ethnic policy as well as with global cultural phenomena of the contemporary world. Apart from denoting negative consequences of these factors attention is also brought to notable achievements made in the last thirty years in all areas of cultural and social functioning of the Lemko ethnic minority. However the most important development is the fact there has arisen a Lemko elite of professionals who are fully aware of the endangered status of their ethnic culture and identity and strive to devise and successfully implement revitalization strategies. Opening a cognitive perspective sets the stage for self-reflection about one’s own ethnic positioning.